APPENDIX A. Individual State Descriptions The following section of this report provides for each State and the District of Columbia, a summary description of each type of local governmental unit for which there is legal authorization. REVIEW OF LEGISLATION This information is based upon an analysis of legal provisions controlling the existence of local governments in the various States as of the beginning of 1992. The laws governing the existence or establishment of local government entities were first researched in detail for the planned 1952 Census of Governments. For each successive census, the legislation has been reviewed to update and verify the research of previous years. The legislative review conducted for the 1992 Census of Governments covered general and special session laws pertaining to governmental structure that were passed by State legislatures between 1987 and 1992. The existing State descriptions were revised as necessary and then sent to political scientists or public officials in each State for their review. The individuals who reviewed this material are listed in appendix D. With very few exceptions, the Census Bureau's classification of government entities is in accordance with the views expressed by these advisers. In a few instances, however, it was necessary to depart from their views in order to maintain consistency of governmental classification among the States. CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION The individual State summaries are divided into sections corresponding to the five basic types of local governments recognized for the Census Bureau classification of governmental units--county, municipal, township, school district, and special district governments. Definitions of these five types of governments and the criteria used in classifying local governments are presented in appendix B. These sections also show the number of governments of that type from the preceding tables. General Purpose Governments Because county, municipal, and township governments are readily recognized and generally present no serious problem of classification, only limited descriptive material is presented for them, as follows: For county governments, the description includes a brief explanation of the areas of the State served by county government, the subclasses (if any) of county governments specified by State law, and the governing body. For States that have county areas not served by county government, those areas are also designated. For municipal governments, the description includes a brief explanation of how municipal governments, as defined for census purposes, are designated under State law; the subclasses (if any) of municipal governments specified by State law; and the minimum population requirements for incorporation, if any. In States that have township governments, the description also explains whether municipal governments exist within the area of a governmentally active town or township. For township governments (including town governments in the six New England States, Minnesota, New York, and Wisconsin), the description includes a brief explanation of the areas of the State served by township government, the subclasses (if any) of township governments specified by State law, the governing body, and the functions performed. Public School Systems Not all public school systems are counted as school district governments for census purposes. Therefore, the description of public school systems is subdivided into three parts--school district governments, dependent public school systems, and other educational activities: For school district governments, the description includes a brief explanation of how school district governments, as defined for census purposes, are designated under State law; the nature and manner of selection of the governing body; and authorized financing methods. Dependent public school systems are part of county, municipal, township, or State governments, and are not counted as independent school district governments. For these systems, the description includes a brief explanation of which public school systems are classified as dependent agencies for census purposes; the nature and manner of selection of the governing body; and authorized financing methods. The subcategory "Other Educational Activities" covers agencies that perform activities related to education but do not operate schools. Such agencies are not counted as independent school district governments. Their activities are briefly described. Special District Governments Because of the complexity and diversity of special district government legislation within each State and from one State to another, more detailed descriptive material is provided for these units, including method of establishment, function (if not otherwise apparent), nature and manner of selection of their governing body, and authorized financing methods. Subordinate Agencies and Areas In addition to describing the kinds of local units that are counted for census statistics as independent local governments, each State summary also lists various statutory authorities, commissions, corporations, and other forms of organization that have certain governmental characteristics but are subject by law to administrative or fiscal control by the State or by independent local governments and are therefore classified as subordinate agencies of such governments. For some of the larger subordinate agencies, the description includes the method of establishment, function, nature and manner of selection of their governing body, and authorized financing methods. Also listed in each State summary are certain geographical subdivisions or areas established by law for adminstrative purposes, bearing designations that might appear to relate to separate governments. The listings of "Subordinate Agencies and Areas" are not complete in certain respects: Generally, agencies that have been authorized by legislation but have never been activated, or that have ceased to be active, are excluded from the lists. Also not listed are State universities and colleges. Such institutions, although they possess many of the attributes of independent governmental entities and are sometimes difficult to distinguish from private nonprofit institutions, are consistently classified as State government agencies. The listings of subordinate agencies do not include bodies that have been established by interstate compacts. Such bodies typically serve to coordinate and advise upon activities actually carried out by the participating States. There are, however, a few special district governments created pursuant to interstate compacts (e.g., the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey) that are counted under that category. No attempt was made to list areas established for election purposes or administration of justice, such as election precincts or districts, legislative districts, judicial districts, and the like, which are found by some designation in every State. Finally, there is no reference to Federal Government agencies and areas nor to specialized communal or "self-governing" arrangements for Indian tribes or Alaskan native villages. AL - p. 1 ALABAMA Alabama ranks 26th. among the States in number of local governments, with 1,121 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (67) There are no areas in Alabama lacking county government. The county governing body is called the county commission. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (438) Municipal Governments (438) Municipal governments in Alabama are the cities (municipalities having 2,000 or more inhabitants) and the towns (smaller municipalities). The minimum population requirement for incorporation is 300. Alabama cities are classified by population size, as follows: Class 1--300,000 or more inhabitants Class 2--175,000 to 299,999 inhabitants Class 3--100,000 to 174,999 inhabitants Class 4--50,000 to 99,999 inhabitants Class 5--25,000 to 49,999 inhabitants Class 6--12,000 to 24,999 inhabitants Class 7--6,000 to 11,999 inhabitants Class 8--fewer than 6,000 inhabitants Township Governments (0) Alabama has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (129) School District Governments (129) The following types of school districts in Alabama are counted as separate governments for census purposes: County boards of education City boards of education "Independent" school districts The elected county boards of education administer all local schools in each county except those for cities that choose to maintain a separate city school district. The city governing body appoints the board of education of city school districts. The "independent" school districts are governed by elected boards of education, and may be established in any area after petition and special referendum. However, no "independent" school districts had been established as of January 1, 1992. Alabama school districts may, with prior approval of the voters, levy school taxes. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Alabama has no dependent public school systems. AL - p. 2 Other Educational Activities The school boards of trustees are primarily advisory boards appointed for each school by the county board of education. The school tax districts and attendance districts are geographical areas designated by the county boards of education for the levy of school taxes and administration of attendance regulations, respectively. These districts are not counted as separate governments and are classified for census purposes as dependent activities of the county government. Educational building authorities and public educational building authorities in Alabama, which finance improvements to educational facilities, are created by the filing of a certificate of incorporation by three or more natural persons with the governing body of the municipality to be served. Such authorities are governed by a three-member board appointed by the municipal governing body. They are classified for census purposes as dependent activities of the municipality they serve, and are not counted as separate governments. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (487) Alabama statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Airport Authorities--1963 and 1977 Laws Under provisions of 1963 and 1977 laws, an airport authority may be established to provide and operate an airport, by resolution of the governing body of one or more counties, cities, or towns upon the filing of an application for incorporation by three or more persons. Such authorities are administered by boards of directors appointed by the establishing governments, who in turn appoint an additional member. Authorities created under the 1963 law may have another director selected from other counties where the facility is wholly or partially located, even where the county is not one of the establishing governments. The authority may fix fees and other charges for services, and may issue revenue bonds. Airport authorities and airport and industrial park authorities are also authorized under general legislation which is limited to certain counties or municipalities meeting specified population-size classes. Such authorities operate under provisions similar to those above. Alabama Municipal Electric Authority This authority was authorized by 1981 legislation to acquire, build, operate, and maintain facilities for the generation, transmission, and distribution of bulk electric power. It is formed by resolution of member cities and towns, after application of the designated representatives of each member city or town to the secretary of State. The authority is governed by a board of nine directors who are appointed by an "election AL - p. 3 committee" composed of one representative from each member city or town. The authority may fix rates, fees, tolls, and charges for power, and may issue revenue bonds. Alabama State Fair Authority A general law with special application provides for the establishment of this authority (formerly named Birmingham Fair Authority) to provide and operate fairgrounds. It is governed by a board of directors appointed by the city governing body of Birmingham. The authority may charge fees, accept gifts and city appropriations, and issue revenue bonds. In the 1987 Census of Governments, this authority was classified as a dependent agency of the City of Birmingham. Birmingham Parking, Public Building, and Water Works Boards The Birmingham Parking Authority, the Birmingham Public Building Authority, and the Birmingham Water Works Board may borrow money, issue revenue bonds, acquire property, and impose charges for services provided. The city council appoints the boards of each of these three agencies. Similar agencies in other localities are not counted as governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Birmingham-Jefferson County Civic Center Authority This authority was authorized by a 1980 special act to establish and operate a civic center. It is governed by an 11-member board consisting of the mayor of Birmingham, the chairperson of the Jefferson County Commission, 5 State senators, and 4 State representatives. The authority may issue revenue bonds payable from the proceeds of rentals and from the proceeds of earmarked room occupancy, cigarette, and tobacco taxes. County Tunnel Authorities This general law applies only to counties having 400,000 or more population. A tunnel authority may be established by the county governing body on application of three or more property-owning voters to acquire and operate a vehicular tunnel. The law provides for administration by a board of directors consisting of one member from the governing body of the county; one member from any municipality in which the tunnel project may be located; one member from any municipality within a one mile radius of the project; the division engineer of the State highway department in an ex officio capacity; and two additional members, one appointed by the county governing body and one by the governing body of the largest municipality--or, if no municipality qualifies, both by the county. The authority may collect tolls and charges, and issue revenue bonds. No authorities of this type were reported in operation as of January 1992. AL - p. 4 County Water Conservation and Irrigation Corporations General law provides that the county governing body may, by resolution, indicate a need for such a corporation and appoint an initial board of directors who, in turn, files a certificate of incorporation with the judge of probate and the secretary of State. These corporations may provide water supply, irrigation, and flood control services. Subsequent members of the board of directors are also appointed by the county governing body. The board of directors may fix rates and collect charges for water sold and issue revenue bonds. A special act authorizes establishment of the Marion County Water Conservation and Irrigation Authority, which operates under similar provisions. Development Authorities These authorities are authorized by substantially similar special acts for the purpose of watershed development, and are formed by application of board members to the secretary of State. Each is governed by a board of directors nominated by representatives of the participating counties and municipalities and by the Governor, plus one member appointed directly by the Governor. Development authorities may fix rentals and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. The three authorities of this type authorized to date are the Bear Creek Development Authority, the Buttahatchee River Develoment Authority and the Elk River Development Authority. The Buttahatchee River Development Authority and the Elk River Development Authority were not reported in operation as of January 1992. Fire Districts in Mobile County A 1990 special act permits fire districts in Mobile County to be established by petition of property owners to the county probate judge, after referendum. A board of five trustees, elected by the property owners, governs each district. The districts may impose fees and special assessments and issue bonds. Gas Districts Districts for acquiring, constructing, and operating gas transmission and distribution systems may be organized by any two or more municipalities. Each participating municipality selects at least one representative on the district board of directors. The board may issue revenue bonds of the district, establish rates for gas service, and enforce collection of these rates. The participating municipalities share in the distribution of the district profits. AL - p. 5 Health Care Authorities--1982 law Authorities to provide and operate hospital and health care facilities can be formed by application to, and resolution by, any county or municipal governing body. A board of directors, appointed by the governing body of the creating government, governs each authority. The authority may fix charges, receive the proceeds of tax levies imposed by the creating county or municipal government, and issue revenue bonds. Hospital Associations, Boards, and Corporations Hospital associations are established to provide and operate hospitals by resolution of one or more local governing bodies after public hearing. County hospital boards are established by resolution of the county governing body upon written application of three or more voters and property owners. Joint hospital boards are established by written application of three or more voters to the governing bodies of the county and of a municipality in the county. Boards of directors are appointed by the local governing bodies to administer the hospitals. These boards may fix rates for services, accept appropriations, and issue bonds. If the county governing board designates a hospital association or a county hospital board as a hospital corporation to acquire, construct, equip, operate, and maintain public hospital facilities in the county, such a corporation may receive the proceeds of a special county tax for hospital purposes which the county may levy and collect with the approval of the voters. Hospital Authorities--1975 law Hospital authorities are established by resolution of any county and any one or more municipalities located therein for the purpose of acquiring and operating hospitals and other health-related facilities. An authority is governed by a board of directors composed of the following members: two members appointed by the county, two members appointed by the largest municipality, one member appointed by each of the other municipalities, two members who are physicians and are selected by the physicians in the county, two members appointed jointly by the circuit judges, and two members appointed by the central labor council in any county where a central labor council is located. A hospital authority may fix and collect charges, accept grants from Federal, State, and local governments, and issue revenue bonds. An authority may also receive the proceeds of a tax for hospital purposes levied by participating counties or cities. Public hospital and health authorities are also established under special acts applying to counties within specified population-size groups. These authorities have similar financial provisions, although the composition of the governing body may vary. AL - p. 6 Housing Authorities Four types of housing authorities are authorized to undertake redevelopment projects and provide assisted housing. An individual county (or municipality) can establish a housing authority through resolution of its governing body; two or more municipalities can jointly establish a consolidated housing authority; or two or more contiguous counties can jointly establish a regional housing authority. The mayors of municipalities or the county governing bodies appoint the municipal or county housing authority commissioners, or their respective representatives on the board of commissioners of consolidated or regional housing authorities. The authorities may issue bonds, may establish and collect charges for use of authority facilities, and may accept grants and contributions from the Federal Government or other sources. Improvement Authorities Improvement authorities may be established in any city or town or in an unincorporated area having 250 or more voters to supply electricity, gas, water, sewerage, or telephone service. To form an improvement authority, a popular election on the question is held in the affected area after petition to the municipal clerk or, in unincorporated areas, the county probate judge. Authorities are governed by boards of trustees appointed as follows: In municipalities, by the municipal governing body; in unincorporated areas within a single county, by the county governing body; and in multi-county unincorporated areas, by the Governor. Improvement authorities may issue bonds and fix charges for services. Marina and Port Authorities--1971 Special Act Marina and port authorities may be organized in any county having a population of not less than 170,000 nor more than 300,000 for the purpose of constructing, leasing, operating, and maintaining marinas, ports, warehouses, and industrial buildings. Establishment occurs by resolution of the county and at least one municipality within the county, upon application by three or more voters and landowners. A board of directors composed of two members appointed by the county, two members appointed by each of the participating governments, and one member jointly appointed by all of the authorizing subdivisions governs each authority. Marina and port authorities may fix and collect fees, rents, tolls, and charges, and issue revenue bonds. Mental Health Authorities Boards of this type, sometimes called mental health and mental retardation authorities, are formed by application to the governing bodies of the counties or the cities to be served. A board of nine or more directors, appointed by the governments represented, governs each AL - p. 7 authority. The authorities may set fees for services, issue revenue bonds, and receive contributions from participating governments. Municipal Utility Boards--1951 law Boards to provide water, sewer, electric, or gas utilities in cities are established by application of three or more natural persons to the municipal governing body, after resolution. Each utility board consists of three directors, appointed by the municipal governing body. The board may fix charges and issue revenue bonds. Only two boards organized under this law--the Anniston Water and Sewer Board and the Birmingham Industrial Water Board--are counted as special district governments for census purposes. These two boards have title to their own property. Other boards organized under this law may not dispose of the property they use without the consent of the municipal governing body, and are therefore not counted as separate governments (see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below). Port Authorities--1980 law A 1980 law provides for the creation of port authorities to develop waterfront property for agricultural, commercial, recreational, and transportation purposes. Port authorities are established by an application of three or more persons to the governing bodies of the county and any municipalities to be served after approval by those bodies and by the State docks department. Two members of the board of directors are appointed by the county governing body and two by the governing body of the municipality; a fifth member is appointed jontly by the city and the county. Port authorities may fix service charges and issue revenue bonds. Power Districts Alabama laws authorize formation of municipal power districts and district electric corporations, whereby two or more municipalities may participate in establishing an agency for providing and operating electric light and power facilities. A board of directors appointed by the Governor governs each district. The district may fix and collect charges and issue revenue bonds. No power districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Public Athletic Boards Boards to provide athletic facilities may be created by application to, and resolution of, the county governing body. Each board consists of three or more directors appointed by the county governing body. Public athletic boards may fix admission fees, rents, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. AL - p. 8 Railroad Authorities Boards to maintain railroad lines may be created by application to, and resolution of, the governing body of the county or the municipality to be served. A board of directors appointed by the participating governments governs each authority. The authorities may fix tolls, rates, rents, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Soil and Water Conservation Districts Soil and water conservation districts may be formed by the State soil and water conservation Committee on petition of 25 landowners in the area of the proposed district after a public hearing and local referendum. Districts so formed are governed by boards of supervisors appointed by the State soil and water conservation Committee. These districts may accept aid and contributions from the State or Federal governments and may require contributions from landowners for services rendered. They may not levy taxes or issue bonds for soil conservation purposes. However, watershed conservancy districts, created within soil and water conservation districts, may issue bonds after voter approval. Watershed conservancy districts are governed by separate elected boards of directors, but they act under the supervision of the boards of the soil and water conservation districts. Accordingly, watershed conservancy districts are not counted as separate governments. Transit Authorities Three general laws with special application provide for the establishment of these authorities to provide transit service, on application of residents and resolution of the constituent county and/or city governing bodies. Two laws permit the establishment of transit authorities in the city of Mobile and in Jefferson County and the other two permit the establishment of joint city-county parking and transit authorities in Lee and Tuscaloosa Counties. Similar provisions apply to the administration and operation of these authorities. They are administered by boards of directors appointed by the governing bodies of the underlying counties and/or cities. The authorities may fix rates and charges for services, accept grants, and issue revenue bonds. The authorities in Lee and Tuscaloosa Counties may also provide parking facilities. Water, Sewer, Solid Waste Disposal, and Fire Authorities and Districts--1965 and 1970 Laws Authorities formed under the 1965 law may furnish water, sewer, or fire protection facilities, or combinations thereof. Such authorities are established by resolution of the county governing body on application AL - p. 9 of three or more persons. Each authority is governed by a board of directors appointed by the governing body of the authorizing county. The board may fix and collect rates and charges for services and issue revenue bonds. Districts formed under the 1970 law may provide water, sewer, solid waste disposal, or fire protection services. Such a district is established by resolution of each county and municipal governing body located within the area to be served on application of three or more persons. Districts formed under this law are governed by a board of directors appointed by the authorizing governments. The board may fix and collect service charges and issue revenue bonds. In addition, solid waste authorities have been authorized in counties within specified population-size groups, with provisions similar to those for authorities established under the 1970 law. Water Conservation and Irrigation Agencies Agencies to provide water conservation and irrigation facilities may be created by resolution of the counties to be served, after application to the secretary of State. A board of nine elected directors governs each agency. The agencies may fix water rates, levy special assessments, and issue revenue bonds. Water Management Districts Water management districts are established to provide drainage and flood control on petition of landowners to the county court of probate after public hearing. Each district is governed by a board of commissioners appointed by the probate court of the county where most of the land in the district lies. The district board may issue bonds and levy both an acreage tax and special assessments. The 1965 legislation authorizing water management districts repealed the former drainage district laws and provided that all drainage districts reorganize under this law. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Alabama that have certain characteristics of governmental units but which are classfied in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Alabama Agricultural Center Corporation (State). A special act provides that the Governor, commissioner of agriculture and industries, and the director of finance may, after filing an application with the secretary of State, become a corporation to construct and equip a coliseum building and related facilities. The corporation may fix rentals and issue revenue bonds. AL - p. 10 Alabama Building Corporation, Alabama Building Authority, and Alabama Building Finance Authority (State). These authorities are authorized by act of the legislature to build State office buildings. They are administered by the Governor, the director of finance, and the attorney general, acting as a corporation. In addition, the director of industrial relations serves as a member of the board of the Alabama Building Corporation. The authorities may receive rentals and may issue revenue bonds. Alabama Education Authority (State). This authority was authorized by act of the legislature to build, improve, and equip public school and college buildings. It is governed by the director of finance, commissioner of revenue, attorney general, State auditor, State treasurer, and the State superintendent of education, acting as a corporation. The authority may issue bonds payable from a specified portion of the sales tax and, if necessary, from the use tax. Alabama Highway Authority and Alabama Federal Aid Highway Financing Authority (State). These authorities were authorized by act of the legislature to finance the construction of State highways. They are administered by the director of finance, the highway director, the attorney general, the State treasurer, and the executive secretary to the Governor, acting as a corporation. The authorities may issue bonds which are payable from the proceeds of the State gasoline tax in the case of the Alabama Highway Authority, and from the proceeds of Federal interstate highway funds, motor vehicle license and registration fees, and State gasoline and motor fuel excise taxes in the case of the Alabama Federal Aid Highway Financing Authority. Alabama Housing Finance Authority (State). This authority, authorized by act of the legislature, was created to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. The authority is governed by a nine- member board, of whom seven are appointed by the Governor, plus the director of finance and the superintendent of banks in an ex officio capacity. The authority may fix charges in connection with its loans, and may issue revenue bonds. Alabama Public School and College Authority and Alabama Trade School and Junior College Authority (State). These authorities were authorized by acts of the legislature to finance the construction, improvement, and equipment of public educational facilities. They are administered by the Governor, State director of finance, and State superintendent of education. The authorities may issue bonds payable from specified portions of the sales tax. AL - p. 11 Industrial development authorities or boards (county or municipal). These boards are established by resolution of the county or municipal governing body to finance and lease industrial and pollution control facilities. A board of directors is appointed by the county or municipal governing body. The board may charge rents and issue revenue bonds. Other examples include: State Alabama Agricultural Development Authority Alabama Agricultural Markets and Coliseum Corporation Alabama Building Renovation Finance Authority Alabama Commission of Higher Education Alabama Corrections Institution Finance Authority Alabama Educational Television Commission Alabama Highway Finance Corporation Alabama Industrial Access Road and Bridge Corporation Alabama Judicial Building Authority Alabama Mental Health Finance Authority Alabama Parks Development Authority Alabama Pollution Control Finance Authority Alabama Port Authority Alabama Public Health Finance Authority Alabama Public Schools Corporation Alabama Shakespeare Festival Theater Finance Authority Alabama Space Science Exhibit Finance Authority Alabama State Industrial Development Authority Alabama State Parking Deck Authority Alabama Supercomputer Authority Alabama Synfuels Development Authority Alabama Water Improvement Commission (now part of the Department of Environmental Management) Alabama Water System Assistance Authority Ameraport Offshore Harbor and Terminal Commission Cahaba Trace Commission Coosa Valley Development Authority Environmental improvement authorities Farmers' Market Authority Historical preservation authorities Historic Blakeley Authority Motor Sports Hall of Fame Commission Private Colleges and Universities Facilities Authority Public Educational Building Authority of Mobile Real Estate Commission Building Authority AL - p. 12 Southern Products Mart Authority State Forestry Commission Tannehill Furnace and Foundry Commission Tennessee Valley Exhibit Commission Tombigbee Valley Development Authority USS Alabama Battleship Commission Water Pollution Control Authority Watershed management authorities County Authorities for coliseums, parks, exhibits, fairgrounds (counties with population between 115,000 and 160,000 and between 175,000 and 300,000) Bullock County Development Authority Choctaw County Medical Scholarship Board Civic center corporations (counties over 500,000 population) Colbert County drainage districts for malaria control Coliseum authoriies (counties with population between 55,000 and 56,000) Communications districts (county) County boards of health County drainage ditricts and subdistricts County fire districts (Limestone and Madison Counties) County historical preservation authorities in counties with a population between 115,000 and 150,000 (joint city-county) County public building authorities County tuberculosis hospital authorities DeKalb County Water Authority Fayette County Water Coordinating and Fire Prevention Authority Governmental utility services corporations (county) Industrial development authorities (joint city -county) in Calhoun County Industrial development authorities (DeKalb, Escambia, Fayette, Greene, and Tuscaloosa Counties) Jackson County Racing Commission Jackson County Water Authority Lamar County Water Coordinating and Fire Prevention Authority Marion County Public Water Authority Mobile Dog Racing Commission Mowah Board of the Choctaw Indians Commission Regional libraries (joint county) Service districts (Shelby and Tuscaloosa Counties) Solid waste disposal authorities--1980 law State products mart and coliseum authorities Tax increment districts (county) Washington County Port Authority AL - p. 13 Municipal Alabama Special Care Facilities Financing Authority (dependent on city of Birmingham) Birmingham Racing Commission City of Jackson Port Authority Commercial development authorities Communications districts (municipal) Downtown redevelopment authorities Florence Civic Center Authority Governmental utility services corporations (municipal) Historic districts (cities with population between 100,000 and 200,000) Medical clinic boards (building) Municipal facilities corporations Municipal hospital building authorities Municipal park and recreation boards Municipal parking authorities (cities of various specified population-size groups) Municipal public building authorities Municipal utility boards--1951 law (except in Anniston and Birmingham) Oakman Economic and Industrial Development Authority Park assessment districts (cities of 300,000 population or more) Public hospital corporations Public library (building) authorities Public transportation authorities Recreation corporations (public athletic boards) St. Stephens Historical Commission Solid waste disposal authorities--1980 law Special care facilities financing authorities Stock law districts (areas for enforcement of livestock ordinances) Tax increment districts (municipal) Trade mart (coliseum) authorities (cities over 250,000 population) Water and sewer boards Waterworks and sewer boards Waterworks boards Alabama laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. AK - p. 1 ALASKA Alaska ranks 48th. among the States in number of local governments, with 174 as of January 1992. BOROUGH GOVERNMENTS (12) The borough governments in Alaska resemble county governments in other States. However, the borough governments do not encompass the entire area of the State. The following areas of the State are located outside the areas served by borough governments: Areas served by consolidated city-borough governments Areas within the "unorganized borough" There are three consolidated city-borough governments in Alaska--Anchorage, Juneau, and Sitka. These three governments are counted for census reporting as municipal governments rather than as borough governments. Alaska statutes treat all areas of the State outside the boundaries of organized borough or consolidated city-borough governments as a single "unorganized borough." The borough governments in Alaska are classified, according to their governmental powers, as home-rule, first class, second class, or third class boroughs. Each borough is adminstered by a borough assembly. Since January 1987, the following new boroughs have been created: Aleutians East Borough (effective October 23, 1987; formed from part of Aleutian Islands Census Area) Denali Borough (effective December 7, 1990; formed from part of Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area) Lake and Peninsula Borough (effective April 24, 1989; formed from part of Dillingham Census Area) For purposes of population statistics, Alaska is divided into 26 "county equivalents." Each area served by a borough or consolidated city-borough government constitutes a separate county equivalent. In addition, the unorganized borough is divided into 11 census areas, each of which is classified as a county equivalent for purposes of population statistics. The boundaries for each of these 11 census areas conform, where feasible, to the boundaries of the Alaska Native Regional Corporations established under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, a 1971 Federal law. These 11 census areas are not counted as governments. AK - p. 2 The Alaska Native Regional Corporations, the native associations, and the Alaska Native Village Corporations are similar to the "self-governing" arrangements for Indian tribes, and are not counted as governments for census purposes. Alaska Native Regional Corporations, established under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, are regional entities consisting of a group of Alaska Native Village Corporations. The boundaries of the Alaska Native Regional Corporations approximate the areas covered by the operations of existing native associations formed under prior law. SUBBOROUGH GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (148) Municipal Governments (148) The term "municipality," as defined for census statistics on governments, applies only to the cities in Alaska. Boroughs, to which the term "municipality" is applied by Alaska statutes, are counted for census purposes as a separate type of government (see "Borough Governments," above). Cities may exist either inside or outside the boundaries of organized boroughs. Those cities located outside the boundaries of organized boroughs have powers of property assessment, tax collection, planning, and zoning in addition to powers granted to Alaska cities generally. Cities are classified as follows: Home rule cities--first class ciies under a home rule charter First class cities--400 or more permanent inhabitants, and that elect to become cities of the first class Second class cities--other cities There is no statutory minimum population requirement for incorporation, but cities must include all areas needed to provide muncipal services efficiently, must have the resources needed to provide municipal services, must have a population sufficiently stable to support city government, and must demonstrate a need for city government. Township Governments (0) Alaska has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (54) School District Governments (0) Alaska has no independent school district governments. AK - p. 3 Dependent Public School Systems (54) Alaska statutes provide for the following types of dependent public school systems: Systems dependent on borough governments (11): Borough school districts Systems dependent on municipal governments (22): City school districts (in home rule or first class cities in the unorganized borough) Systems dependent on the State government (21): Regional educational attendance area boards. The 11 borough and 22 city school districts in Alaska are classified for census purposes as dependent agencies of the borough or city governments they serve, and are not counted as separate governments. Although these districts are administered by elected boards, their fiscal requirements are finally determined and met by the sponsoring borough or city governments. The public schools in Alaska located outside the territory of borough or city school systems are administered by regional educational attendance area boards. Although these 21 boards are elected, their fiscal requirements are met by State appropriations; they are therefore classified as dependent agencies of the State government for census purposes, and are not counted as separate governments. Other Educational Activities Community colleges, which are financed jointly by the State government and the local public school system, are classified in census statistics as State government activities. They are not counted as separate governments. The regional resource centers in Alaska are established by agreement between participating public school systems. A board consisting of one representative of each participating system governs each center. These centers are financed by contributions from participating systems and by State and Federal grants. For census purposes, regional resource centers are classified as joint educational service agencies of participating public school systems, and are not counted as separate governments. One such center was reported in operation as of January 1992. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (14) Alaska statutes authorize the creation of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. AK - p. 4 Regional Electrical Authorities Regional electrical authorities may be created by resolution of a native association to provide electric power. The commissioners of the authority are appointed by the governing body of the native association. The authority may fix rates, fees, rentals, and other charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Regional Native Housing Authorities Regional native housing authorities may be formed by resolution of a native association to provide housing in native villages. The commissioners of the authority are appointed by the governing body of the native association. The authority may fix rentals, accept grants, and issue revenue bonds. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various government designations in Alaska that have certain characteristics of governmental units but which are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Alaska Housing Finance Corporation (State). This corporation, authorized by act of the legislature, was created to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. The corporation consists of a board of five directors, two of whom are appointed by the Governor, plus the commissioner of revenue, the commissioner of commerce and economic development, and the head of the principal department of the executive branch, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The corporation may receive gifts, grants, and appropriations, collect charges and fees in connection with the loans it makes, and issue revenue bonds. Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority (State). This authority was created by act of the legislature to finance and lease industrial facilities. The authority board consists of the commissioner of commerce and economic development, the head of a principal department in the executive branch (appointed by the Governor), and the commissioner of revenue, who serve in an ex officio capacity, plus two public members appointed by the Governor. The authority may fix rentals and may issue revenue bonds. Alaska State Building Authority (State). This authority, formerly the Alaska State Housing Authority, was established within the State department of commerce. It is administered by a board consisting of the commissioner of commerce and economic development and four members appointed by the Governor. The authority AK - p. 5 may impose rentals and charges, accept grants, and issue revenue bonds. Soil Conservation District of Alaska and soil conservation subdistricts (State). The Soil Conservation District of Alaska was created by act of the legislature to provide for soil conservation. It is governed by the 5-member Alaska Soil Conservation Board, which is appointed by the Governor with the consent of the legislature. It may receive State and Federal appropriations and grants. Soil conservation subdistricts are created by the Soil Conservation District of Alaska on petition of land occupiers, after public hearing. A board of five elected supervisors governs each subdistrict. The Soil Conservation District of Alaska may delegate such powers to the subdistricts as are necessary. Other examples include: State Alaska Amateur Sports Authority Alaska Capital City Development Corporation Alaska Gas Pipeline Financing Authority Alaska Medical Facility Authority Alaska Municipal Bond Bank Authority Alaska Energy Authority (formerly Alaska Power Authority) Alaska Railroad Corporation Alaska Resources Corporation Alaska Student Loan Corporation Grazing districts Health units and districts Regional resource development authorities Service areas in the unorganized borough Borough Historical districts Service areas Municipal Historical districts Alaska laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and for administration of justice. AZ - p. 1 ARIZONA Arizona ranks 38th. among the States in number of local governments, with 590 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (15) There are no areas in Arizona lacking county government. The county governing body is called the board of supervisors. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (86) Municipal Governments (86) Municipal governments in Arizona are locally designated cities and towns. There are no significant differences in population, legal powers, or status between city and town governments that would affect their classification for census purposes. The minimum population requirement for incorporation is 1,500. Township Governments (0) Arizona has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (240) School District Governments (228) The following types of school districts in Arizona are counted as governments for census purposes: Common school districts Community college districts Joint common school districts Joint unified school districts Unified school districts Union high school districts All types of school districts listed above are governed by elected boards. They may levy ad valorem taxes and, with voter approval, may issue bonds. "Single high school districts" and "joint high school districts" are not counted as separate governments for census purposes, but are classified as dependent agencies of common school districts. No single high school districts or joint high school districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Dependent Public School Systems (12) Arizona statutes authorize the following types of dependent public school systems: Systems dependent on county governments (12): County accommodation schools County special education cooperatives AZ - p. 2 The county accommodation schools, which provide education in sparsely populated areas, are directly under the supervision of the county superintendent of schools. They are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, six Arizona counties operated seven such schools. County special education cooperatives, which provide special education programs for exceptional children, are formed by agreement between two or more school districts. They are administered by one of the participating school districts, or by the county superintendent of schools. They are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, five of these cooperatives were reported in operation. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (261) Arizona statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Active Management Area Water Augmentation Authority This authority was authorized by 1990 legislation upon a majority vote of the governing bodies of a majority of the counties to be served, of the most populous city to be served, and of irrigation districts to be served that encompass more than 1,000 acres. A board of directors, appointed by the Governor from a list of nominees submitted by various local governments in the area, governs the authority. The authority may impose fees for services, and may issue revenue bonds. Agricultural Improvement Districts These districts, which provide for irrigation, drainage, water storage, and electric generation and transmission facilities, are created by the county board of supervisors upon petition of landowners and after referendum. An elected board of directors governs the district; as an alternative, districts encompassing more than 175,000 acres may be governed by an elected board of directors and an elected council. The district may fix charges, levy ad valorem taxes, issue bonds, and, with voter approval, may issue general obligation bonds. The only district of this type reported in operation as of January 1992 was the Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District. The Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District, established in 1937, holds title to the Salt River Project properties operated by the Salt River Valley Water Users' Association, a private corporation organized in 1903 to operate the Federally-constructed Salt River Project. The Salt River Valley Water Users' Association continues to operate the irrigation and drainage system of the district under contract. The district also operates electric power generation and transmission facilities. AZ - p. 3 Community Park Maintenance Districts Encompassing an Area of 160 Acres or More Districts for the maintenance of community parks may be established by petition to the county board of supervisors, after public hearing. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The districts may fix fees, rentals, and charges, levy property taxes, and borrow money. No districts of this type were reported in operation as of January 1992. Districts having fewer than 160 acres are governed by the county board of supervisors, and are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Drainage Districts Drainage districts are established upon petition of landowners to the county board of supervisors after hearing and referendum, to provide for drainage of agricultural lands. An elected board governs the district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes, impose special assessments, and issue bonds with voter approval. For irrigation and drainage districts, see "Irrigation Districts," below. Electrical Districts Electrical districts for the purpose of obtaining power for irrigation water pumping are established by the county board of supervisors upon petition of landowners and after hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and charge rates, tolls, and fees. The districts may also issue bonds upon voter approval. Fire Districts Districts to provide fire protection in unincorporated areas are formed by petition to the county board of supervisors, after public hearing and voter approval. An elected district board, or an elected chief and secretary-treasurer, govern each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and may, upon voter approval, issue bonds. Flood Control Districts--1921 Law These districts are created to provide for flood control on petition of landowners to the county board of supervisors, followed by hearing and referendum. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes. Voter approval is required for the levy of assessments and the issuance of bonds. County flood control districts established under the 1978 law, and are governed by the county board of supervisors, are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. AZ - p. 4 Health Service Districts These districts to provide health clinics and related facilities are established by petition to the county board of supervisors after public hearing. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may fix rentals and charges, levy ad valorem taxes, and, upon voter approval, may issue bonds. No districts of this type were reported in operation as of January 1992. Hospital Districts After petition by voters, public hearing, referendum, and approval by the Arizona Department of Health Services, hospital districts may be established by the county board of supervisors to provide hospital facilities. An elected board of directors administers each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, fix charges, and, after voter approval, issue bonds. Hospital districts governed by the county board of supervisors ex officio are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Irrigation Districts Irrigation districts may be created to provide irrigation, domestic water supply, and electric power after petition of landowners to the county board of supervisors, followed by hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and may fix tolls and charges. Voter approval is required for bond issues. In addition, "irrigation and drainage districts," with both irrigation and drainage powers, may be established under this law. Irrigation districts governed by the county or city governing body ex officio are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Irrigation Water Delivery Districts These districts are established by the county board of supervisors to provide irrigation water after petition of landowners and a public hearing. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, fix rates and fees, and issue bonds. Metropolitan Public Transit Authorities These authorities may be established in counties over 1,200,000 population (Maricopa) to provide transit service after voter approval of a transportation excise tax levy. The authority board of directors consists of one member appointed by each member city, plus one member appointed by the county. The authority may issue revenue bonds, fix fees and charges, accept grants and loans, and determine the amount of annual tax levies. The AZ - p. 5 Metropolitan Public Transit Authority in the Phoenix area was formed under this law to coordinate transit service, but does not operate transit service itself. Similarly, these authorities may be established in counties between 400,000 and 1,200,000 population (Pima). The authority board members are selected by member governments of the regional council of governments. The authority may fix fares and other charges, receive contributions from Federal and local governments, receive the proceeds of the county transportation excise tax, and issue limited obligation and revenue bonds. Pest Abatement Districts--1983 Law Districts to control public health pests may be established by petition to the county board of supervisors, after public hearing and voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes. Pest Control Districts--1957 Law These districts are created by the county board of supervisors upon petition of crop owners or landowners, after hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy special assessments. Power Districts Districts to generate and distribute electric power may be established by the county board of supervisors upon petition of landowners and after public hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds upon voter approval. No power districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Recreation Center Districts Districts to provide recreation and library facilities in areas within a national park may be created by petition to the county board of supervisors, after voter approval. A board of directors appointed by the county board of supervisors governs each district. The districts may levy sales and use taxes. No districts of this type were reported in operation as of January 1992. Sanitary Districts Encompassing an Area of 160 Acres or More Sanitary districts to provide sewerage facilities may be established by the county board of supervisors on petition of property owners, after a public hearing. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and, after voter approval, may issue bonds. AZ - p. 6 Districts having fewer than 160 acres are governed by the county board of supervisors, and are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Special Road Districts These districts, which build and maintain highways and bridges, are established by the county board of supervisors on petition of taxpayers and after referendum. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds upon voter approval. Water Conservation Districts (multicounty) These districts, authorized by 1971 legislation, are established by the State water commission on petition of three or more counties, or on petition of voters, and after a public hearing, to contract with the secretary of the interior for water from, and payment of costs of, the Central Arizona Project. An elected board of directors governs each district; the number of members is determined by county population. The district board may fix and collect charges, levy ad valorem taxes, and accept grants. The Central Arizona Water Conservation District was established under this law. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Arizona that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. Arizona Power Authority (State). This authority was created by a special act for the generation and transmission of electric power. A commission appointed by the Governor governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, fees, and tolls, and may issue revenue bonds. AZ - p. 7 Housing authorities (municipal and county). Municipalities and counties may establish housing authorities by resolution of the governing body. A board of housing commissioners governs each authority; the members are appointed by the mayor of a city or town or by the county board of supervisors. Rentals for housing projects are fixed by the government creating the authority, and bonds for housing authority purposes are issued by the sponsoring government. The sponsoring governments may also accept Federal grants. Industrial development authorities (county or municipal). Authorities of this type are established to finance and lease airport, commercial, convention, electric, gas, health care, industrial, pollution control, port, residential, sewerage, solid waste disposal, and water supply facilities, on the approval of the county or municipal governing body. A board of directors, appointed by the county or municipal governing body, governs each authority. Industrial development authorities may make loans to mortgage lenders, charge rents, and issue revenue bonds. Natural resource conservation districts (State). These districts may be established to carry on soil conservation programs on petition of landowners to the State land commissioner, after public hearing and referendum. A board of five supervisors governs each district; three are elected and two are appointed by the State land commissioner. District revenues are limited to voluntary donations, gifts, and contributions. These districts have no bond-issuing powers. Slum clearance and redevelopment commissions (municipal). General legislation authorizes cities and towns to establish these agencies. The commissioners are appointed by the mayor with the approval of the governing body. All administrative and fiscal powers are vested in the municipality; the commissioners perform only the specific duties assigned to them. Other examples include: State Arizona Coliseum and Exposition Center Board Arizona Health Facilities Authority Arizona Industrial Commission Commission on the Arizona Environment Radiation Regulatory Agency Registration districts (vital statistics) Wastewater Management Authority of Arizona Water districts AZ - p. 8 County Air pollution control districts Airport authorities (counties) Antinoxious weed districts Community park maintenance districts with an area encompassing fewer than 160 acres County flood control districts--1978 law County jail districts County library districts County sports authorities County television improvement districts Domestic water improvement districts *Improvement districts (county) Irrigation districts governed by county supervisors Maricopa County Stadium District "No fence" districts Pollution control corporations (county) Rural road improvement districts Sanitary districts encompassing an area of fewer than 160 acres Special flood control districts Municipal Airport authorities (municipal) Community facilities districts Improvement districts (municipal) Irrigation districts governed by city council Lake Havasu Sanitary District (governed by city council) Municipal property corporations Phoenix Civic Improvement Corporation Phoenix Civic Plaza Building Corporation Pollution control corporations (municipal) Tucson Community Center Authority Joint County-Municipal Water-oriented development districts Other The grazing districts in Arizona are areas for Federal administration of grazing lands. They are not counted as separate governments. Private corporations The Arizona Student Loan Finance Corporation is classified as a private corporation. It is not counted as a government. Arizona laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. AR - p. 1 ARKANSAS Arkansas ranks 22nd. among the States in number of local governments, with 1,446 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (75) There are no areas in Arkansas lacking county government. The county governing body is the quorum or levying court which consists of the justices of the peace and the county judge, who is also the chairperson of the quorum court and administers most county affairs. Each of 10 Arkansas counties is divided into 2 districts for judicial and various administrative purposes and maintains offices in 2 county seats. However, the two districts of each respective county are governed by the same set of county officials. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (489) Municipal Governments (489) Municipal governments in Arkansas are the cities and incorporated towns, divided by general law into size groups as follows: First class cities--2,500 inhabitants or more Second class cities--500 to 2,499 inhabitants Towns--incorporated places with fewer than 500 inhabitants However, the 1965 law establishing the above size groups permits towns that had voted previously to become second class cities to retain that classification, and other exceptions exist. There is no minimum population requirement for incorporation. Township Governments (0) Arkansas has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (321) School District Governments (321) A 1947 act of the legislature provided for the reorganization of all Arkansas school districts into a single type of school district. All school districts in Arkansas are counted as governments in census reporting. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy taxes and issue bonds. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Arkansas has no dependent public school systems. AR - p. 2 Other Educational Activities The educational services cooperatives in Arkansas provide curriculum development assistance, educational materials, and staff development services to participating school districts, and are established by resolution of 75 percent or more of the school districts to be served. A board of directors, consisting of one representative of each participating school district, governs each cooperative. Each cooperative receives contributions from the State, and may also receive contributions from participating school districts. The educational services cooperatives are classified for census purposes as joint educational services agencies of the participating school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. As of January 1992, 23 educational services cooperatives (including migrant education cooperatives) were reported in operation. Arkansas law also authorizes the establishment of model rural school consortiums by agreement between two or more contiguous school districts. The composition of the consortium board is specified in the agreement creating the consortium. Consortium funds come from the State and from participating school districts. For census purposes, model rural school consortiums are classified as joint activities of the participating school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. Each county board of education exercises some supervision over those school districts that do not have their own superintendents, but is not counted as a separate government. Community colleges, vocational-technical schools, and technical institutes in Arkansas are classified as State institutions, and are not counted as separate governments. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (561) Arkansas statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Bridge Improvement Districts Bridge improvement districts are established by the county court on petition of landowners followed by a public hearing. The district board of commissioners is appointed by the county court. The board may levy assessments and issue bonds. No bridge improvement districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Cemetery Improvement Districts Cemetery improvement districts are established on petition of landowners to the county court. The district board of commissioners is appointed by the county court. The districts may levy benefit assessments. No cemetery improvement districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. AR - p. 3 Conservation Districts These districts are established by the State soil and water conservation commission on petition of landowners and after local referendum. A five-member board of supervisors governs each district, with two members appointed by the State soil and water conservation commission and three members elected. The board may require contributions in money, services, and materials, accept donations and gifts, levy special benefit assessments, and issue bonds. Drainage Districts Under general law, these districts may be established upon petition by real property owners to the county court, or to the circuit court if more than one county is encompassed by the proposed district, and after a public hearing. A board of commissioners, appointed by the county or circuit court, governs each district. The board may levy benefit assessments and issue bonds. Subdistricts may be set up under the same general law procedure, but are administered by the board of the main district. They are not counted as separate governments. A few drainage districts have been established by special acts. Fencing Districts Districts for the purpose of constructing and maintaining fences are created by the county court upon petition of landowners. A board of commissioners governs each district; it is initially appointed by the county court, but thereafter, vacancies are filled by the remaining members of the board. Fencing districts may levy assessments and issue bonds and notes. No fencing districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Fire Protection Districts--1939 and 1979 Laws Fire protection districts are formed by ordinance of, or petition to, the county governing body; in the latter instance, voter approval is necessary. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. The districts may levy benefit assessments and borrow money. Districts established under the 1979 law may also issue general obligation bonds upon voter approval. Highway Right-of-Way Districts These districts are established by the county court or the county judge on petition of landowners, after a public hearing. A board of commissioners appointed by the county court governs each district. The board may levy benefit assessments and issue bonds. No highway right-of-way districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. AR - p. 4 Housing Authorities Arkansas statutes authorize the following types of housing authorities: Municipal housing authorities County housing authorities Consolidated housing authorities (two or more cities) Regional housing authorities (two or more counties) Under general law, housing authorities are created upon the adoption of a resolution by the governing body of the city or county. The executive head of the municipality appoints the housing commissioners of a municipal housing authority; the governing body of the county appoints the commissioners of a county housing authority. In the case of a consolidated or regional housing authority, one commissioner is appointed by the executive head of each member municipality or by the governing body of each member county, respectively. Housing authorities may fix rents and receive assistance and grants from the State and the Federal Government. Housing authorities may also issue bonds and carry out urban renewal activities. Legislation passed in 1976 grants municipalities and counties all powers granted to housing authorities. Housing authorities administered by county or municipal governing bodies ex officio are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Improvement Districts of Rivers and Tributaries If the Congress has enacted a law authorizing a project for the improvement of any of the rivers, tributaries, or streams within or bordering on Arkansas, an improvement district may be established following petition by property owners to the district court, after public hearing. A board of commissioners, appointed by the circuit court, governs each district; the board must include at least one member from each participating county. The district may levy assessments and issue bonds. Interstate Bridge Districts Interstate bridge districts are established by the circuit court on petition of property owners, after a public hearing. A certificate of need from the State highway commission is also required. The district board of commissioners is appointed by the circuit court. The districts may levy benefit assessments, fix tolls, and issue bonds. No interstate bridge districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. AR - p. 5 Irrigation, Drainage, and Watershed Improvement Districts These districts are created on petition of landowners to the chancery or circuit court, after a public hearing. A board of commissioners, appointed by the establishing court, governs each district. The districts may fix charges for the sale of water and may levy benefit assessments, but must file a petition with the chancery or circuit court for the authority to borrow funds or to issue bonds. Joint County and Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Authorities These authorities are created by agreement between municipalities and/or counties. A board of directors, appointed by the participating governments, governs each authority. An authority may fix and collect charges and issue bonds. Some authorities of these types are named "resource recovery authorities." Levee Districts Levee districts are formed by the county court giving public notice. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and benefit assessments, and may issue bonds. A few levee districts have also been established by special acts. Metropolitan Port Authorities Metropolitan port authorities are established by ordinance of participating county and municipal governments, after petition by participating governments to the circuit court. Each participating municipality and county appoints at least one representative to the authority board of directors, with additional members determined by population apportionment. The authority may accept and use funds from any source, fix rates and charges, and issue bonds. Participating governments may make donations and loans. No metropolitan port authorities were reported in operation as of January 1992. Mosquito Abatement Districts These districts may be established by the county court on its own motion or on petition of voters, and after voter approval. A mosquito abatement commission appointed by the county court governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. No mosquito abatement districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. AR - p. 6 Municipal Improvement Districts and Consolidated Municipal Utility Districts Municipal improvement districts may be established by the governing body of any city or town on petition of property owners and after public hearing, to make various municipal improvements. A board of commissioners appointed by the municipal governing body governs each district. The board may fix rates and rents, levy benefit assessments, and issue bonds. Similar provisions apply to consolidated municipal utility districts. Municipal Wharf Improvement Districts Districts to provide wharves are created by petition of property owners and resolution of the municipal governing body, after a public hearing. A board of commissioners appointed by the municipal governing body governs each district. The district may charge tolls, fees, and rents, receive municipal appropriations, and issue revenue bonds. Districts of this type that are governed by the municipal governing body ex officio are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Property Owners Improvement Districts--1983 and 1987 Laws Districts to fund such improvements as streets, sewers, water utilities, and the like are created by petition of landowners to the municipal governing body. A board of three commissioners, appointed by the municipal governing body in districts organized under the 1987 law or by the county quorum court in districts under the 1983 law, governs each district. The districts may levy special assessments and issue bonds. Districts under the 1983 law may also levy ad valorem taxes. Public Transportation Authorities Authorities to provide a transit system are created by agreement between two or more governments. The authority governing body consists of one representative appointed by the county judge of each participating county, and one or more members jointly appointed by the mayors of the municipalities in each participating county, plus one member appointed jointly by the county judge and the mayors of the municipalities in each participating county. The authorities may collect fares, receive county and municipal appropriations, and issue revenue bonds. AR - p. 7 Regional Airport Authorities A 1968 general law provides that any two or more municipalities, any two or more contiguous counties, or any combination thereof, may establish a regional airport authority by mutual agreement. A management board governs each authority; each participating government appoints at least one board member. The number and the apportionment of additional members is specified in the agreement creating the authority. Regional airport authorities receive revenue from the proceeds of a tax on aviation fuel sold at the airport, a tax on passengers boarding and/or debarking, rents and charges, contributions from the participating governments, and from grants. The authorities may issue revenue bonds. Regional Solid Waste Management Districts--1991 Law Districts to provide solid waste collection and disposal and resource recovery facilities are created by agreement between two or more governments, or by action of a joint county and municipal solid waste disposal authority (in counties over 60,000 population), or by application of two or more counties to the Arkansas Pollution and Ecology Commission. The district governing body consists of the county judge of each member county, the mayor of each member city over 2,000 population, and the mayor of the largest city in each member county, or their designees. The districts may fix rents, fees, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Regional Water Distribution Districts These districts are established by the circuit court on petition of voters, after a public hearing. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may charge rates, fees, and rents for facilities and services, accept gifts or grants, and issue bonds. Road and Street Improvement Districts Districts for the improvement of roads, highways, and streets in the counties of Arkansas that are not part of the State highway system are created by the county court after petition of landowners and public hearing. A board of commissioners governs each district; it is initially appointed by the court, if not named in the initiating petition. Thereafter, the remaining commissioners fill vacancies on the district board. The district receives revenue from funds set aside by the State and the Federal Government for the improvement of roads, the district portion of the road tax, and from special benefit assessments. The districts may also issue bonds. AR - p. 8 Sanitary Agricultural Improvement Districts Authorized by special acts for the purpose of clearing land, sanitary agricultural improvement districts are established after petition to the county court by the owners of not less than 2,000 acres of land, after a public hearing. The district board of commissioners is appointed by the county court. The board may levy assessments and issue bonds. No sanitary agricultural improvement districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Suburban and Consolidated Improvement Districts Suburban improvement districts are authorized for the purpose of improving streets, roads, or highways; laying sidewalks; equipping and maintaining rural fire departments; and building and operating recreational facilities, waterworks, sewer systems, telephone lines, and gas lines. The county court may create such districts on petition of landowners. A board of commissioners appointed by the county court governs each district. The districts may levy assessments and receive revenue from the sale or lease of improvements. These districts may also issue bonds. Consolidated improvement districts may be formed for the joint operation and maintenance of contiguous districts organized under the suburban improvement district laws or the municipal improvement district laws. A board of commissioners, appointed by the county judge, governs each such district. The districts may fix charges for services, and may issue bonds. Suburban Sewer Districts The property owners adjacent to any first or second class city may form a sanitary sewer district, after petition to the county court and a public hearing. A board of commissioners appointed by the county court governs each district. The board may fix charges and fees, levy assessments, and issue bonds. Wastewater Treatment Districts Districts to provide for wastewater collection and disposal are created by petition of two or more municipalities and 51 percent of landowners in the unincorporated portions of the district, after resolution of the county court and a public hearing. A board of directors governs each district; the directors are initially appointed by the county court, but are thereafter appointed by the government they represent. The districts may fix rates, fees, and rents, and may issue revenue bonds. AR - p. 9 White River Navigation District This district was authorized by a 1963 special act to acquire and construct port and terminal facilities along the White River and its tributaries within Arkansas. Members of the district commission must be residents of counties adjacent to the White River, and are appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate. The district may set charges and fees, assess benefits, and issue bonds. Although authorizing legislation for this district has never been repealed, it has never been reported in operation. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Arkansas that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Arkansas Development Finance Authority (State). This authority, formerly the Arkansas Housing Development Authority, was created to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. A board of seven directors governs the authority; six members are appointed by the Governor, and the director of finance and Administration serves in an ex officio capacity. The agency may receive appropriations, fix charges in connection with its loans, and issue revenue bonds. Consolidated municipal water and light improvement districts (municipal). These districts have legal provisions similar to those for municipal improvement districts (listed under "Special District Governments," above), but applicable only to cities and not to towns. Public facilities boards (municipal or county). The governing body of any municipality or county may create by ordinance public facilities boards to acquire, construct, equip, operate, and maintain facilities for health care, residential housing, off-street parking, recreation, waterworks, transit, energy facilities, educational facilities, and sewers. Each board consists of five members who are initially appointed; thereafter, the remaining board members fill vacancies on the board. The board may fix fees and charges for the use of facilities, and may issue bonds. AR - p. 10 Urban renewal agencies (municipal). General law provides for the establishment of these agencies in any city or town where a housing authority has not undertaken such a project. A board of commissioners appointed by the mayor governs each agency. Urban renewal agencies may accept grants, loans, and contributions, and may issue revenue bonds. As an alternative, urban renewal agencies may be administered by the governing body of the municipality in an ex officio capacity. Other examples include: State Arkansas Economic Development Commission Arkansas Hospital Equipment Finance Authority Arkansas Industrial Development Commission (including Arkansas Energy Office) Arkansas Justice Building Commission Arkansas Museum and Cultural Commission Arkansas Natural and Cultural Resources Council Arkansas Revenue Department Building Commission Arkansas Science and Technology Authority Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission Arkansas State Building Services Council Arkansas State Department of Health Building Commission Arkansas Student Loan Authority Arkansas Turnpike Authority Economic development districts County Ambulance services improvement districts County airport commissions County subordinate service districts (airports, ambulance service, fire protection, flood control, highways, parking, sewerage, solid waste collection and disposal, transit, and water supply) Housing authorities governed by quorum court Rural development authorities Stock law districts Viaduct improvement districts Municipal Auditorium commissions Central business improvement districts City airport commissions City boards of health Electric boards Historic districts Hospital commissions Housing authorities governed by city governing body Industrial commissions Light and water commissions Market authorities Municipal drainage improvement districts Municipal facilities corporations Municipal tollway authorities AR - p. 11 Municipal water and sewer districts Park and recreation commissions Parking authorities Port authorities Public utilities boards Redevelopment project districts Sanitary boards Waterworks commissions Waterworks and sewer commissions Private corporations The county industrial development corporations in Arkansas are private corporations. They are not counted as governments. Arkansas laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. CA - p. 1 CALIFORNIA California ranks 4th. among the States in number of local governments, with 4,392 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (57) The entire area of the State is encompassed by county government except for the City and County of San Francisco, which is a consolidated government. Because San Francisco operates primarily as a city, it is counted as a municipal government, rather than as a county government, for census purposes. The county governing body is called the board of supervisors. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (460) Municipal Governments (460) Municipal governments in California are designated cities or towns. All municipalities currently function either as charter cities or as general law cities. Township Governments (0) California has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (1,132) School District Governments (1,078) Only the following types of school districts in California are counted as separate governments for census purposes: Elementary school districts: City district--embracing a city other than a general law city, or such a city plus adjacent territory Regular district--single elementary district other than a city district Union district--district formed by union of two or more contiguous regular districts Joint district--intercounty Joint union district--intercounty union district High school districts: Union district--superimposed on two or more separate elementary districts Joint union district--intercounty union high school district County district--a union high school district whose boundaries coincide with those of a county Unified school district--a district, usually urban, providing both elementary and high school education. Community college district--a district providing community college facilities, which may include all or part of the territory of one high school or unified CA - p. 2 district, or two or more high school or unified districts. In a few instances, a high school district is governed by the same board as a coterminous elementary school district. In such cases, the two districts are counted as a single school district government for census purposes. California school districts and community college districts in general are governed by elected boards of education or trustees, although the districts serving charter cities may have appointed boards if the charter so specifies. However, only one school district has an appointed board; the school district serving the city of Sacramento is administered by a board of education appointed by the city council. School district and community college district boards may determine their own fiscal requirements; the counties levy and collect the taxes required. However, school district and community college district tax levies are subject to constitutional tax limitations, except for taxes levied to pay principal and interest on bonds issued before June 1978. Bond issues for school district and community college district purposes are subject to the approval of the voters. Unified and union high school district library districts are administered by the board of the establishing school district, and are not counted as separate governments. Dependent Public School Systems (54) California statutes provide for the following types of dependent public school systems: Systems dependent on county governments (54): County special service schools Many California counties operate special service schools, to provide education for handicapped, mentally retarded, and other persons with special needs. Such schools are administered by the county superintendent. They are not counted as separate governments. In a number of counties, such services are provided through itinerant teachers or special classes in the regular schools, rather than through separate special schools. As of January 1992, 54 California counties were operating such services. Regional occupational programs, which may be established either by a single county or city-county or by two or more counties or school districts, are described under "Other Educational Activities," below. CA - p. 3 Other Educational Activities Regional occupational programs, which provide vocational and technical education, are established by individual counties or consolidated city-counties, by individual school districts (if authorized by special act), by two or more counties, or by two or more school districts. They are not counted as separate governments. As of January 1992, there were 73 regional occupational programs reported in operation. Of this number, 34 were established by individual counties, and are classified as dependent activities of the county government. One was established by the city and county of San Francisco, and is classified as a dependent activity of the city government. Four were established by individual school districts, and are classified as dependent activities of the establishing school district. The 6 regional occupational programs created by agreement between 2 or more counties and the 28 regional occupational programs created by agreement between 2 or more school districts are classified as joint educational service districts of the creating governments. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (2,797) California statutes authorize the creation of a wide variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. It should be noted that many of the classes listed below have the same name and functions as classes that are listed under "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. For these classes, the enabling legislation provides for alternative methods of governing the districts. Where these districts have separate governing bodies, they are counted as governments; when they are governed by county or municipal officials in an ex officio capacity, they are not counted as separate governments. Those special district governments in California that levy taxes are subject to constitutional tax limitations, except for taxes levied to pay principal and interest on bonds issued before June 1978. Agencies Established Under "Joint Exercise of Powers Agreements" (not included in other types of special district governments shown elsewhere) Two or more local governments (county, municipal, or special district) may exercise jointly any power common to them. Whenever such a "joint exercise of powers" agreement provides for the creation of an agency that is separate from the participating governments, a notice of the agreement must be filed with the secretary of state. Agencies established under "joint exercise of powers" agreements are known by a wide variety of names. The functions to be performed by such agencies, and the powers granted to such agencies, are spelled out in the CA - p. 4 agreements establishing the agency. Agencies established under "joint exercise of powers" agreements may receive contributions from participating governments and, if the agreement so provides, fix charges and issue revenue bonds. Air Pollution Control Districts Regional air pollution control districts are authorized by general law to provide air pollution control services. Such districts are established by resolution of the boards of supervisors of two or more counties, acting on their own motion or on petition of voters and after public hearing. Each district is governed by a regional board comprised of one or more supervisors from each county and one or more mayors from each county. The regional board may determine the amount of ad valorem taxes to be levied for district purposes, accept loans from the county, and issue bonds. The Bay Area Air Quality Management District, the South Coast Air Quality Management District, and the Northern Sierra Air Quality Management District were established by special acts but operate under provisions similar to those above. Air pollution control districts serving single counties and "unified" districts, serving several counties but having less autonomy than regional districts, are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Airport Districts Airport districts authorized under general law to provide and maintain airports may be created by resolution of the county board of supervisors after public hearing and local referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy taxes, fix charges, and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. The Monterey Peninsula Airport District, which was established by a special act, operates under similar provisions. Community Service Districts Districts to provide airport, ambulance, fire protection, garbage collection, highway, library, mosquito abatement, parks and recreation, police protection, sewer, street lighting, underground utility lines, and water services, or any combinations thereof, are authorized under general law and established by the county board of supervisors, on petition of residents, after hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy taxes, issue bonds with the approval of the voters, fix rates and charges, and accept contributions. Similar provisions apply to the Rossmoor Special Community Services Districts in Contra Costa County, which were authorized by special acts. CA - p. 5 County Service Authorities for Freeway Emergencies Authorities to provide call boxes on freeways are established by resolution of the county board of supervisors and a majority of the city councils in the county served. A board of directors, two appointed by the county board of supervisors and five selected jointly by the councils of cities in the county, governs each authority. The authority may impose fees and issue revenue bonds. Authorities that are governed by the county transportation commission ex officio are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. County Traffic Authorities Two county traffic authorities--one in Santa Clara County and one in Tuolumne County--have been authorized by special acts, with similar provisions applicable to each. The authority governing body consists of members appointed by the county board of supervisors and by the cities in the county. The authorities may levy a sales tax after voter approval. County Transportation Authorities and Commissions California statutes have authorized creation of the following county transportation authorities or commissions with the power to levy taxes: County transportation authorities (general law with specific application to San Francisco Bay Area) Fresno County Transportation Authority Local transportation authorities (general law) Los Angeles County Transportation Commission Similar provisions apply to each of these entities. Each is created by county resolution after referendum to plan and coordinate transit services within the area they serve. The commissions consist of appointed representatives of county and municipal governments within the area served. The commissions may receive county and city appropriations, and levy sales taxes after voter approval. The Fresno County Transportation Authority was not reported in operation as of January 1992. County transportation commissions in other California counties do not have any tax-levying power and are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Drainage Districts California statutes authorize the creation of the following types of districts to provide for drainage of agricultural land: CA - p. 6 Drainage districts--1885 law Drainage districts--1903 law Drainage districts--1923 law County drainage districts Storm water districts--1909 law Under the 1885 law, drainage districts may be created by the county board of supervisors on petition. A board of trustees, elected or appointed, governs each district. The districts may levy taxes and special assessments. The 1885 law has been repealed, but existing districts may continue to operate under its provisions. Under the 1903 law, drainage districts are established by the county supervisors after referendum. A board of elected directors governs each district. The districts may levy taxes and special assessments, and may issue bonds with voter approval. The Knights Landing Ridge Drainage District and the Colusa Basin Drainage District were established by special acts with similar provisions. Under the 1923 law, drainage districts are established by the county supervisors on petition. A board of directors, appointed by the county supervisors or elected by the voters, governs the district. The districts may levy taxes and special assessments, and may issue bonds with voter approval. Since 1953, no new districts may be formed under this law, but those then in existence may continue to operate under its provisions. County drainage districts are similarly established, without referendum. A board of directors is chosen from the governing bodies of the county and the cities in the district. County drainage districts have powers similar to those of drainage districts under the 1885 and 1903 laws. Storm water districts are also created by the county supervisors. A board of elected trustees governs each district. Stormwater districts have powers similar to those of drainage districts under the 1885 and 1903 laws. Drainage improvement districts under the 1919 law and storm drainage maintenance districts are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Fire Districts General laws provide for the establishment of three types of districts to provide fire protection, ambulance, and rescue services: Fire protection districts Local fire protection districts Multicounty fire districts Fire protection districts authorized under a 1987 law are established by the county board of supervisors on their own initiative or on petition of voters, after public hearing and referendum. A board of directors, CA - p. 7 either elected or appointed by the county supervisors, governs each district. The board may levy taxes and issue bonds after voter approval. Fire districts organized under the 1961 law, local fire protection districts, and multicounty fire districts were similarly constituted under earlier laws. These laws have been repealed, but existing districts may continue to operate under their provisions, or may reorganize under the 1987 law. Flood Control Districts California general legislation provides that the following types of districts to provide flood control facilities may be established by county boards of supervisors, on petition of landowners and after public hearing: Flood control and water conservation districts --1931 law Levee districts--1905 and 1959 laws Protection districts--1880 law Flood control and water conservation districts under the 1931 law are governed by trustees appointed by the county supervisors. They are financed by special assessments or ad valorem taxes. Levee districts under the 1905 law each have an elected board; levee districts under the 1959 law each have an elected board of directors. Both types of levee districts may levy property taxes. Protection districts formed under the 1880 law have elected boards of trustees. They may levy special assessments and property taxes. In addition, the following districts have been established by special acts to provide flood control facilities: American River Flood Control District Brannan-Andrus Levee Maintenance District City of Marysville Levee District Fresno Metropolitan Flood Control District Lassen-Modoc County Flood Control and Water District Levee District Number One of Sutter County Lower San Joaquin Levee District Sacramento Area Flood Control District Sacramento River West Side Levee District San Benito County Water Conservation and Flood Control District Stanislaus County Flood Control District CA - p. 8 Yolo County Flood Control and Water Conservation District Most of these districts are governed by elected boards, but the Fresno, Lower San Joaquin, and Yolo County districts have locally appointed boards, and the Lassen-Modoc district board is made up of supervisors of the two counties served. All of the districts may levy taxes, and most may also levy special assessments. All but the Sacramento River West Side district may issue bonds. Some districts of this type are subdivided into "zones" for purposes of financing improvements. Such zones are classified as dependent activities of the parent districts, and are not counted as separate governments. Flood control districts that are governed by the county board of supervisors in an ex officio capacity are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Geologic Hazard Abatement Districts Districts to control land-movement hazards resulting from landslides, subsidence, erosion, or earthquakes may be established by resolution by, or petition to, a city or county governing body, after public hearing. The district governing body may be either an elected board or the county or city governing body in an ex officio capacity. The district may levy special assessments and issue bonds. Districts governed by the county supervisors or the city governing body in an ex officio capacity are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Groundwater Management Districts or Agencies The following groundwater management agencies have been established by special acts: Fox Canyon Groundwater Management Agency Honey Lake Valley Groundwater Basin District Mono County Tri-Valley Groundwater Management District Sierra Valley Groundwater Management District Similar provisions apply to each of these districts. A board of directors, either elected by the voters or appointed by the county, municipal, and special district governments represented, governs each district. The districts may impose service charges, including charges for extraction of groundwater. Highway Districts California general law authorizes the following types of highway districts: CA - p. 9 Bridge and highway districts Joint highway districts Separation of grade districts Bridge and highway districts may be created by ordinance of the county board of supervisors or on petition of voters and after local referendum. A board of directors appointed by the county supervisors governs each district. The districts may issue bonds on approval of the voters, and may levy taxes and fix and collect tolls and charges. The Golden Gate Bridge, Highway, and Transportation District, established under this law, provides transit and ferry services in addition to operating the Golden Gate Bridge and its approaches. Joint highway districts are created by joint resolution of the boards of supervisors of two or more counties. A board of directors, consisting of one member of the board of supervisors of each participating county, governs each district. The districts may issue bonds with the approval of the voters, levy taxes and special assessments, and accept contributions. No joint highway districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Separation of grade districts to provide overpasses, tunnels, and underpasses, are created by ordinance of the county board of supervisors, after hearing and referendum. A board of commissioners, appointed by the county board of supervisors, governs each district. The districts may issue bonds, on approval of the voters, and may levy taxes. Hospital Districts Hospital districts to provide hospital and health care facilities are created by the board of county supervisors on petition of the voters and after referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may establish rates, levy taxes, and, upon voter approval, levy special assessments and issue bonds. Housing Authorities Housing authorities may be established by the city or county governing body on its own initiative or on petition of residents. In addition, area housing authorities may be formed by agreements between any two or more counties or cities. A board of commissioners appointed by the mayor or the county governing body governs each authority; in the case of area housing authorities, two commissioners are appointed by the governing body of each member county or city. Each authority may issue bonds, fix rents and charges, and accept loans or grants from the Federal Government. Authorities in which the county or city governing body serves as the housing authority commissioners ex officio, or where charter provisions give the county or city governing body power to raise or lower the housing authority budget, are not counted as separate CA - p. 10 governments for census purposes. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Irrigation Districts Irrigation districts are created by the county board of supervisors on petition of landowners and after referendum. In addition to delivery of irrigation water, the districts may provide domestic water services, sewerage, flood control, and electric power. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy taxes and special assessments, issue bonds with the approval of the voters, and fix rates, fees, and tolls. In several instances, districts organized under this law have been renamed "water districts." The Palo Verde Irrigation District was established by special act to provide drainage, flood control, irrigation, and water supply. The district is governed by an elected board of trustees. The district may fix water rates, tolls, and charges; and levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments. It may issue revenue and general obligation bonds with voter approval. Library Districts and Library Districts in Unincorporated Towns and Villages Both types of districts are created by the board of county supervisors, on petition of voters and after referendum, to maintain public libraries. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The districts may issue bonds on approval of the voters, levy taxes, and accept donations. Districts in unincorporated towns and villages may also establish and operate museums. For public libraries operated by union high school districts and unified school districts, see "Public School Systems," above. Local Health Districts Authorizing legislation for these districts has been repealed. There were no districts still operating under this law as of January 1992. Los Angeles County Transportation Commission This commission is now listed under the heading, "County Transportation Authorities and Commissions," above. Memorial Districts These districts, to provide and maintain memorial halls, buildings, or meeting places for veterans, are created by the board of county supervisors on petition of voters and after referendum. An elected board of directors administers each district. The districts may issue bonds on approval of the voters and levy taxes. CA - p. 11 Municipal Improvement Districts (special acts) The following districts were established by special act: Bethel Island Municipal Improvement District Embarcadero Municipal Improvement District Guadalupe Valley Municipal Improvement District Montalvo Municipal Improvement District Solvang Municipal Improvement District Substantially the same provisions apply to each of these districts. They may provide a wide range of functions including sewage and garbage disposal, water supply, park and recreational facilities, and fire protection. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy taxes and special assessments, impose charges, and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. The Solvang Municipal Improvement District was not reported in operation as of January 1992. The Estero Municipal Improvement District is governed by the city council of Foster City and is therefore not counted as a separate government. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Municipal Tunnel Authorities Authorities may be established to build and operate tunnels by the board of county supervisors, on petition of the legislative bodies of two or more cities to be included in the authority or on petition of the voters, and after referendum. A board of directors consisting of the mayor or a council member from each city, one member appointed by the chief executive of each city, and, in addition, one selected by a majority vote of the representatives from the cities, governs each authority. The authorities may issue bonds on approval of the voters and may fix rates and tolls. No municipal tunnel authorities were reported in operation as of January 1992. North Coast Railroad Authority This authority was established by 1989 legislation to provide for continuation of rail freight service in Mendocino and Humboldt Counties. A board of directors, consisting of two appointed by the board of supervisors of each county served, plus the State director of transportation ex officio, governs the authority. The authority may fix rents, and may issue revenue bonds. CA - p. 12 Pest Control Districts General laws provide for the establishment of three types of districts to control insect pests: Citrus pest control districts Mosquito abatement or vector control districts Pest abatement districts Stone and pome fruit pest control districts Each of these types of districts may be created by the county supervisors, upon petition and after public hearing. A board of directors appointed by the county supervisors governs each district. Mosquito abatement or vector control districts may include territory in incorporated cities, in which the governing bodies of the cities also appoint district directors. Citrus pest control districts and stone and pome fruit pest control districts may levy special assessments and ad valorem taxes; mosquito abatement, pest abatement, and vector control districts may levy property taxes. A 1935 law also authorizes horticultural protection districts. However, no horticultural protection districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Police Protection Districts (in unincorporated towns) These districts are established to provide police protection within unincorporated towns by the county board of supervisors, on petition of residents after public hearing. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. The districts may levy taxes. A 1959 amendment prohibited creation of additional districts under this law, but those already in existence may continue to operate under its provisions. Port and Harbor Districts California general laws authorize a variety of districts to provide port and harbor facilities: Harbor districts Port districts River port districts Small craft harbor districts All of these districts are established by county boards of supervisors, on petition and after hearing and referendum. Harbor districts are each governed by a board of five elected commissioners. A port district encompasses one incorporated city, and may include surrounding territory. A district board appointed by the city and county governing bodies governs each district, but under special legislation, the Santa Cruz district has an elected board, and districts in Ventura County have city-appointed boards. CA - p. 13 River port districts are each governed by a board of commissioners appointed by the governing bodies of the counties and the largest city in the districts. Small craft harbor districts are governed by boards of five elected directors. The Humboldt Bay Harbor Recreation and Conservation District and the San Diego Unified Port District were created by special acts with provisions similar to the general laws above. The Humboldt Bay district has an elected board, and the San Diego district board is appointed by the city councils of the cities in the district. The San Diego district operates airport as well as port facilities. All port and harbor districts organized under the above provisions may levy property taxes and fix charges, and may issue bonds upon approval of the voters. Harbor improvement districts are governed by the county board of supervisors and are therefore not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Public Cemetery Districts Public cemetery districts are established by the county board of supervisors, on petition of landowners and after hearing and referendum. A board of trustees, appointed by the county supervisors, governs each district. The districts may levy taxes. Reclamation Districts Reclamation districts are authorized by general law and are created by the board of county supervisors on petition of landowners. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The districts may levy special assessments or ad valorem taxes, fix rates for distribution of water, and issue bonds on approval of the voters. Reclamation districts established by special acts have provisions similar to districts established under general law. A few districts organized under this law are named "swamp land districts." Recreation and Park Districts California statutes provide for the following types of districts to provide recreation and park facilities: Recreation and park districts Regional park, open space, and park and open space districts Recreation and park districts are established by city or county governing bodies, either on their own initiative or on petition of voters, after public hearing and referendum. The directors of the district may be elected, or may be appointed by mayors or county supervisors. The districts may levy taxes and may issue bonds with voter approval. CA - p. 14 Regional park and open space districts are established by the board of supervisors of one or more counties, on petition and after hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy taxes and may issue bonds with voter approval. The Lake Cuyamaca Recreation and Park District was established by a 1961 special act subject to referendum to provide parks and recreational services. A board appointed by the San Diego County board of supervisors governs the district. The district may levy taxes and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. The Mount San Jacinto Winter Park Authority was authorized by a special act to build and operate a ski resort. Its board members are appointed by the Governor and the city and county governing bodies. The authority may fix rates and tolls, and accept contributions. The Coachella Valley Mountains Conservancy in Riverside County and the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy in Ventura and Los Angeles Counties were authorized by special acts to provide open space preservation and recreational facilities, but with similar provisions for each. A board consisting of representatives of local governments in the area served in the area served governs each conservancy. Both conservancies may fix fees and charges, and issue bonds. The Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy may also levy ad valorem taxes. Neither conservancy was reported in operation as of January 1992. The Santa Clara County Open Space Authority was created by a special act to preserve open space in Santa Clara County. A board of directors, initially appointed by the county supervisors but thereafter elected, governs the authority. The authority may levy a special tax on developed property and may issue bonds. The Mountain View Shoreline Regional Park Community is governed by the city council of Mountain View and is therefore not counted as a separate government. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Resort Improvement Districts Resort improvement districts, to provide fire protection, mosquito abatement, parking facilities, police protection, recreation, refuse collection, sewerage, streets, and water supply in unincorporated resort areas, are established by the county board of supervisors on petition of landowners, after referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may fix rates and charges, levy taxes, and, upon voter approval, issue bonds. Since 1965, no new districts may be formed under this law, but those then in existence may continue to operate under its provisions. CA - p. 15 Resource Conservation Districts Resource conservation districts to provide soil and water conservation services are established by the board of county supervisors, on petition of landowners and after hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy taxes. Similar provisions apply to the Tahoe Resources Conservation District, which was established by special act. Sanitation and Sewer Districts The following types of districts to provide sewerage and/or solid waste disposal are authorized by general law: Garbage and refuse disposal districts Sanitary districts--1923 and 1891 laws County sanitation districts (in Los Angeles and Orange Counties only) Garbage and refuse disposal districts are established by the county board of supervisors. A board of directors is appointed by the supervisors. The district may levy taxes, fix charges, and issue bonds on voter approval. By contrast, "garbage disposal districts" are governed by the county board of supervisors and are therefore not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Sanitary districts under the 1923 law are created by the county supervisors, on petition of landowners and after hearing and referendum. A board of elected directors governs each district. The districts may levy taxes, fix charges, and issue bonds on voter approval. Similar provisions apply to districts organized under the 1891 law. Since 1939, no new districts may be formed under the 1891 law, but those already in existence may continue to operate under its provisions. The Los Angeles County sanitation districts are counted as a single special district government for census purposes, as are those in Orange County. In each of these two counties, the districts are governed by boards composed of city and county officials. The districts may levy taxes and issue bonds. In each of these two counties, the operations of the individual districts are closely integrated, with the same engineering and administrative staff, and common sewage treatment plant and outfall lines. Other county sanitation districts in California are not counted as separate governments. Similarly, municipal sewer districts under the 1911 law, sewer districts in unincorporated territory under the 1899 law and sewer maintenance districts are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. CA - p. 16 In addition, the following districts were authorized by special acts to provide sewerage services: Fairfield-Suisun Sewer District Tahoe-Truckee Sanitation Agency Vallejo Sanitation and Flood Control District Each of these districts is governed by a board chosen by local officials. These districts may each levy taxes, fix charges, and issue bonds on voter approval. Santa Clara County Traffic Authority This authority is now listed under the heading, "County Traffic Authorities," above. Shasta County Regional Library Facilities and Services Commission This commission was authorized by special act to finance library services. It consists of seven members, two appointed by the county supervisors, one by the city council of each city in the county, one by the county board of education, and two by the other five members. The commission may fix service charges, issue bonds, and levy ad valorem and sales taxes. Transit Districts The following districts were authorized by special acts or by general laws with specific application to provide transit service, subject to referendum: Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (formed under 1955 general law with special application) Fresno Metropolitan Transit District Golden Empire Transit District (serves the Bakersfield area) Marin County Transit District North San Diego County Transportation Development Board Orange County Transit District Peninsula Rail Transit District Sacramento Regional Transit District San Diego County Transit District San Diego Metropolitan Transportation Development Board San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District San Mateo County Transit District Santa Barbara Metropolitan Transit District CA - p. 17 Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District Southern California Rapid Transit District Stockton Metropolitan Transit District Tahoe Transportation District Most of these districts are governed by boards of directors appointed by the governing bodies of the cities and counties in the district, but the Alameda-Contra Costa, Fresno, San Diego, and San Francisco Bay Area districts have elected boards. The Tahoe Transportation District also serves portions of Nevada; its board members consist of members of the governing bodies of California and Nevada counties and cities in the district, plus the directors of the State departments of transportation of California and Nevada. All except the two transportation development boards in San Diego County, the Peninsula Rail Transit District, and the Tahoe Transportation District may levy ad valorem taxes. The Marin County, Orange County, Sacramento Regional, San Francisco Bay Area, San Mateo County, and Santa Cruz Metropolitan districts may also levy retail sales taxes. Most of the districts may issue revenue bonds without voter approval and general obligation bonds with voter approval. The Marin County Transit District levies taxes for the support of transit service operated by the Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District. The San Diego County Transit District, the Fresno Metropolitan Transit District, and the Peninsula Rail Transit District were not reported in operation as of January 1992. There are other local agencies involved in transportation planning and operations that are not listed here. Such agencies were established under "joint exercise of powers" agreements (see above). The South Coast Area Transit System is one example of an agency of this type. The Santa Clara County Transit Agency is governed by the county board of supervisors, and is therefore not counted as a separate government. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Utility Districts California statutes authorize creation of the following types of utility districts: Municipal utility districts Public utility districts These districts are formed by the county supervisors, on petition of voters (or of public agencies, in the case of public utility districts), and after hearing and CA - p. 18 referendum. The districts may provide any combination of water, electricity, transportation, telephone service, sewerage, refuse disposal, fire protection, and recreation services. A board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy taxes, fix charges, and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. The Donner Summit Public Utility District and the Olivehurst Public Utility District were created by special acts with provisions substantially similar to those above. Water Supply and Water Conservation Districts California general laws authorize a variety of districts to provide water supply and/or conservation as noted below: "California" water districts (irrigation and domestic water supply; also sewerage) County water authorities--1943 law (irrigation and domestic water supply) County water districts (irrigation and domestic water supply; also sewerage and electric power) County waterworks districts (irrigation and domestic water supply) Metropolitan water district (water supply only) Municipal water districts (domestic water supply; also sewerage and electric power) Water conservation districts--1927 law (irrigation and water conservation) Water conservation districts--1931 law (irrigation, water conservation, and water supply; also sewerage) Water replenishment districts (replenishment of underground water) Water storage districts (water storage and distribution; also electric power) Substantially uniform provisions apply to each of these ten types of districts. Each is created by resolution of the county board or other participating agency, usually upon petition, and after referendum. The districts have elected boards of directors, except for the county water authorities, county waterworks districts, and metropolitan water districts, whose boards are appointed. A few districts have been authorized by special act to perform additional functions. All of these districts may fix charges and levy special assessments, and all except water storage districts may levy property taxes. All except water conservation districts formed under the 1927 law may issue bonds on voter approval. CA - p. 19 In addition, the following districts were created by special acts to provide water for domestic use or for irrigation; some of these districts may also provide sewerage, electric power, and flood control facilities: Amador County Water Agency Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency Bighorn Mountains Water Agency Castaic Lake Water Agency Central Delta Water Agency Crestline-Lake Arrowhead Water Agency Desert Water Agency Kern County Water Agency Kings River Conservation District Madera Water District Mojave Water Agency Monterey Peninsula Water Management District North Delta Water Agency Orange County Water District Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency Placer County Water Agency San Gorgonio Pass Water Agency Santa Clara Valley Water District Solano County Water Agency South Delta Water Agency Yuba-Bear River Basin Authority These agencies have elected boards, except for the Orange County and Santa Clara Valley Water Districts, which have some appointed members on their boards, and the Yuba-Bear River Basin Authority, whose directors are appointed by the participating counties. All may fix charges, levy property taxes, and issue bonds on voter approval. The Madera Water District, the Solano County Water Agency, and the Yuba-Bear River Basin Authority were not reported in operation as of January 1992. Some of these agencies have been subdivided into "zones" for purposes of financing improvements. Such zones are classified as dependent activities of the parent agency, and are not counted as separate governments. CA - p. 20 County water agencies that are governed by the county board of supervisors in an ex officio capacity are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in California that have certain characteristics of governmental units but which are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or of local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (See "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Many of the classes listed below have the same name and functions as classes that are listed under the "Special District Governments" category above. For these classes, the enabling legislation provides for alternative methods of governing the districts. Where these districts have separate governing bodies, they are counted as special district governments; when they are governed by county or municipal officials in an ex officio capacity, they are classified for census purposes as subordinate agencies of the government they serve, and are not counted as separate governments. Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. California Education Facilities Authority (State). This authority was formed to assist private colleges and universities in financing building projects. It is governed by a board composed of the State director of finance, the State controller, and the State treasurer, plus two members appointed by the Governor. The authority may lend money to institutions, or lease facilities to the institutions, and may issue revenue bonds. California Health Facilities Finance Authority (State). This authority was established to finance construction of health facilities. It is composed of the State treasurer, the State controller, and the director of finance, plus members appointed by the Governor, the assembly speaker, and the senate rules committee. It may issue revenue bonds, make loans, or build and lease facilities. CA - p. 21 California Housing Finance Agency (State). This agency was established to assist housing development. It is composed of the State treasurer, the director of housing and community development, and the Secretary of Business and Transportation, plus members appointed by the Governor, the assembly speaker, and the senate rules committee. The agency may make loans to developers and to mortgage lenders, and may issue revenue bonds. California Pollution Control Financing Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the legislature to finance and lease pollution control and resource recovery facilities. The authority board consists of the director of finance, the State controller, and the State treasurer, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The authority may fix rates, rents, fees, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. California School Finance Authority (State). This authority was established by 1985 legislation to finance the construction of school buildings. The authority board consists of the State treasurer, the director of the State department of finance, and the State Superintendent of public instruction, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The authority may lend money, fix rentals and other charges, and issue revenue bonds. California Student Loan Authority (State). This authority was created by act of the legislature to finance student loans. A board consisting of the State treasurer, the State controller, and the State director of finance, serving ex officio, governs the authority. The authority may fix charges in connection with the loans it finances, and may issue revenue bonds. California Transportation Commission (State). This commission, in addition to formulating Statewide transportation plans, also directs the department of transportation in the operation of State toll highway crossings, in its capacity as the successor agency to the California Toll Bridge Authority. The nine-member commission is appointed by the Governor. It may issue revenue bonds and may fix tolls and charges. Community redevelopment agencies (county or municipal). These agencies may be created by a resolution of the county or municipal governing body upon a declaration of need. They are governed by the city council or the county supervisors ex officio, or, as an alternative, by a board appointed by the city mayor or the chairperson of the county board of supervisors with the approval of the county or city governing body. The establishing governments appropriate money for the redevelopment agencies. The agencies may issue revenue bonds. CA - p. 22 County flood control and water conservation districts and county water agencies (county). These districts are established by special acts. If they are administered by the county board of supervisors in an ex officio capacity, they are not counted as separate governments. Such districts may levy taxes and issue bonds after referendum. For flood control and water conservation districts or water supply and water conservation districts that are governed by a separate board of trustees, see "Special District Governments," above. Nonprofit public benefit corporations (county, municipal, or other). Nonprofit public benefit corporations to provide public facilities or services may be established by filing articles of incorporation with the secretary of state. A board of directors, composed as specified in the articles of incorporation, governs each corporation. The corporation may fix fees and other service charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Nonprofit public benefit corporations are not counted as separate governments. They are classified as dependent agencies of the county, municipal, school district, or special district government they serve if they file reports with the State controller, and meet one or more of the following statutory requirements: 1. The corporation was created under a "joint exercise of powers" agreement. 2. The corporation has issued tax-exempt bonds to finance facilities subject to a lease to, or agreement with, a local government. 3. The corporation is wholly owned by a local government. Other examples include: State California Alternative Energy Source Finance Authority California Housing Partnership Corporation California Passenger Rail Financing Commission California State University and Colleges Headquarters Building Authority California Urban Waterfront Area Restoration Financing Authority Emergency Medical Services Authority Fish and game districts Forest practice districts Game refuge districts Hazardous Substance Cleanup Financing Authority Klamath River Fish and Game District One Variety Cotton District Sacramento and San Joaquin Drainage District State Assistance Fund for Energy, California Business and Industrial Development Corporation Surface mining and reclamation districts Water master districts CA - p. 23 County *Acquisition and improvement districts (county) Air pollution control districts (single-county) *Boulevard districts Community energy authorities (county) Community facilities districts--1982 law (county) Community rehabilitation districts (county) Community services districts with ex officio boards Cotton pest abatement districts *County drainage districts with ex officio boards *County maintenance districts County regional justice facilities planning agencies (general law and special acts) *County sanitation districts (except in Los Angeles and Orange Counties) *County service areas County service authorities for freeway emergencies (if governed by county transportation commission) County special health care authorities in Monterey and Santa Barbara Counties County transportation commissions (except those with power to levy taxes) *County waterworks districts with ex officio boards Crossing guard maintenance districts *Drainage improvement districts--1919 law El Dorado County Toll Tunnel Authority Fire protection districts with ex officio boards Flood control maintenance areas *Garbage disposal districts Geologic hazard abatement districts with ex officio boards (county) *Harbor improvement districts Highway interchange districts (county) *Highway lighting districts Housing authorities with ex officio boards Industrial development authorities Integrated financing districts (county) Joint county road camp districts Landscaping and lighting assessment districts Local housing finance agencies Local transportation commissions Metropolitan Transportation Commission (joint city-county)(coordinates transit planning in San Francisco area) Municipal advisory councils *Open space maintenance districts Parking authorities--1949 law Permanent road divisions *Protection districts--1895 law *Recreation and park districts with ex officio boards Regional planning districts (joint county) *Resort improvement districts with ex officio boards *Road districts *Road improvement districts Road maintenance districts Sacramento Housing and Development Agency Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District CA - p. 24 Santa Clara County Transit Agency *Sewer districts--1939 law (county) Sewer districts in unincorporated territory--1899 law *Sewer maintenance districts Sonoma County Dental Health Authority Storm drainage districts in Contra Costa County *Storm drain maintenance districts--1937 law Storm drain maintenance districts--1939 law Unified air pollution control districts *Vehicle parking districts--1943 law (county) Municipal Acquisition and improvement districts (city) Community energy authorities (municipal) Community facilities districts--1982 law (city) Community rehabilitation districts (municipal) Crossing guard maintenance districts Estero Municipal Improvement District Flood control maintenance areas (city) Geologic hazard abatement districts with ex officio boards (municipal) Highway interchange districts (municipal) Housing authorities with ex officio boards (city) Industrial development authorities (city) Integrated financing districts (municipal) Local housing finance authorities (city) Metropolitan Transportation Commission (joint city-county)(coordinates transit planning in San Francisco area) Mountain View Shoreline Regional Park District Municipal building commissions Municipal lighting maintenance districts Municipal park improvement districts Municipal sewer districts (also called "improvement districts")--1911 law Municipal water districts--1935 law Open space maintenance districts (city) Parking authorities--1949 law (city) Parking districts--1951 law Recreation and park districts with ex officio boards (city) San Francisco Municipal Railway San Francisco Port Commission Sewer districts--1939 law (city) Small craft harbor districts (single city) Street lighting districts Vehicle parking districts--1943 law (city) Other The following are adjuncts of the special district governments they serve, and are not counted as separate governments: Improvement districts within irrigation, resources conservation, and water conservation districts Integrated financing districts Sewage disposal districts within municipal utility districts Special service districts within transit or utility districts CA - p. 25 California laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. CO - p. 1 COLORADO Colorado ranks 18th. among the States in number of local governments, with 1,760 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (62) The entire area of the State is encompassed by county government except for the City and County of Denver, which is a consolidated city-county government. Because Denver operates primarily as a city, it is counted as a municipal government, rather than as a county government, for census purposes. In Colorado counties with county government, the governing body is called the board of county commissioners. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (266) Municipal Governments (266) Municipal governments in Colorado are the cities and the towns. Cities and towns in Colorado may adopt home rule charters. Upon voter approval, towns may be reclassified as cities if their population exceeds 2,000. Similarly, upon voter approval, cities may be reclassified as towns if their population falls below 2,000. In addition, some cities still operate under territorial charters granted by the legislature of the former Colorado Territory before 1876. Township Governments (0) Colorado has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (180) School District Governments (180) The following types of school districts in Colorado are counted as separate governments for census purposes: School districts Junior college districts Each school district in Colorado is governed by an elected board of education. Colorado school districts may levy ad valorem taxes for school purposes and may issue general obligation bonds after voter approval. Junior college districts may be organized in any area with a grade 12 population of 400 or more and an assessed valuation of $60 million or more by petition to the State Board for Community Colleges and Occupational Education. An elected board governs each junior college district. These districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue general obligation bonds with voter approval. As of January 1992, four junior college districts were reported in operation. However, most junior colleges in Colorado have been absorbed into the State system of higher education, and are accordingly not counted as separate governments. CO - p. 2 Dependent Public School Systems (0) Colorado has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities The area vocational districts in Colorado are created by petition of voters to one or more counties, after voter approval. These districts may be administered by a board consisting of the local junior college district board ex officio plus one member from each school district served, or, as an alternative, by the board of a single school district or junior college district. Accordingly, the area vocational districts are classified as joint educational service agencies of the school districts they serve, or as adjuncts of a school district, and are not counted as separate governments. As of January 1992, two area vocational districts were reported in operation. Boards of cooperative educational services are classified as joint educational service agencies of the participating school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. These boards may be established by two or more school districts for the purpose of furnishing services if cooperation appears desirable. The composition of the cooperative board is specified by the agreement forming the board. Revenues consist of appropriations from participating school districts and State and Federal grants. As of January 1992, 17 boards of cooperative educational services were reported in operation. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (1,252) Colorado statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Airport Authorities General law provides that combinations of cities, towns, or counties, acting jointly, may establish an airport authority by resolution or ordinance. Additionally, the general assembly may authorize the Governor, on behalf of the State, to join with local governments in establishing an airport authority. Each authority is administered by a board of commissioners appointed by the governing bodies of the sponsoring governments and the Governor with the approval of the Senate, if the State is a member of the authority. The number and apportionment of board members, of whom there must be at least five but no more than nine, are determined in the initiating resolution. Airport authorities may fix rentals, charges, and fees, and may issue revenue bonds. Airport authorities established by a single county are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. CO - p. 3 Ambulance Districts Under the Special District Act, districts to provide emergency medical services, either directly or under contract, are established by petition of voters to the district court, after public hearing and voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may fix service charges, levy ad valorem taxes, and, after voter approval, may issue general obligation bonds. Authorities Established Under Intergovernmental Agreements These authorities may be established by agreement between any two or more governments for any functions that the participating governments may perform. The composition of the authority governing body is specified in the agreement establishing the authority. The revenue powers of the authority are also spelled out in that agreement. Authorities established under this law may be known by a variety of names. Some authorities of this type are named "communications authorities." Cemetery Districts Cemetery districts encompassing portions of a county are established on petition of property owners in each area concerned by the board of county commissioners. The county commissioners appoint a three-member board of directors to govern the district. This board may levy ad valorem taxes unless the district encompasses the entire county. Cemetery districts that encompass the entire county are financed solely by county appropriations and are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Cherry Creek Basin Water Quality Authority This authority was formed by 1988 legislation to provide water pollution control in the Cherry Creek basin in Arapahoe and Douglas Counties. A board of directors, each of whom represents a participating government, governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, tolls, fees, and charges, levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and issue bonds. Denver Metropolitan Major League Baseball Stadium District This district was created by 1989 legislation to finance and construct a major league baseball stadium in the Denver area. A board of seven directors appointed by the Governor governs the district. The district may fix rents, fees, rates, tolls, and charges, may issue revenue bonds, and, upon voter approval, may collect a sales tax. CO - p. 4 Drainage Districts Drainage districts are created by order of the board of county commissioners on petition and after an election in the proposed district, unless the land concerned is unoccupied and an election is therefore unnecessary. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy benefit assessments and may issue bonds after approval of the voters. Grand Junction Drainage District was established by a 1923 special act. It is governed by an elected board of directors. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and issue general obligation bonds upon voter approval. Fire Protection Districts Under the Special District Act, these districts to provide fire protection and emergency medical and rescue services are established by the district court on petition of taxpaying voters after public hearing and voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, fix fees and charges, and issue bonds. Indebtedness in excess of statutory limits, however, must be approved by the voters. Ground Water Management Districts These districts are established by the State ground water commission on petition of taxpaying voters after public hearing and local referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments and, with voter approval, may issue bonds. Hospital Districts Under the Special District Act, districts to provide public hospitals, nursing homes, emergency facilities, and other health care facilities are established by the district court on petition of taxpaying voters after public hearing and voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, fix fees and charges for services, and issue revenue bonds. Indebtedness in excess of statutory limits, however, must be approved by the voters. Housing Authorities Both municipal and county housing authorities are authorized by Colorado statutes. An individual county or city may establish a housing authority through resolution of its governing body on petition and after a public hearing. The mayor of a city or the county governing body appoints the housing commissioners. The authorities may issue revenue bonds and may fix and collect rentals for the use of their facilities. CO - p. 5 Multijurisdictional housing authorities may be formed by a combination of counties, cities, and towns. These authorities are governed by a board of directors whose composition is determined by the contracting governments. The authorities may issue revenue bonds and charge and collect rentals for use of their facilities. Authorities in which the city or county governing body serves as the housing commissioners in an ex officio capacity are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Internal Improvement Districts Districts to provide irrigation, flood control, or drainage may be established by the district court on petition of the landowners in the proposed district after public hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy special assessments and issue bonds after voter approval. Some districts of this type are called "flood control districts." Irrigation Districts Districts to provide irrigation and drainage facilities are authorized under three laws--the laws of 1905, of 1921, and of 1935. Legislation enacted in 1963 repealed the 1935 law but provided that any district then in existence could continue to operate under its provisions. Under the 1905 and 1921 laws, irrigation districts are created by the board of county commissioners on petition of landowners in the proposed district after an election. Elected boards of directors govern all three types of districts. The districts formed under the 1905 and 1921 laws may issue revenue bonds with voter approval and may levy a special acreage assessment, as well as fix and collect charges for their facilities. Districts formed under the 1935 law may fix charges for their facilities and services and may issue revenue bonds, but may not levy taxes. Library Districts Library districts may be formed by two or more governments by resolution or by petition to the most populous government in the area to be served. A board appointed by the creating governments governs the districts. The districts may certify the amounts to be contributed by participating governments, and may issue bonds. CO - p. 6 Metropolitan library districts may be formed in areas consisting of two or more counties, by petition of voters to each county or city-county to be served, after voter approval, or by resolution of the county commissioners of two or more counties. A board of trustees, two of whom are appointed by the commissioners of each county served, governs the district. Upon voter approval, the district may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. No metropolitan library districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Metropolitan Districts Under the Special District Act, metropolitan districts may provide any two or more of the following services: domestic water, sanitation, fire protection, parks and recreation, public transportation, safety protection, mosquito control, street improvements, and television relay and translator facilities. These districts are created by the district court on petition of taxpaying voters after public hearing and voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, fix fees and charges for services, and issue bonds. Indebtedness in excess of statutory statutory limits, however, must be approved by the voters. Metropolitan Library Districts These districts are now listed under "Library Districts." Metropolitan Sewage Disposal Districts General law provides that the governing body of any municipality may enact an ordinance designating the municipalities to be included in a proposed metropolitan sewage disposal district. After the requisite municipalities act to join the proposed district, and after a public hearing, a certificate of incorporation is filed with the division of local government in the State department of local affairs. The district board of directors is appointed by the executives of participating municipalities with the approval of the governing bodies of those municipalities. Each member municipality is entitled to one member per 25,000 inhabitants or fraction thereof, but not to more than half the membership of the board. These districts may levy ad valorem taxes during the first five years of the existence of the district, fix rates for services, and issue revenue and general obligation bonds after voter approval. The Denver Metropolitan Sewage Disposal District is the only district operating under this law. CO - p. 7 Metropolitan Water Districts Metropolitan water districts are established to provide water for domestic, irrigation, municipal, and industrial uses, and to produce and sell electric power. The governing body of a municipality or other local government may enact an ordinance or resolution respectively naming municipalities to be included in the proposed district. If more than half of the named municipalities enact a similar ordinance or resolution and certify it to the division of local government in the Department of Local Affairs, the organization is deemed effective after public hearing; only those municipalities passing such an ordinance become a part of the district. A board of directors governs each district; the directors are appointed by the governing boards of the participating municipalities and the county (if unincorporated area is included), one member for each 25,000 population or fraction thereof. The district board may levy ad valorem taxes, fix rates for the sale of water and electricity, and issue revenue and general obligation bonds after voter approval. There were no metropolitan water districts reported in operation as of January 1992. Mine Drainage Districts These districts are established by the district court on petition of mine owners and after a hearing. A board of supervisors elected by the mine owners governs each district. The board may levy taxes upon all mining claims in the district, may fix and collect charges for services, and may issue bonds. Moffat Tunnel Improvement District This district was created by a special law of 1922 to build and manage the Moffat Tunnel, a railroad and water tunnel through the Continental Divide. The Moffat Tunnel Commission, locally elected, governs the district. The commission may issue revenue bonds, collect charges for use of the tunnel, and levy special benefit assessments. Park and Recreation Districts Under the Special District Act, districts to provide parks and recreational facilities or television relay and translator facilities are established by the district court on petition of taxpaying voters, after a hearing and voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may fix fees and charges for services and issue revenue bonds. However, indebtedness in excess of statutory limits must be approved by the voters. County park and recreation districts established by resolution of county governments are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. CO - p. 8 Power Authorities These authorities are established by contractual agreement between any combination of municipalities that own and operate electric power systems. A board of directors governs each authority; the number and the method of appointment of directors are specified in the contract. Power authorities may fix and collect fees, rates, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Public Highway Authorities Authorities to finance beltways in metropolitan areas may be established by contract between two or more county or municipal governments. A board of directors, including one or more appointed by each participating government, plus one or more appointed by the Governor, governs each authority. The authority may fix fees, tolls, rates, and charges for use of its highways, may issue revenue and limited obligation bonds, and may, after voter approval, impose highway expansion fees, motor vehicle registration fees, sales tax levies, payroll taxes, and business or occupation taxes. Rail Districts Districts to preserve rail freight service are established by petition of voters to the county commissioners of the most populous county to be served, after hearing and voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may fix fees, rates, tolls, and charges, levy ad valorem taxes, and, upon voter approval, may issue bonds. No rail districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Regional Service Authorities These authorities are established in an area encompassing at least two or more counties by the district court following petition of voters or by resolution of a majority of the municipal and county governing bodies in the proposed area, and after hearing and referendum. Regional service authorities may provide one or more of the following services: water collection, treatment, and distribution; drainage and flood control; sewage collection, treatment, and disposal; parks and recreation; transportation; solid waste collection and disposal; libraries; fire protection; health and medical care facilities; cultural facilities; housing; weed and pest control; management services for local governments; local gas or electric services; jails and rehabilitation; and soil preservation. An elected board of directors governs each authority. The authorities may fix and collect rates and charges, levy taxes and special assessments, and issue revenue and general obligation bonds upon voter approval. Special taxing districts and local improvement districts established within a CO - p. 9 regional service authority are classified as dependent agencies of the authority, and are not counted as separate governments. No regional service authorities were reported in operation as of January 1992. Regional Transportation District (Denver) This district was authorized by a 1969 law. It operates the transit system in Denver and surrounding counties. Since 1982, its governing body, a 15-member board of directors, is elected by director districts. The district receives revenue from charges for services and facilities, sales and ad valorem tax levies, and grants. The board may issue revenue and general obligation bonds after voter approval. Scientific and Cultural Facilities Districts Districts to preserve and develop scientific and cultural facilities are established upon petition to, or resolution of, the county commissioners of a county with 100,000 or more inhabitants. A board of directors, appointed by the commissioners of the county or counties represented, governs each district. Upon voter approval, the district may levy a sales tax. The Denver Scientific and Cultural Facilities District was created under this law. Soil Conservation Districts These districts are established on order of the State soil conservation board on petition and after hearing and referendum in the area to be served. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The districts may levy benefit assessments and ad valorem taxes after voter approval, may accept State or Federal grants, and may borrow money. Tunnel Districts Under the Special District Act, tunnel districts to provide road, railroad, or pipeline tunnels may be formed by the district court on petition of taxpaying voters after a public hearing and voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, fix tolls and other charges, and may issue bonds. No tunnel districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (Denver) This district, which serves Denver and the counties of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Douglas, and Jefferson, was authorized by a 1969 special act. A 17-member board of directors governs the district, with 3 members appointed by the Denver City-County Council, 1 director each appointed by the respective boards of county CO - p. 10 commissioners, 1 director from each of the counties of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, and Jefferson appointed by the Governor, 2 members appointed by the above members, the mayor or deputy mayor of Denver ex officio, and the mayor pro tempore of any other city in the district with a population greater than 100,000. The district board may fix and collect rates and charges, and levy benefit assessments and ad valorem taxes. The board may also revenue and general obligation bonds, but general obligation bonds require voter approval. Improvement districts and sewer districts that may be established within the urban district are classified as dependent activities of the district, and are not counted as separate governments. Water Authorities These authorities to develop water resources are established by contractual agreement between any combination of municipal or special district governments. A board of directors, whose number, manner of selection, and term of office are specified in the contract, governs each authority. Water authorities may fix rates, fees, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. The Fountain Valley Authority was created by contract between the U.S. Department of the Interior and the South East Colorado Conservancy District to provide domestic water distribution to Colorado Springs and other localities. The authority board of directors is appointed from the participating governments. The authority may charge user fees and issue revenue bonds. Water Conservancy and Conservation Districts Conservancy districts are established to prevent floods, regulate and divert stream channels and flows, build reservoirs, levees, and dams, and fill in lands. These districts are formed by order of the district court on petition of landowners, a private corporation, a public corporation, or the governing body of a city within the area of the proposed district and after a public hearing. A board of directors appointed by the district court governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and special benefit assessments and may issue bonds. Water conservancy districts are formed on order of the district court on petition of landowners in the proposed district and after a public hearing. A board of directors governs each district; the directors are appointed by the district court or are elected. These districts may issue revenue and general obligation bonds and may finance their operations by fixing rates and levying ad valorem taxes and special assessments. Three conservation districts have been established by special acts to provide irrigation water: CO - p. 11 The Southwestern Water Conservation District is governed by a board of directors, with one member from each county included in the district, selected by the board of county commissioners. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments after hearing, and may issue revenue bonds. The Rio Grande Water Conservation District was established under a 1967 law after referendum. It is administered by a board of directors composed of two members from each of the counties of Alamosa, Conejos, Rio Grande, and Saguache, and one member from Mineral County, appointed by the respective boards of county commissioners. The district board may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and may issue revenue and general obligation bonds. The Colorado River Conservation District is governed by a board of directors appointed by the board of county commissioners of each county represented in the district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments and issue revenue and general obligation bonds. This district may provide hydroelectric power in addition to irrigation water. Subdistricts of the various water conservancy and water conservation districts above are authorized. However, these subdistricts have no governing bodies separate from those of the district creating them and are not counted as separate governments. The Fountain Valley Authority is now listed under "Water Authorities," above. Water and Sanitation Districts Sanitation districts to provide storm or sanitary sewerage and drainage are formed, under the Special District Act, by a district court on petition of resident voters after voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may charge fees, issue revenue bonds, and levy ad valorem taxes. Bond issues must be approved by the voters. Water districts to provide water supply are established, under the Special District Act, by the district court by petition of resident voters, after voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy special assessments, charge fees for services, and issue revenue bonds. Bond issues must be approved by the voters. Combined water and sanitation districts to supply both water and sanitation services are created, under the Special District Act, by the district court on petition of voters after a public hearing and voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, collect charges for services, and issue bonds. Bond issues in excess of statutory limits must be approved by the voters. CO - p. 12 Three Lakes Water and Sanitation District was authorized by 1971 special legislation. An elected board of directors governs the district. The district may fix rates and charges, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue revenue and general obligation bonds. However, general obligation debt in excess of $25,000 or 1 1/2 percent of the assessed valuation of the district must be approved by the voters. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Colorado that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county, and for which a tax may be levied against assessed value of property in the area served. Colorado Housing and Finance Authority (State). This authority was created by a 1973 law to provide funds to develop housing for low and moderate income families. It is governed by a board of directors comprised of the State auditor, a member of the general assembly, an executive director of a principal State department, and eight persons appointed by the Governor. The authority may issue revenue bonds, and may accept grants and aid from the Federal Government and other agencies. Colorado Student Obligation Bond Authority (State). This authority was created by act of the general assembly in 1979 to make student loan credit available to institutions of higher education. A board of nine directors, appointed by the Governor, governs the authority. The authority may fix fees and charges in connection with student obligations, and may issue revenue bonds. Urban renewal authorities (municipal). A municipality may establish an urban renewal authority by resolution, after petition and hearing, to provide for urban renewal and development. Each authority is administered by a board of commissioners appointed by the mayor, subject to approval of the local governing body. It may issue revenue bonds and accept grants or aid from the Federal Government and other sources. CO - p. 13 Other examples include: State Colorado Agricultural Development Authority Colorado Baseball Commission Colorado Compensation Insurance Authority Colorado Health Facilities Authority Colorado Postsecondary Educational Facilities Authority Colorado State Fair Authority Colorado Water Resources and Power Development Authority Geothermal management districts Highway districts Motion Picture and Television Advisory Commission Sheep inspection districts Water Quality Control Commission (in State Department of Health) County Airport authorities (single county) Arapahoe County Building Finance Corporation Building authorities (county) Cemetery districts encompassing an entire county County libraries *County park and recreation districts in unincorporated areas County road districts County water and sanitation systems *Disposal districts Emergency telephone service authorities (county) Housing authorities with ex officio boards Joint libraries (listed as "regional library districts" in 1987 Census of Governments) *Law enforcement authorities Local improvement districts (established by the county) *Pest control districts *Public improvement districts (established by the county) Recreational facilities districts *Special taxing districts in home rule counties Underground conversion of utilities districts Municipal Building authorities (municipal) Business improvement districts City water boards Denver Capital Leasing Corporation Downtown development authorities (municipal) Emergency telephone service authorities (municipal) General improvement districts Housing authorities with ex officio boards Joint libraries (listed as "regional library districts" in 1987 Census of Governments) Municipal energy finance authorities Municipal improvement districts Municipal libraries CO - p. 14 Recreational facilities districts Sewer districts Special improvement districts Storm sewer districts Underground conversion of utilities districts Veterans' housing authorities Waterworks in cities and towns Zoning districts Colorado laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. CT - p. 1 CONNECTICUT Connecticut ranks 39th. among the States in number of local governments, with 563 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (0) Effective October 1, 1960, Connecticut county government was abolished and county functions were transferred to the State government. However, the former county boundaries are retained for election of county sheriffs and for judicial purposes. Thus, Connecticut counties are not counted as governments for census purposes. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (178) The 178 subcounty general purpose governments in Connecticut comprise 29 municipal (city and borough) governments and 149 town governments. These two types of governments are distinguished primarily by the historical circumstances surrounding their incorporation. In Connecticut, city, borough, and town governments have similar powers and perform similar functions. Municipal Governments (29) The term "municipality," as defined for census statistics on governments, applies only to the cities and boroughs in Connecticut. Towns, which are treated as municipalities in Connecticut statutes, are counted as a separate type of local government in census statistics on governments. Nine boroughs (all except Naugatuck) and one city (Groton) are located within town areas where there is an active town government. One borough--Woodmont--is part of the town of Milford. Woodmont is counted as a separate municipal government, but governmental functions performed in other parts of the State by town governments are performed in Woodmont by an adjacent city, Milford. The other 19 cities (including Milford) and the borough of Naugatuck are also located within town areas, but in each of these instances, the town government and the city or borough government have been consolidated. Each of these 20 consolidated governments has responsibility both for services handled in other parts of the State by town governments, as well as for the usual city or borough functions, and is counted only once in census statistics on governments--as a municipal government, and not as a town government. CT - p. 2 The two towns of Putnam and Windham are also consolidated with an underlying city or borough for governmental purposes, but are designated as towns. They are therefore counted as town (or "township") governments, and not as municipal governments, in census statistics on governments. Town or Township Governments (149) Towns, although not differing in legally authorized powers from cities and boroughs, are classified for census purposes as a separate type of local government. The entire area of the State is encompassed by town governments, except for areas in which a town is consolidated with a city or borough government. As explained under "Municipal Governments," above, Connecticut governments that perform both municipal and town functions are counted only once in census statistics on governments. In two of these cases--the towns of Putnam and Windham (which are larger than the former cities of Putnam and Willimantic) --the consolidated government is designated as a town. Accordingly, Putnam and Windham are counted as town (or "township") governments, and not as municipal governments, in census statistics on governments. CT - p. 3 PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (166) School District Governments (17) Only the regional school districts in Connecticut are counted as separate governments in census statistics on governments. A regional school district is organized by joint action of two or more towns, after referendum. It is administered by an elected board. Fiscal needs are determined by the regional school district board and apportioned to the participating towns. Dependent Public School Systems (149) Connecticut statutes provide for the following types of dependent public school systems: Systems dependent on municipal governments (20): City school systems Systems dependent on town governments (129): Town school systems The 20 city and 129 town school systems in Connecticut have elected governing bodies that administer the schools, but their budgets are subject to review and change by the city or town budget-making authority and governing body. City and town school systems in Connecticut are not counted as separate governments. Other Educational Activities Regional educational service centers may be established in any regional State planning area by four or more boards of education to provide special services to the participating school systems. These centers are classified as joint educational service agencies of the participating public school systems, and are not counted as separate governments. Supervisory districts in Connecticut are entities for the employment of a superintendent to serve two or more towns or regional school districts. These districts are joint activities of participating public school systems, and are not counted as governments. Regional vocational agriculture centers may be established by agreement between town or regional boards of education. These centers are joint activities of participating public school systems, and are not counted as governments. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (368) Connecticut statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. CT - p. 4 Fire, Sewer, and Similar Special-Purpose Districts A general law in Connecticut provides for the establishment of districts for any or all of the following purposes: Fire and police protection; street lighting and sprinkling; establishing building lines; planting and care of trees; constructing and maintaining streets, crosswalks, drains, flood or erosion control systems, sewers, and recreational facilities; establishing a zoning commission or a planning commission and a zoning board of appeals (if the town government does not have a zoning or planning commission); and collection and disposal of garbage, etc. Such a district may be established by vote at a town meeting called by the board of selectmen on petition of 20 voters in the proposed area. Officers for the district are elected. Each district may levy taxes as well as special benefit assessments. Fire and sewer districts are also created by special acts of the general assembly. These districts are similar in organization to the districts established under general law and are also counted as governments. First, Second, Third, and Sixth Taxing Districts of Norwalk These four taxing districts, located within the area of the city of Norwalk, are established by the Norwalk city charter and may perform the following functions within their defined areas: First Taxing District-- water supply; Second Taxing District--electric light and power and water supply; Third Taxing District--electric light and power; Sixth Taxing District--public library, street lighting, and sewers. Each of the above districts has a separately elected governing body. Fiscal requirements for each district are determined by the district officials or voters without review by the city. Each district may levy ad valorem taxes, which the city collects, and may collect rates and charges for services, as well as issue bonds. These four districts are counted as governments. The Fourth, Fifth, and Seventh Taxing Districts of Norwalk, which constitute the City of Norwalk proper, and taxing districts in other Connecticut towns and cities, are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Housing Authorities Three types of housing authorities are authorized under Connecticut law--municipal housing authorities (serving a single borough, city or town), regional housing authorities (serving two or more boroughs, cities, or towns), and Indian housing authorities. Municipal and regional housing authorities are established by resolution of the borough, city, or town governing body. The chief executive officer of the borough or city or the town board of selectmen CT - p. 5 appoints five city or town residents to be housing authority commissioners or the respective representatives of the city, borough, or town on the board of a regional housing authority. The authorities may borrow money and issue bonds, accept grants from the Federal Government, and fix and collect rentals. A city, borough, or town governing body may designate a housing authority as a redevelopment agency. Redevelopment agencies established as separate city, borough, or town agencies are not counted as separate governments for census purposes. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Under a 1976 general law, housing authorities may also be established for each designated Indian tribe. The chief or other governing head of a tribe appoints five members of the tribe to be commissioners. These authorities have the same revenue powers as municipal housing authorities. The Connecticut Housing Authority is classified as a dependent agency of the State government. It is not counted as a separate government. Improvement Associations These associations were formerly established by special acts of the general assembly, but are under substantially uniform provisions as to organization and operation. Under present law, such authorities may be established by petition to the town selectmen, after a meeting of the voters. An elected board governs each association. Each association may levy ad valorem taxes, assessments, or charges for services. These associations may perform one or more of a variety of functions similar to those of fire and sewer districts. Some associations of this type are known locally as "beach associations." Metropolitan Districts--1955 General Law A 1955 general law authorizes the establishment of metropolitan districts in any metropolitan area containing a central city of 25,000 or more population and any town, city, or borough, any part of which is not more than 15 miles from the nearest boundary of such a central city. Such districts must be approved by referendum and preparation of a district charter by a metropolitan district charter commission which is itself created in response to either petition of the voters or resolution of local governments. Each district is governed by a board whose members are selected in accordance with the district charter. The charter of each district provides for its organizational structure, powers, means of financing, and other provisions. CT - p. 6 Metropolitan District (Hartford Area) This district was established by a 1929 special act primarily to provide a water supply and sewerage system for the Hartford metropolitan area. Legislation also authorizes the district to sell, distribute, and transmit electric power and dispose of solid waste. A board of 25 commissioners governs the district; 17 are appointed by the governing bodies of cities and towns within the district as specified by statute. In addition, eight commissioners are appointed by the Governor. The district may levy ad valorem taxes, collect charges for water, and issue bonds. Municipal Electric Energy Cooperatives These cooperatives to provide electric power are established by concurrent resolution of two or more municipalities. Each cooperative is governed by a cooperative utility board appointed by the governing body of each municipal electric utility represented; the number of representatives per member utility is specified in the agreement establishing the cooperative. These cooperatives may fix rates, fees, rentals, or charges, and may issue revenue bonds. The Connecticut Municipal Electric Energy Cooperative was formed under this law. Pomperaug Valley Water Authority This authority, authorized by special act to provide a water supply system for the towns of Bethlehem, Middlebury, Oxford, Southbury, and Woodbury, becomes operative upon voter approval in at least two towns. An elected board of directors governs the authority. The authority may fix and collect rates and charges, accept grants, and issue revenue bonds. This authority was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Putnam Special Service District This district to finance fire protection, police protection, and street lighting was established under provisions of the town charter of Putnam. An elected board of five directors governs the district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes. By contrast, special service districts established under a 1973 general law are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Regional Resource Recovery Authorities These authorities are established by concurrent ordinances of participating boroughs, cities, or towns. The number of members on the authority board, and their method of selection, are determined by agreement between the participating governments. The authority may fix fees or charges, and may issue revenue bonds. CT - p. 7 Authorities of this type that serve a single borough, city, or town are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority This authority was established by special act to provide water supply for the South Central Connecticut Regional Water District. The authority governing board consists of five residents of the district appointed by the representative policy board which, in turn, consists of a member of the governing body of each city or town in the district. The authority may acquire property, fix rates and fees, and issue revenue bonds. Southeastern Connecticut Water Authority This authority was established by a special act to provide water supply in the southeastern part of the State. The governing body of each participating city and town appoints two members to an advisory board that, in turn, appoints a five-member board to administer the authority. The board may collect rates and charges, levy special benefit assessments, accept grants, and issue revenue bonds. Transit Districts Any town, city, or borough, by itself or in cooperation with one or more other municipalities, may establish a transit district after voter approval. A board of directors governs each district; it consists of members appointed by the participating governments as follows: Each municipality has at least one member, municipalities with a population from 25,000 to 100,000 have two, and those of 100,000 or more have four. The board may fix rates, determine the proportionate share of the total appropriation to be paid by each municipality, and issue either revenue or general obligation bonds after hearing. Transit districts with similar provisions have been authorized by special acts. Transit districts may provide transit service directly, or contract with a public or private transit system for provision of transit service. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Connecticut that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). CT - p. 8 Connecticut Development Authority (State). This authority was created by act of the general assembly to provide mortgage credit for industrial, health care, pollution control, or recreational facilities. It is governed by a board of seven members, four of whom are appointed by the Governor, plus the commissioner of economic development, the State treasurer, and the secretary of the office of policy and management, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The authority may make mortgage loans, receive gifts, grants, fees, and rentals in connection with its projects and loans, and issue revenue bonds. Connecticut Health and Educational Facilities Authority (State). This authority was created by act of the general assembly to finance the construction of buildings for nonprofit hospitals and institutions of higher education. It is governed by a board of nine members, eight of whom are appointed by the Governor, plus the Secretary of the office of policy and management ex officio. The authority may fix rates, rents, fees, and charges, make mortgage loans to qualifying hospitals and institutions, and issue revenue bonds. Connecticut Housing Finance Authority (State). This agency provides financial assistance for housing for low and moderate income families and persons through the purchase of government-insured mortgages. The authority consists of the State treasurer, the commissioner of housing, the secretary of the office of policy and management, the bank commissioner, and six members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate. The authority may issue revenue bonds secured by income from mortgage payments. Connecticut Marketing Authority (State). This authority was established by a special act to develop and operate marketing facilities and to enable more economical distribution of Connecticut agricultural products. The authority board consists of 10 members appointed by the Governor plus the commissioner of agriculture ex officio. The authority may collect rentals, accept Federal grants, issue bonds, and borrow funds from the State. Bond issues must be approved by the State bond commission. Connecticut Resources Recovery Authority (State). This authority was created by act of the general assembly to finance facilities for recovery of resources from solid waste. A board of 15 directors governs the authority; 4 are appointed by the Governor, 2 each by the president pro tempore of the senate and the speaker of the house, 1 each by the minority leaders in the senate and the house, and the following officials ex officio: the commissioner of environmental protection, the secretary of the office of policy and management, the commissioner of transportation, the commissioner of economic development, and the chairperson of the Connecticut Solid Waste Management Advisory Council. CT - p. 9 The authority may fix fees, make loans, and issue revenue bonds. Redevelopment agencies (municipal and town). General law permits cities, boroughs, or towns to establish these agencies or to designate housing authorities as redevelopment agencies. Redevelopment agency boards are appointed by the chief executive officer of the sponsoring borough, city, or town with the approval of its governing body. The agencies may receive appropriations from the sponsoring government and may accept State and Federal grants. Bonds for redevelopment purposes are issued by the borough, city, or town governments. Two or more boroughs, cities, or towns jointly may establish regional or metropolitan redevelopment agencies. Soil and water conservation districts (State). These districts are established by the State commissioner of environmental protection. A district board, selected by local residents in accordance with regulations of the State commissioner, governs each district. The districts are financed by State appropriations. Other examples include: State Connecticut Convention Center Authority Connecticut Emergency Response Commission Connecticut Hazardous Waste Management Service Connecticut Higher Education Supplemental Loan Authority Connecticut Housing Authority Connecticut Innovations Incorporated (formerly Connecticut Product Development Corporation) Connecticut Public Transportation Commission (advisory body to State Department of Transportation) Connecticut River Gateway Commission Connecticut Student Loan Foundation Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation John Dempsey Hospital Finance Corporation Lower Fairfield County Convention Center Authority Municipal District health departments First Fire Taxation District of West Haven Fourth, Fifth, and Seventh Taxing Districts, and fire districts, of Norwalk Historic district commissions Lake authorities Middletown Fire District Middletown Sanitary District Municipal districts Municipal flood and erosion control boards Municipal harbor commissions Municipal resource recovery authorities serving a single borough or city Municipal wetlands and watercourses commissions CT - p. 10 New Haven Coliseum Authority Parking authorities and commissions Port authorities or districts Public recreational facilities authorities Sewer authorities Special service districts--1973 general law Taxing districts Water pollution control authorities Town District health departments Historic district commissions Lake authorities Municipal districts Municipal flood and erosion control boards Municipal harbor commissions Municipal resource recovery authorities serving a single town Municipal wetlands and watercourses commissions Parking authorities and commissions Port authorities or districts Public recreational facilities authorities Sewer authorities Special service districts--1973 general law Taxing districts Water pollution control authorities Joint municipal Connecticut River Assembly District departments of health Municipal districts Naugatuck Valley Industrial Development District Niantic River Gateway Commission Regional emergency medical services councils River protection commissions Private Associations In Connecticut, cemetery facilities are often provided and maintained by nonprofit cemetery associations. These associations are classified as private entities for census purposes, and are not counted as governments. The same is true for agricultural societies. Connecticut laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. DE - p. 1 DELAWARE Delaware ranks 46th. among the States in number of local governments, with 275 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (3) There are no areas in Delaware lacking county government. The levy court is the administrative body in Kent County. In New Castle and Sussex Counties, the county council is the governing body. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (57) Municipal Governments (57) Municipal governments in Delaware are the cities, towns, and villages. Units of all three types are established by special acts of the general assembly. There are no differences between city, town, or village governments that would affect their classification for census purposes. Township Governments (0) Delaware has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (19) School District Governments (19) Effective July 1, 1969, a statewide reorganization provided that all former classes of school districts become "reorganized school districts," including the vocational school districts. All reorganized school districts are counted as governments for census purposes. Boards of education of the reorganized school districts are elected except for the Alexis I. Dupont School District, which has a board appointed by the resident judge of the superior court of New Castle County, and the boards of the vocational-technical school districts, which have boards appointed by the Governor. A local school district board may supplement State school funds with a local tax levy if approved by referendum. District bond issues must also be submitted to the local voters for approval. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Delaware has no dependent public school systems. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (196) Delaware statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. DE - p. 2 Delaware River and Bay Authority This authority, established by interstate compact, operates the Delaware Memorial Bridge and the Cape May-Lewes Ferry. It is administered by a board of commissioners with six members appointed by the Governor of Delaware and six by the Governor of New Jersey. The authority may fix tolls and other charges for its facilities and may issue revenue bonds. Drainage Districts and Tax Ditches Prior to 1951, drainage districts could be formed to provide for drainage of agricultural lands on order of the resident associate judge on petition of landowners in the proposed district and after a public hearing by the court. The governing body of each district, a board of commissioners, is appointed by the superior court. Since 1951, no new districts may be formed under this law, but those then in existence may continue to operate under its provisions. Tax ditches in Delaware are formed to provide for drainage of agricultural lands on petition of landowners to the superior court through the county soil conservation district. The drainage plan is investigated by the county board of ditch commissioners, which holds a public hearing and conducts a referendum. A report is made to the superior court, which conducts a final hearing and establishes the tax ditch. An elected board of managers governs each tax ditch. The board may levy taxes based on benefits and may borrow money with the approval of the taxpayers. Housing Authorities Housing authorities may be established by order of the Department of Community Affairs and Economic Development. Wilmington Housing Authority board members are appointed by the mayor. Board members of other housing authorities in New Castle County are appointed by the county executive with the approval of the county council. In Kent and Sussex Counties, three members of each housing authority board are appointed by the Governor and the other three by the mayor of the most populous city served. Housing authorities may issue bonds, establish and collect rentals, and receive aid from the State or the Federal Government. Municipal Electric Companies Municipal electric companies are formed by a contract between two or more cities or towns, after filing of the contract with the secretary of state. Such companies generate, distribute, and sell electric power to member cities and towns. The method for selecting members of the governing body is specified in the contract establishing the company. Municipal electric companies may set fees and rates for services, and issue revenue bonds. No municipal electric companies were reported in operation as of January 1992. DE - p. 3 Park Districts in New Castle County Park districts may be created to establish and maintain parks and recreational facilities by the county council after petition and local referendum. An elected board governs each district. The district may fix and collect fees, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue bonds. Water and/or Sewer Authorities Water and/or sewer authorities may be established by referendum. Each authority is governed by an appointed board selected by the governing bodies of each participating municipality; the number of board members representing each municipality is determined by agreement between the municipalities. The authority may fix and collect fees and issue bonds. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Delaware that have certain characteristics of governmental units, but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Delaware Economic Development Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the general assembly to finance facilities for pollution control and for agricultural, commercial, or industrial businesses. A director, appointed by the Governor, governs the authority. The authority may fix fees and charges, and issue revenue bonds. Delaware Health Facilities Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the general assembly to finance hospital and health care facilities. A board of seven members, appointed by the Governor, governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, rents, fees, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Delaware Solid Waste Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the general assembly to develop and operate solid waste disposal and resource recovery facilities. A board of seven directors, appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate, governs the authority. The authority may fix fees and may issue revenue bonds. DE - p. 4 Delaware State Housing Authority (State). This authority, authorized by act of the general assembly, was established to provide low and moderate income housing. It is governed by the secretary of community affairs and economic development. The authority may charge rents, make mortgage loans, impose fees and charges in connection with its loans, and issue revenue bonds. Delaware Transportation Authority (State). This authority, authorized by act of the general assembly, was established to acquire, build, operate, and maintain airport, bridge, highway, parking, port, transit, and turnpike facilities, including the Delaware Turnpike and the Wilmington area transit system. It may also form subsidiaries. The authority is governed by a director appointed by the secretary of transportation. It may fix charges, fares, fees, rates, rentals, and tolls, and may issue revenue bonds. Slum clearance and redevelopment authorities (municipal and county). A city, town, village, or county may, by resolution, create such an authority. Each authority of this type is governed by a board of commissioners appointed by the county governing body or by the mayor with the consent of the municipal governing body. The authority may receive funds from the sponsoring government and may also accept gifts, grants, and Federal aid. Regional slum clearance and redevelopment authorities, with similar provisions, may be created by resolution of two or more municipal or county governments. Soil and water conservation districts (State). These districts are established in Kent, New Castle, and Sussex Counties, on petition of landowners and after hearing and referendum. Each such district is governed by a board of four elected supervisors plus an optional supervisor, a member of the county governing body in Kent or Sussex Counties, and the county executive or designated representative in New Castle County, plus an additional supervisor, appointed by the secretary of the department of natural resources and environmental control if the district so requests. These districts have no independent revenue-raising powers. Funds are made available to the districts from State appropriations that are matched by the county. Other examples include: State Delaware Higher Education Supplemental Loan Authority Delaware Insurance Authority Delaware State Office Building Commission Wilmington Civic Center Building Commission DE - p. 5 County Garbage collection districts in Kent County Sanitary sewer districts in New Castle County Sanitary sewer and water districts in Sussex County Sewage disposal and sanitary districts in Kent County Municipal Parking authorities Port of Wilmington Delaware laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. DC - p. 1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA There were two local governments in the District of Columbia as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (0) There are no county governments in the District of Columbia. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (1) Municipal Governments (1) The District of Columbia, within which the city of Washington is located, is classified as a separate county area and as a separate State area in population statistics, but is counted as a municipal government in census statistics on governments. The District of Columbia government also performs State and county-type functions. An elected Mayor and an elected council, composed of 13 members, govern the District of Columbia. The budget for the District of Columbia government, locally prepared, is subject to final determination by the United States Congress. Revenue is derived primarily from local taxes. The council sets the tax rate needed to provide the property tax share of the budget allowed by Congress. In addition, the Federal Government makes an annual appropriation to the District of Columbia government in lieu of property taxes. The District of Columbia government may also issue general obligation bonds. Township Governments (0) There are no township governments in the District of Columbia. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (3) School District Governments (0) There are no independent school district governments in the District of Columbia. Dependent Public School Systems (3) The following 3 public school systems are dependent on the District of Columbia government: DC - p. 2 District of Columbia Public Schools District of Columbia School of Law University of the District of Columbia The District of Columbia Public Schools are classified for census purposes as a dependent agency of the District of Columbia government, and are not counted as a separate government. An elected board of education submits its budget to the council. However, council review is limited to the maximum total amount to be allocated to the board of education, and does not extend to review over line items. Upon approval by the council of the total amount to be allocated to the board of education, the budget of the school system is included in the municipal budget and is subject to final determination by Congress. The District of Columbia School of Law is also classified as a dependent agency of the District of Columbia government, and is not counted as a separate government. A 15-member board of trustees governs the school; the Mayor appoints 10 of the 15 trustees. Also classified as a dependent agency of the District of Columbia government, and not counted as a separate government, is the University of the District of Columbia. The university is administered by a 15-member board of trustees. Eleven trustees are appointed by the Mayor with the advice and the consent of the council. One trustee is appointed by each of the alumni associations of the three campuses of the university. One student trustee is also selected by the university student body. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (1) Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority This authority is counted under "Virginia-- Special District Governments." Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, which operates the transit system serving the Washington area, is counted as a special district government. It was created by a compact signed by the District of Columbia DC - p. 3 and the States of Maryland and Virginia, and approved by Congress. The authority is administered by a board of six directors, two from each signatory, selected as follows: Two appointed by the Council of the District of Columbia, selected from its members or the Mayor or city administrator; two appointed by the Washington Suburban Transit Commission from among its membership, which includes council members from Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties in Maryland; and two appointed by the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission from among its membership, which includes local officials from the Virginia counties and cities within its area. The authority may fix rates and fares, borrow money, issue revenue bonds, and accept gifts and grants. In addition, the authority may receive appropriations from the Federal Government, the District of Columbia government, and participating Maryland and Virginia local governments. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS The agencies listed below, all established by acts of Congress, have certain of the characteristics of governmental units, but are classified as agencies of the District of Columbia government, and are not counted as separate governments. The Department of Housing and Community Development was formed in 1975 by the merger of various District of Columbia government agencies, including the National Capital Housing Authority and the Redevelopment Land Agency. The Department is headed by a director, appointed by the Mayor. The District of Columbia Housing Finance Agency was created by act of the council, upon approval of Congress, to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. The agency is governed by a board of directors consisting of five members appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the council. The agency may fix interest, fees, and charges, receive appropriations and grants, and issue revenue bonds. DC - p. 4 The District of Columbia Zoning Commission consists of the Architect of the Capitol, the Director of the National Park Service, and three members appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the council. The commission is financed through District of Columbia government appropriations. The National Capital Planning Commission is classified for census purposes as a dependent agency of the Federal Govenment. FL - p. 1 FLORIDA Florida ranks 28th. among the States in number of local governments, with 1,013 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (66) The entire area of the State is encompassed by county government except for Duval County. Effective October 1, 1968, Duval County and the City of Jacksonville consolidated to form one government, designated the City of Jacksonville. Jacksonville is counted as a municipal government, rather than as a county government, in census reporting. In Florida counties with county governments, the governing body is called the board of county commissioners. Under general law, county governments may adopt home rule charters. These charters give county governments broadened powers. Although the Metropolitan Government of Dade County performs many municipal-type services, and is classified as a "municipality" in Florida statutes, it is designated a county and is counted as a county government for census purposes. All cities, towns, and villages in Dade County are counted as separate municipal governments. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (390) Municipal Governments (390) Municipal governments in Florida are the cities, towns, and villages, established either by special act of the Legislature or by general law. The Metropolitan Government of Dade County is counted as a county government, rather than as a municipal government, for census purposes (see "County Governments," above). Municipal governments were given home rule powers by general law in 1973. Under general law, the minimum population for incorporation is 1,500, except in counties with a population of 50,000 or more, where the minimum population is 5,000. The average population density per acre required for incorporation, unless extraordinary conditions can be shown, is 1.5 persons or more per acre. Township Governments (0) Florida has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (95) School District Governments (95) The following types of school districts in Florida are counted as separate governments for census purposes: County school systems Community college districts FL - p. 2 In Florida, each county area constitutes a unit for the administration and the operation of public schools. These county school systems are governed by elected school boards. They may levy local school taxes and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. The 28 community college districts are administered by boards of trustees appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate. These districts may impose student fees and may borrow money. State funds are distributed to community college districts in accordance with a statutory formula. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Florida has no dependent public school systems. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (462) Florida statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts listed below that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Numerous districts authorized by unrepealed special acts, but that have never become active, are not shown below. Agencies Established by Interlocal Agreements--1969 Law (not included in other types of special district governments shown elsewhere) Local government units may agree to exercise any of their powers jointly. Such an agreement may establish a separate agency that may or may not be counted as a government for census purposes, according to the degree of autonomy given it and the method of selecting its governing body. The functions to be performed by such an agency are specified in the agreement. The South Central Regional Wastewater Authority and the Florida Municipal Power Agency, created under this law, are counted as special district governments for census reporting. Transit authorities established under this law that are counted as special district governments are the Orlando -Seminole-Osceola and Hillsborough County Transit Authorities. Agencies established under this law may have a wide variety of names. Bond pools and financing commissions created under this act are not counted as separate governments if their debt constitutes a liability of the parties to the agreement establishing such an entity. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Airport Authorities and Districts The following authorities and districts were created by special acts to provide and operate airports: FL - p. 3 Boca Raton Airport Authority--administered by an appointed board. Panama City-Bay County Airport and Industrial District--administered by a five-member board, with four members appointed by the city and county governing bodies and one chosen by the above appointees. St. Augustine-St. Johns County Airport Authority adminstered by a board appointed by the Governor. Sarasota-Manatee Airport Authority--administered by a board of eight members, four elected from Manatee County and four from Sarasota County. These airport authorities and districts may impose rates and charges for their facilities and services, and may receive grants and contributions from other governments. In addition, the St. Augustine-St. Johns County and the Sarasota-Manatee authorities may levy taxes. Each of these authorities and districts may issue bonds, and may finance industrial facilities. For airport authorities and districts that are dependent agencies of county or municipal governments, and are not counted as separate governments, see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Beach and Shore Preservation Districts The following districts were created by special act to control flooding and beach erosion: Captiva Erosion Prevention District Greater Boca Raton Tax Beach District Substantially similar provisions apply to both districts. Both are governed by five-member elected boards. They may levy taxes and special assessments, and issue bonds. For beach and shore preservation districts established under general law, which are governed by the county commissioners ex officio, and are not counted as separate governments, see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. FL - p. 4 Boards of Juvenile Welfare These boards, sometimes called boards of children's services, are created by county ordinance to provide child guidance and mental health services, to care for dependent juveniles, and to coordinate juvenile welfare services. Each board consists of five members appointed by the Governor, plus the county superintendent of schools, the district administrator for the State department of health and rehabilitative services, one member of the county school board, one member of the county board of commissioners, and a judge assigned to juvenile cases. The board may receive county appropriations and, with voter approval, may levy ad valorem taxes. Chipola Dormitory Authority Authorizing legislation for this authority was repealed in 1989. The Chipola Dormitory Authority was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Community Development Districts A 1980 law authorizes the creation of community development districts by ordinance of a county commission or municipal government body (for districts under 1,000 acres) or by rule of the Florida Land and Water Adjudicatory Commission (for districts over 1,000 acres), after petition by landowners. These districts may finance various capital improvements, including sewers, streets, and water supply systems. A board of five supervisors elected by the landowners governs each district. The districts may levy property taxes and special assessments, and may issue bonds. Commuter Rail Authorities Florida statutes authorize the creation of the following authorities to provide commuter rail service: Central Florida Commuter Rail Authority. This authority, which serves Brevard, Orange, Osceola, and Seminole Counties, is governed by a board of 10 directors, including a county commissioner from each of the 4 counties served, plus 5 members appointed by the Governor, and a member of the Florida High Speed Rail Commission. Tampa Bay Commuter Rail Authority. This authority, which is to serve Hillsborough, Pasco, and Pinellas Counties, is governed by a board of 12 directors, including 1 appointed by the metro planning organization of each county, 1 appointed by the county commissioners of each county, 1 appointed by the local transit authority in each county, 1 appointed by the State secretary of transportation, 1 appointed by the Florida High Speed Rail Commission, and 1 appointed by the Governor. It was not reported in operation as of January 1992. FL - p. 5 Tri-County Rail Authority. This authority, which serves Broward, Dade, and Palm Beach Counties, is governed by a board of nine directors, including one county commissioner and one citizen appointed by the county commissioners of each county, one employee of the State department of transportation, one member of the Florida High Speed Rail Commission, and one member appointed by the Governor. Each of these authorities may fix rates, fares, fees, rentals, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Conservation, Irrigation, and Reclamation Districts The following districts were created by special acts to provide for drainage, erosion control, reclamation, sewerage, or water supply, or any combination of these five functions: Dog Island Conservation District Oklawaha Basin Recreation and Water Conservation and Control Authority South Broward Drainage District (formerly Hollywood Reclamation District) South Florida Conservancy District Tindall Hammock Irrigation and Soil Conservation District Dog Island Conservation District, South Broward Drainage District, South Florida Conservancy District, and Tindall Hammock Irrigation and Soil Conservation District are administered by elected boards. Other districts of this type are administered by boards appointed by the Governor. For districts of these types that are dependent agencies of county governments, and are not counted as separate governments, see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. County Educational Loan Authorities These authorities are created by county ordinance to finance student loans. A board of five members, appointed by the county commissioners, governs each authority. The authority may fix fees, rates, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. As an alternative to creating authorities of this type, a county may delegate the power to finance student loans to an existing higher education facilities authority. FL - p. 6 County Health Care Districts These authorities are created by county ordinance, after voter approval, to provide funding for health care services. A board of five or more members, with two members appointed by the Governor and the other members appointed by the county commissioners, governs each district. The districts may, upon voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes, but may not issue bonds. The Palm Beach County Health Care District was created under a special act. It is governed by a seven-member board, with five members appointed by the county commissioners, two members appointed by the Governor, and one member of the county health department. It may fix fees and charges, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue bonds. These districts are to be distinguished from the public health trusts listed under "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. County Hospital Boards, Districts, and Authorities General law. Under general law, the county commissioners may create county hospital boards to provide, operate, and maintain hospitals on petition of resident freeholders and after local referendum. The Governor appoints members of the county hospital boards. These boards may determine the amount of required property tax levies, fix fees, accept loans or grants from the Federal Government, and receive county appropriations. The hospital board may also determine the amount of bond issues for which the county issues bonds. Special acts. Provisions for hospital districts established by special acts are substantially the same as for those established under general law. In most instances, the Governor appoints the board, although election of board members is sometimes authorized, and city or county officials in an ex officio capacity sometimes constitute part of the board membership. As under the general law, these boards may levy taxes, and fix rates and fees. Most may issue district bonds, usually after voter approval. Most hospital districts in Florida operate under special legislation. For hospital districts that are dependent agencies of county governments, and are not counted as separate governments, see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Educational Facilities Authorities Authorities to finance the construction of facilities for institutions of higher education are created by ordinance of the county commissioners. A board of five members appointed by the county commissioners governs each authority. The authorities may collect rents and fees, accept grants, and issue revenue bonds. FL - p. 7 The Dade County Educational Facilities Authority is, under provisions of the charter of the Metropolitan Government of Dade County, subject to county administrative and fiscal control, and is therefore not counted as a separate government. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Escambia County Utilities Authority This authority was established by special act to provide water and sewer utilities. The authority is governed by a board consisting of two members of the Escambia County Board of Commissioners, one citizen appointed by the county commissioners, two members of the Pensacola city council, one citizen appointed by the Pensacola city council, and one member appointed by the other six board members. The authority may fix rates, fees, and charges, levy special assessments, and issue bonds. Escambia River Bridge Authority This authority was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Although authorizing legislation for this authority has never been repealed, the authority has never been reported in operation. Everglades Agricultural Area Environmental Protection District This district was established after referendum to operate facilities to prevent, control, and correct environmental problems within the Everglades area in Glades, Hendry, and Palm Beach Counties. A board of six members, five elected by the landowners and the executive director of the South Florida Water Management District, who serves in an ex officio capacity, governs the district. The district may levy special assessments, and may issue bonds. Fire Control and Fire Protection Districts Fire control and protection districts are created by special acts but with substantially uniform provisions. Most are administered by boards appointed by the Governor, although election of boards is sometimes authorized. The usual method of financing is through benefit assessments, but some of the districts may levy taxes. For districts of this type that are dependent agencies of county or municipal governments, and are not counted as separate governments, see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. FL - p. 8 Gas Districts The following districts were established by special acts to supply gas: Clay County Natural Gas District Holmes County Gas District Lake Apopka Natural Gas District Okaloosa County Gas District Palatka Gas District South Seminole Natural Gas Authority A board appointed locally by the participating governments governs each district. These districts may collect rates and charges, and may issue bonds. Although authorizing legislation for the Clay County, Holmes County, and South Seminole districts has never been repealed, these three districts have never been reported in operation. Greater Orlando Aviation Authority This authority was established by a special act in 1975. The authority governing board consists of five members appointed by the Governor, one appointed by the city council, and one appointed by the county commission. The authority may fix charges for use of its facilities and services, and may issue revenue bonds. In the 1987 Census of Governments, the Greater Orlando Authority was classified as a dependent agency of the city of Orlando, and was not counted as a separate government. Housing Authorities Florida general law provides for three types of housing authorities--county, municipal, or regional (two or more contiguous counties). The authorities are established by resolution of the county or city governing bodies. Municipal housing authority commissioners are appointed by the mayor; county and regional housing authority commissioners are appointed by the Governor. Housing authorities may fix and collect rentals, receive Federal contributions, and issue revenue bonds. Area housing commissions to provide public housing have been created by special act in some localities. These acts provide for appointment of the members of the commissions representing the various governments served. These commissions may fix and collect rentals, and may issue revenue bonds. Housing Finance Authorities Housing finance authorities may be created to provide mortgage credit for low- and moderate-income housing, by ordinance of the county commissioners. The five -member authority board is apppointed by the county commissioners. The authorities may make loans to FL - p. 9 mortgage lending institutions, fix charges, and issue revenue bonds. County governments may reorganize housing finance authorities as agencies of the county government. In counties where such reorganizations have taken place, housing finance authorities are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Improvement Districts The following improvement districts were established by special acts: Acme Improvement District Coral Springs Improvement District North Springs Improvement District Pelican Bay Improvement District Plantation Acres Improvement District Reedy Creek Improvement District Spring Lake Improvement District These districts provide a variety of services, including sewerage, water, drainage, irrigation, roads, and parks. Each is governed by an elected board. Improvement districts may levy taxes and issue bonds. Joint Electric Power Supply Projects--1975 Law Two or more agencies operating electric utilities may, by agreement, create a joint agency to acquire, construct, and operate power supply projects. The composition of the governing body is specified in the agreement. Joint agencies of this type may impose rates and charges, and may issue bonds. The Florida Municipal Power Agency was created under this law. Key West Utility Board This board to operate electric utilities in Key West was created by special act. The board is elected by the voters. It may fix charges and may issue revenue bonds. FL - p. 10 Lee County Hyacinth Control District This district was established by special act. Although it is governed by the board of the Lee County Mosquito Control District, the Hyacinth Control District funds are completely separate from the funds of the Mosquito Control District. The Lee County Hyacinth Control District may levy ad valorem taxes. Library Districts The following districts were established by special acts to provide and operate libraries: Alachua County Library District. Administered by a five-member board consisting of three county commissioners and two members of the Gainesville city council. Fort Myers Beach Library District. Administered by a seven-member elected board. Merritt Island Library District. Administered by a 15-member governing body appointed by the Governor. These library districts are financed by property tax levies. For library districts that are dependent agencies of county governments, and are not counted as separate governments, see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Lighting Districts The following districts were established by special acts to provide street lighting: Gulf Gate Lighting District Pinecraft Lighting District Warm Mineral Springs Lighting District These districts were created by special acts, but with substantially uniform provisions for each. A board appointed by the Governor governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, except for the Pinecraft district, which may levy benefit assessments. Authorizing legislation for the South Gate and Venice Gardens lighting districts was repealed in 1986; those two districts were not reported in operation as of January 1992. For lighting districts that are dependent agencies of county governments, and are not counted as separate governments, see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. FL - p. 11 Mobile Home Park Recreation Districts These districts to provide street lighting and recreational facilities are established by county or municipal ordinance, after voter approval. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The districts may levy special assessments, fix charges for use of recreational facilities, and issue bonds. Mosquito Control Districts A former general law provided for establishment of these districts by county commissioners after petition by landowners. This law was repealed in 1980, but existing districts may continue to operate under its provisions. An elected board of commissioners governs each district organized under this law. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes. Since 1980, any new districts created under general law are governed by the county commissioners ex officio, and are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. In addition, the following districts were created by special acts. An elected board governs each district. The following districts may levy ad valorem taxes, and in some cases may issue bonds: Amelia Island Mosquito Control District Anastasia Mosquito Control District Collier County Mosquito Control District Indian River Mosquito Control District Lee County Mosquito Control District Manatee County Mosquito Control District Monroe County Mosquito Control District FL - p. 12 Municipal Service Districts The following municipal service districts were created by special acts to provide various services: Lake Asbury Municipal Services District Ponte Vedra Beach Municipal Services District The Ponte Vedra district is governed by an elected board. The district may levy ad valorem taxes, fix rates, fees, and charges, and issue bonds. Similar provisions apply to the Lake Asbury district. Navigation and Port Districts and Authorities The following districts were established by special acts to provide and operate port facilities and ship channel improvements; some may also provide and operate airports or finance industrial facilities: *Canaveral Port District and Authority Carrabelle Port and Airport Authority *Hillsboro Inlet Improvement and Maintenance District *Jupiter Inlet District *Lake Region Lakes Management District (formerly Winter Haven Lake Region Boat Course District) *Ponce de Leon Inlet and Port District *Port Everglades Authority *Port of Palm Beach District *St. Augustine Port, Waterway, and Beach District FL - p. 13 *Sebastian Inlet Authority *South Lake Worth Inlet District West Coast Inland Navigation District The governing bodies of these districts may be elected, appointed by local officials, or appointed by the Governor. They may issue bonds and collect tolls and fees, and all but the Carrabelle Port and Airport Authority and the West Coast Inland Navigation District may levy taxes. The Jackson County Port Authority was abolished in 1989, and was not reported in operation as of January 1992. For districts of this type that are dependent agencies of county or municipal governments, and are not counted as separate governments, see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Orlando Utilities Commission This commission was created by a special act to provide water and electric utilities within the Orlando area. Its members are nominated by the nominating board of the City of Orlando, subject to the approval of the remaining members of the Orlando Utilities Commission itself. The commission may fix service charges and may issue revenue bonds. In the 1987 Census of Governments, this commission was classified as a dependent agency of the city of Orlando, and was not counted as a separate government. Recreation Districts Districts to provide and operate recreational facilities may be established by ordinance of a city or county governing body after referendum or by a petition of the majority of the voters. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The districts may levy taxes, collect user fees, and issue revenue bonds. In addition, the following districts were created by special acts: Bayshore Garden Park and Recreation District Carrollwood Recreation District Daytona Beach Racing and Recreational Facilities Greater Seminole Area Special Recreation District FL - p. 14 Holiday Park Park and Recreation District Trailer Estates Park and Recreation District Tri-Par Estates Park and Recreation District Twelve Oaks Special Recreation District The Daytona Beach district has a locally appointed board, and the other districts have elected boards. Each may collect fees and/or special benefit assessments, and the Greater Seminole district may levy ad valorem taxes. Authorizing legislation for the South Broward Park District was repealed in 1987; that district was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Recreation districts that are governed by county or municipal governing bodies ex officio are not counted as separate governments (see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Regional Water Management Districts A general law divides the State into the following water management districts to provide flood control and water conservation facilities: Northwest Florida Water Management District St. Johns River Water Management District South Florida Water Management District Southwest Florida Water Management District Suwannee River Water Management District Each of these districts is administered by a board appointed by the Governor. Regional water management districts may levy ad valorem taxes, accept State grants, and issue general obligation bonds. Subdistricts or basins are established by the governing body of a regional water management district. They are administered by boards of at least three members appointed by the Governor, and with a member of the board of the establishing regional water management district serving as ex officio chairperson. These subdistricts may levy ad valorem taxes, but are not counted as separate governments for census purposes. Regional Water Supply Authorities--1974 Law These authorities are established pursuant to interlocal agreements to provide wholesale water supply. The composition of the authority governing body is specified in the interlocal agreement. Regional water supply authorities may levy ad valorem taxes, collect charges, accept grants, and issue revenue bonds. FL - p. 15 Sanitary and Water Supply Districts The following districts were established by special act to provide water supply, sewerage, or solid waste disposal facilities: Alligator Point Water Resources Board Cedar Key Special Water and Sewerage District Collins Slough Water District Eastpoint Water and Sewer District Englewood Water District Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority (water supply) Highland View Water and Sewer District Homosassa Special Water District Immokalee Water and Sewer District Loxahatchie River Environmental Control District Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County South Seminole and North Orange County Wastewater Transmission Authority Suburban Pensacola Sanitary District The above districts are administered by boards appointed by the Governor or elected, except for the Escambia County, Palm Beach County, and South Seminole -North Orange authorities, which have locally appointed boards. All of these districts may collect charges for their services, accept grants and contributions, and issue bonds. Several may levy taxes, and most may levy special benefit assessments. The South Central Regional Wastewater Authority was established by interlocal FL - p. 16 agreement. Authorizing legislation for the Charlotte Harbor Water and Sewer District was repealed in 1989; that district was not reported in operation as of January 1992. For districts of this type that are dependent agencies of county governments, and are not counted as separate governments, see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Soil and Water Conservation Districts These districts are established by the State department of agriculture and consumer services on petition of landowners and after local referendum. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. Soil and water conservation districts may require contributions from benefited landowners and may accept State appropriations. Watershed improvement districts are created within soil and water conservation districts and are not counted as separate governments. Their elected boards of directors act under the supervision of the parent soil and water conservation district. They may issue bonds and levy taxes after voter approval. Transit Authorities A general law provides that two or more local governments may establish a regional transportation authority to provide transit service. A board appointed by the Governor and the creating governments governs each authority. The Suwannee Valley Transit Authority was established under this law. The Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority was established by special act. Members of its board are appointed by the county and participating cities. The authority may set rates and charges, borrow money, and, with voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes. The following transit authorities were established under interlocal agreements: Hillsborough County Transit Authority Tri-County Transit Authority (formerly Orlando -Seminole-Osceola Transit Authority) Water Control Districts A general law authorizes the establishment of these districts, formerly called "drainage districts" or "water management districts," by the circuit court on petition of landowners. These districts provide drainage, reclamation, and water conservation facilities. An elected board governs each district. Water control districts may levy benefit assessments and issue bonds. A 1980 amendment to this law allows existing districts to continue in operation, but provides that any future districts may be established only by special act or by action of a county governing body. The Hobe-St. Lucie Conservancy District and the Sunny Isles Reclamation and Water District were also established under this law. FL - p. 17 A number of water control districts have been established by special acts, but generally are governed by most of the provisions of the general law. Some special-act districts have been given broadened powers. Districts created by action of the county governing body are governed by the county commissioners serving in an ex officio capacity. They are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Florida that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (See "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. In addition to the specific classes of entities listed below, counties have the power under a general law to create a wide variety of municipal service taxing units to provide virtually any type of service. Such districts are not included in the other types of subordinate agencies and areas listed below. They are governed by the county commissioners, and are not counted as separate governments. Dade County Port Authority (county). This authority was established by a 1945 special act, but was reorganized in 1973 as two separate agencies--the Dade County Aviation Department and the Dade County Seaports Department. Expressway Authorities (State). The following authorities have been established by acts of the legislature: Brevard County Expressway Authority Broward County Expressway Authority Central Florida Expressway Authority Jacksonville Transportation Authority Orlando-Orange County Expressway Authority Pasco County Expressway Authority St. Lucie County Expressway Authority Seminole County Expressway Authority Tampa-Hillsborough County Expressway Authority FL - p. 18 These agencies, established to provide toll highway facilities, operate under lease-purchase agreements with the State department of transportation. Each authority is governed by a board consisting of members selected by the Governor or by county or city officials plus, in some cases, county or city officials serving in an ex officio capacity. Expressway authorities may fix tolls, receive earmarked portions of State gasoline taxes, and issue bonds. The Tampa-Hillsborough County Expressway Authority may enter lease-purchase agreements with the city, the county, the State or any agency thereof, or Federal agencies. The Jacksonville Transportation Authority also owns the local transit system in the Jacksonville area. Florida Housing Finance Agency (State). This agency was created by act of the legislature to provide mortgage credit for low- and middle-income housing. A board of nine members, eight appointed by the Governor plus the Secretary of Community Affairs ex officio, governs the agency. The agency may fix fees and charges, make mortgage loans, and issue revenue bonds. St. Lucie County Port and Airport Authority (county). This authority, formerly the Fort Pierce Port and Airport Authority, was established by special act to provide port and airport facilities, and to finance industrial development. It is administered by the board of county commissioners of St. Lucie County. The authority may levy taxes, fix rates and charges, and issue revenue bonds. Industrial development authorities (county). These authorities are established by resolution of the county governing body to finance the construction of industrial, airport, port, pollution control, health care, commercial, or recreational facilities. The authority board consists of five members appointed by the county governing body. The authority may fix charges, fees, and rents, and may issue revenue bonds. Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Authority (county). This authority was created by county ordinance to provide sewerage and water supply, under Dade County home-rule powers. A board appointed by the county commissioners administers the authority. The authority budget and rate proposals must be submitted to the county commissioners for approval. Other examples include the following entities (numerous entities authorized by unrepealed special acts, but which were not reported as active by the Florida Department of Community Affairs, are not listed below): FL - p. 19 State Correctional Education School Authority Correctional Medical Authority Everglades Fire Control District Florida Credit Union Guaranty Corporation Florida Health Access Corporation Florida Healthy Kids Corporation Florida Inland Navigation District Local health units Navigation districts under supervision of the State Division of Resource Management Ocean Highway and Port Authority Santa Rosa Bay Bridge Authority Spaceport Florida Authority State Fair Authority State Health Facilities Authority Suwannee River Authority Technological Research and Development Authority County General laws and substantially uniform special acts: Beach and shore preservation districts Community redevelopment agencies County land authorities County research and development authorities *County water and sewer districts Development authorities and districts Electric enforcement districts Health facilities authorities Historic preservation boards Housing finance authorities reorganized as agencies of the county government Law libraries Mosquito control districts with ex officio boards Municipal service taxing units Planning and zoning districts and commissions Public health trusts Recreation districts with ex officio boards Recreation and water conservation and control districts and authorities Safe neighborhood improvement districts *Special improvement service districts *Special road and bridge districts Water control districts with ex officio boards FL - p. 20 Other Special Acts--by County: Alachua County: Alachua County Public Facilities Authority Gainesville-Alachua County Airport Authority (joint county-city) Bradford County: Bradford County Historical Board Bradford County Hospital Brevard County: Brevard County Free Public Library District Brevard County Special Recreation District North Brevard County Public Library Titusville-Cocoa Airport District Water Control District of South Brevard Broward County: Performing Arts Center Authority (joint county -city) Charlotte County: Burnt Store Isles Canal District Punta Gorda Isles Canal District Citrus County: Citrus County Library District Citrus Memorial Hospital District Clay County: Clay County Development Authority Collier County: Collier County Water-Sewer District Dade County: Dade County Educational Facilities Authority Escambia County: Pensacola-Escambia Governmental Center Authority (joint county-city) Pensacola-Escambia Promotion and Development Commission (joint county-city) Santa Rosa Island Authority Gadsden County: Gadsden County Hospital Quincy-Gadsden Airport Authority (joint county -city) Gilchrist County: Gilchrist County Emergency Medical Services Gilchrist County Development Authority Gilchrist County Park Board FL - p. 21 Gulf County: Howard Creek Fire Control District Overstreet Fire Control District Port St. Joe Port Authority St. Joseph Fire Control District Tupelo Fire Control District Hendry County: Cooperative Producers Water Control District Hernando County: Hernando County Aviation Authority Hernando County Port Authority Hillsborough County: Hillsborough County Aviation Authority Hospital Authority Northdale Maintenance District Sugar Grove Special District Tampa Port Authority Twelve Oaks Special District Lafayette County: Lafayette County Recreation District Lee County: Lee County Port Authority Leon County: Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center Authority (joint county-city) Manatee County: Manatee County Civic Center Authority Manatee County Port Authority Myakka Special Road and Bridge District Whitfield Zoning District Marion County: Dunnellon Airport Authority Marion County Utility Authority Rainbow Lakes Estates Municipal Service District Monroe County: Monroe County Historical Restoration and Preservation Commission Okaloosa County: Fort Walton Beach Area Bridge Authority Mid-Bay Bridge Authority Twin Cities Water District Orange County: Orange County Library District Windermere Water and Navigation Control District Osceola County: Osceola County Library District Palm Beach County: East Coast Memorial Hospital Islands Flood Control District North New River Drainage District Palm Beach County Library Taxing District Pasco County: Pasco County-Highlands Road and Bridge District Pinellas County: Pinellas County Fire Protection Authority Pinellas Sports Authority FL - p. 22 Putnam County: Putnam Memorial Nursing Home Putnam County Port Authority St. Johns County: Anastasia Sanitary District St. Lucie County: Port St. Lucie Street Lighting District St. Lucie County Erosion District St. Lucie County Mosquito Control District St. Lucie County Port and Airport Authority St. Lucie County Water and Sewer Authority Santa Rosa County: Santa Rosa Hospital Sarasota County: Sarasota County Mosquito Control District South Venice Road and Bridge District 2 (formerly South Venice Special Tax District) Seminole County: Seminole County Port Authority Sumter County: Sumter County Airport Authority Suwannee County: Suwannee County Development Authority Taylor County: Taylor County Development Authority Union County: Union County Development Authority Volusia County: East Volusia Mosquito Control District Fire control districts 1, 2, 3, and 4 Washington County: Northwest Florida Community Hospital District Washington County Development Authority Multi-county agencies--special acts Tri-County Airport Authority (Holmes, Jackson, and Washington Counties) Municipal General laws and substantially uniform special acts: Community redevelopment agencies Downtown development and improvement authorities Electric enforcement districts Health facilities authorities Historic preservation boards Recreation districts with ex officio boards Safe neighborhood improvement districts Urban renewal commissions Utilities boards and commissions FL - p. 23 Other special acts--by county: Alachua County: Gainesville-Alachua County Airport Authority (joint county-city) Bay County: Panama City Port Authority Broward County: Performing Arts Center Authority (joint county-city) Pompano Beach Emergency Medical Services District Pompano Beach Farmers Market Authority Collier County: City of Naples Airport Authority Dade County: Miami Sports and Exhibition Authority Duval County: Jacksonville Downtown Development Authority Jacksonville Electric Authority Jacksonville Port Authority Jacksonville Sports Development Authority Jacksonville Vocational Educational Authority Escambia County: Downtown Improvement Board Pensacola-Escambia Governmental Center Authority (joint county-city) Pensacola-Escambia Promotion and Development Commission (joint county-city) Gadsden County: Quincy-Gadsden Airport Authority (joint county-city) Highlands County: Avon Park Airport Authority Sebring Airport Authority Hillsborough County: Carrollwood Meadows Special District Tampa Sports Authority Leon County: Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center Authority (joint county-city) Manatee County: North River Fire District (including former Palmetto Fire Control District) Martin County: Jupiter Island Beach Protection District (formerly Jupiter Island Beach Erosion District) Orange County: Orange County Civic Facilities Authority Osceola County: Kissimmee Fire Control District Palm Beach County: West Palm Beach Golf Community Commission Polk County: Bartow Municipal Airport Development Authority Putnam County: Interlachen Fire Control District FL - p. 24 Sarasota County: North Port Road and Drainage District Seminole County: Sanford Airport Authority Tribal Special improvement districts on tribal lands Florida laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. GA - p. 1 GEORGIA Georgia ranks 24th. among the States in number of local governments, with 1,297 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (157) The entire area of the State is encompassed by county governments except for the areas of Clarke and Muscogee Counties. Muscogee County was consolidated with the City of Columbus in 1971 to form the Consolidated Government of Columbus. Similarly, in January 1991, Clarke County was consolidated with the City of Athens to form the Unified Government of Athens-Clarke County. Both of these consolidated governments are counted as municipal governments, rather than as county governments, in census reporting. Most Georgia counties are governed by a board of county commissioners, but in 14 counties the governing authority is a sole county commissioner. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (536) Municipal Governments (536) Municipal governments in Georgia are the cities and towns. The cities and towns operate primarily under charters granted by the General Assembly in the form of special laws for individual municipalities, although the 1965 Municipal Home Rule Act grants cities and towns the power to enact ordinances concerning their "property, affairs, and local government," and to amend, with exceptions, the special laws comprising their charter. There are no significant differences between the cities and towns, with regard to legal status and powers, that would affect their classification for census purposes. A 1963 law provides that a minimum population of 200 is required for incorporation as a municipality. The proposed boundary of a new municipality must be at least 3 miles from those of any existing Georgia municipality. Township Governments (0) Georgia has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (183) School District Governments (183) The following types of school districts in Georgia are counted as separate governments for census purposes: County boards of education Independent (city) school districts The county boards of education in each county administer all local schools in the county except those operated by independent (city) school districts. Members of most county boards of education are elected; the remainder are appointed by the grand jury, or, in one GA - p. 2 instance, self-perpetuating. The county boards of education determine the amount of money to be raised by local school taxes and may issue bonds. The independent (city) school districts in Georgia were established by special acts of the legislature prior to the adoption of the 1945 constitution, and the legal provisions under which they operate are therefore not uniform. By provision of the 1983 constitution, new independent school districts cannot be created. The members of the boards of independent school districts are usually elected. The remainder are usually appointed by the governing bodies of the municipalities that they serve, but one district has a self-perpetuating board. These school districts operate independently of municipal governments, and may determine their own budgetary needs. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Georgia has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities The regional educational service agencies provide supplementary services to school districts, and are financed by State funds and by contributions from participating school districts. For census purposes, they are classified as joint educational service agencies of the school districts they serve. They are not counted as separate governments. In the 1987 Census of Governments, these agencies were listed as "cooperative educational service agencies." As of January 1992, 16 regional educational service agencies were reported in operation. Under Georgia law, a city, a county, or a school district may finance the construction of college facilities that may be operated as part of the State university system of Georgia or by a school district or other local government. Since 1986, the DeKalb County College, formerly operated by the DeKalb County board of education, has been operated by the State university system of Georgia, as are all other publicly-supported colleges in Georgia. The technical colleges in Georgia are usually operated by the State, but there were two such colleges that were still operated by county boards of education as of January 1992, in DeKalb and Gwinnett Counties. The boards of school trustees are primarily advisory boards appointed by the county board of education. They are not counted as separate governments in census statistics on governments. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (421) Georgia statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. GA - p. 3 Acworth Lake Authority This authority was established by a special act to obtain and operate parks and recreational facilities. A five-member board of commissioners governs the authority, of whom three are selected by the governing bodies of the city of Acworth and Cobb County; the other two are the mayor of Acworth and the Cobb County commissioner. The authority may fix and collect rents, fees, and tolls for facilities and services, and accept loans and grants from the Federal Government and from the State. Airport Authorities--Joint (special acts) A number of airport authorities serving two or more counties or cities have been authorized by special acts but with similar provisions for administration and operation. They are governed by boards appointed by officials of the establishing governments and, in a few cases, also have one or more local officials serving ex officio. They may issue revenue bonds, accept grants and aid, and impose charges for their facilities and services. Airport authorities serving a single county or city are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Albany-Dougherty Inner City Authority This authority was created by a 1977 special act to provide such improvements as parking facilities in the downtown area of Albany. A board of nine members admin- isters the authority, of whom seven are appointed by city and county governing bodies, plus the mayor of Albany and the chairperson of the Dougherty County board of commissioners, both of whom serve ex officio. The authority may accept gifts and grants, acquire real and personal property by purchase or gift; fix and collect rates, fees, and charges for services, facilities, and commodities furnished; and issue revenue bonds. Augusta-Richmond County Coliseum Authority This authority was created by a 1973 special act to build and maintain a multiple-use coliseum in the Augusta area. A board of 10 members governs the authority, with 5 members each appointed by the city of Augusta and Richmond County. The authority may accept grants and Federal loans, fix user charges, and issue revenue bonds. This authority is separate from the Augusta-Richmond County Stadium Authority (see below). GA - p. 4 Brunswick Port Authority This authority was created by a constitutional amendment and special legislation to construct and operate port terminal facilities. A board appointed by the governing bodies of the City of Brunswick and Glynn County governs the authority. The authority may issue revenue bonds, fix and collect fees and rentals, accept loans and grants from the Federal Government, and borrow money. Chatham Area Transit Authority (formerly Savannah Transit Authority) This authority is now classified as a dependent agency of Chatham County. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Coastal Highway District This district was created by a constitutional amendment and special legislation to construct a highway and a toll bridge across the Savannah River. A board of commissioners, appointed by the county commissioners of the six counties comprising the district, governs the district. The district may issue bonds, levy special assessments on real and personal property, and collect tolls for the use of its facilities. This district was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Conyers-Rockdale-Big Haynes Impoundment Authority This authority was created by a special act to provide for flood control and water conservation in Rockdale County. A board of five members, with two appointed by Rockdale County, two by the mayor of Conyers, and one appointed by the other board members, governs the authority. The authority may fix fees, tolls, and charges, and issue revenue bonds. De Kalb County-Oglethorpe Housing Development Authority This authority was created by a special act to provide housing mortgage credit. A board of directors, appointed by the county commissioners, governs the authority. The authority may fix charges for its services and may issue bonds. This authority was not reported in operation as of January 1992. GA - p. 5 Georgia Mountain Fair Authority of Towns County This authority was established by a 1980 special act (after approval by the Towns County governing body) to acquire, equip, and maintain a facility to house exhibits for fairs. A five-member board governs the authority. The initial board members are specified in the act; successors are appointed by the remaining members. The authority may construct, acquire, and purchase real or personal property, may accept loans or grants, and may issue bonds. This authority was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Hospital Authorities Hospital authorities may be created to provide hospital facilities by resolution of county or municipal governing bodies. A board of trustees appointed by the county or municipal governing body governs each authority. The authority board may issue bonds, fix rates and charges for services, and accept gifts and grants. Although the authorities have no authority to levy taxes, the governing body of a county or city may levy an annual ad valorem tax to pay for services or facilities provided by the authorities. Housing Authorities Housing authorities may be organized in any county or city where the governing body has adopted a resolution declaring the need for a housing authority. The mayor or the county governing body appoints the commissioners of city or county housing authorities. The authorities may issue bonds, fix and collect rentals, and accept grants. Georgia laws also provide that two or more contiguous counties may establish regional housing authorities with the same legal powers as city or county housing authorities. The governing body of each participating county appoints a member to the board of commissioners of the regional housing authority. Interlocal Risk Management Agencies--1986 Laws These agencies are created by intergovernmental agreement between two or more governments to pool liability insurance, under provisions of either of two laws, one applying to local governments and the other to school districts. The number and the manner of selection of the agency trustees are specified in the intergovernmental agreement. The agency may fix rates for its services. Kinchafoonee Lake Authority This authority was authorized by a general law to provide recreational facilities in the Kinchafoonee Lake area. A board of 11 members, appointed by the governing bodies of the counties served, plus the chairpersons of the boards of county commissioners of GA - p. 6 those counties ex officio, governs the authority. The authority may fix rentals and other charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Macon-Bibb County Transit Authority This authority was created by a 1980 special act to acquire and operate a transit system for Macon and Bibb County upon joint resolution by the City of Macon and Bibb County. A board of five members governs the authority, of whom three are appointed by the mayor of Macon with the consent of the city council, and two are appointed by the Bibb County board of commissioners. The authority may set fares and other charges, receive and administer grants, acquire and dispose of real and personal property, and issue bonds. Metropolitan Atlanta Olympic Games Authority This authority was authorized by a special act to provide facilities for the Olympic games. A board consisting of representatives of Atlanta and Fulton County governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, fees, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority This authority was authorized by a constitutional amendment to operate the transit system in the Atlanta area. It is administered by a 17-member board of directors--4 members appointed by the city council of Atlanta, 10 members appointed by the governing bodies of the counties in the authority, and the commissioner of the department of transportation, the State revenue commissioner, and the director of the State properties commission, who serve ex officio. The authority may accept grants and donations, fix fares, rentals, and rates, and may issue revenue bonds. In addition, in November 1971, the voters approved a sales tax to help finance the authority. Milledgeville-Baldwin County Recreation Authority This authority was abolished on July 1, 1987. Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia This authority was created by 1975 legislation to generate electric power for sale to political subdivisions in the State. The governing body consists of nine members selected by representatives of participating local governments. The authority may impose rates, fees, and other charges on member governments, and may issue revenue bonds. GA - p. 7 Municipal Gas Authority of Georgia This authority was created by 1987 legislation to provide wholesale supplies of gas. The governing body consists of nine members selected by representatives of participating local governments. The authority may impose fees, rates, tolls, and charges on member governments, and may issue revenue bonds. Regional Solid Waste Management Authorities Authorities to provide for collection and disposal of solid waste are created by ordinance of the governing body of one or more county or municipal governments. A board of directors, consisting of representatives appointed by the participating governments, governs each authority. The authorities may fix rentals and other charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Savannah Economic Development Authority (formerly Savannah Port Authority) This authority was established by a constitutional amendment enacted by the legislature and ratified by the voters. It replaces the former Savannah District Authority. The authority may acquire, construct, operate, sell, or lease various self-liquidating projects, such as industrial and manufacturing plants, wharves, docks, roads, bridges, terminals, and ferries. A 19-member board administers the authority; some members are appointed by the mayor of Savannah with the consent of the city council, some by the Chatham County governing body, and others by the chairperson of the port authority with the consent of the other members. The authority may issue revenue bonds, collect rentals and charges for its facilities and services, and accept grants and contributions. Soil and Water Conservation Districts Soil and water conservation districts may be formed by the State soil and water conservation committee on petition of local landowners, after a local referendum. A board of supervisors of at least five members governs each district, with two members appointed by the State soil and water conservation committee, and the others elected. In districts serving three or more counties, the State soil and water conservation committee appoints one member per county in addition to the three elected members. These authorities may impose charges on benefited landowners and may accept grants. Stadium Authorities Four such authorities have been authorized by special acts to operate stadium facilities--the Dougherty County Stadium Authority (formerly listed as the Albany Stadium Authority), the Augusta-Richmond County Stadium Authority, the Cobb County Stadium Authority, GA - p. 8 and the Conyers-Rockdale Amateur Athletics Authority. The Augusta-Richmond County Stadium Authority is separate from the Augusta-Richmond County Coliseum Authority (see above). The governing body of each stadium authority is appointed by the city and county governing bodies and, in the case of the Dougherty County Stadium Authority and the Cobb County Stadium Authority, also by the county board of education. Each authority may fix and collect rates and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. The Dougherty County Stadium Authority, the Augusta-Richmond County Stadium Authority, and the Cobb County Stadium Authority were not reported in operation as of January 1992. Steamship "Savannah" Commission A special act permits establishment of this commission to build or acquire a replica of the S.S. Savannah and to maintain a museum aboard. The commission consists of 10 members, 5 appointed by the mayor of Savannah with the approval of the aldermen, and 5 by the Chatham County commissioners. The commission may fix and collect admissions and fees, accept contributions and grants, and issue revenue bonds. This commission was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Tift County Trade Center Authority This authority was established by a 1980 special act to acquire, maintain, and operate a trade center. A board of 10 members governs the authority; 5 each are appointed by the city commissioner of Tifton and the Tift County board of commissioners. The authority may set rates, fees, and charges, may accept grants, gifts, and donations, may purchase real or personal property, and may issue revenue bonds. This authority was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Walker County Fire Prevention Districts These districts are established by ordinance of the county governing body to provide fire protection services. A board of three elected commissioners governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments upon voter approval. Water and Sewer Authorities (special acts) A number of water and sewer authorities to provide water supply or sewerage, or both, have been created by special acts, but with substantially similar provisions. They are administered by boards appointed by officials of the governments they serve. Each water and sewer authority may issue revenue bonds and impose charges for services. Water and sewer authorities that are governed by the county commissioners ex officio are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. GA - p. 9 West Jackson Fire District This district was authorized by a special act to provide fire protection services for the western portion of Jackson County. An elected board governs the district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Georgia that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Georgia Building Authority and Georgia Education Authority (State). These authorities have been established to provide for a variety of public buildings including markets, prisons, hospitals, university, school, and State office buildings. Substantially similar legal provisions apply to each agency. Their governing bodies include State officers in an ex officio capacity, plus, in some instances, additional members appointed by the Governor. These authorities receive revenues from rentals and charges for facilities. They may issue revenue bonds and accept Federal grants and loans. Georgia Highway Authority (State). This agency was established by act of the general assembly to build State highways and bridges. The authority board consists of the Governor, the commissioner of the department of transportation, and the Director of the Office of Planning and Budget, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The authority may fix rentals and may issue revenue bonds. Georgia Housing and Finance Authority (State). This authority, formerly the Georgia Residential Finance Authority, was authorized by act of the general assembly to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. The authority is governed by a 12-member board, including 10 members appointed by the Governor, plus the Director of the Office of Planning and Budget, and the Governor or a designee thereof, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The authority may fix fees and charges for facilities and services in connection with its loans, and may issue revenue bonds. Georgia Ports Authority (State). This authority was established by a 1945 general law to acquire, build, operate, and maintain port facilities. Members of the authority governing board are appointed by the Governor. The authority may collect fees, rentals, and charges, accept loans from the Federal Government, and issue revenue bonds. GA - p. 10 Industrial and resource recovery development authorities (county). These authorities are established by general and special constitutional amendments and laws to finance commercial, industrial, nursing home, pollution control, sports, and trade show facilities. A board appointed by the governing body of the establishing municipality or county governs each authority. The authority board may issue revenue bonds and fix and collect rentals for its facilities; the sponsoring local government or governments may levy ad valorem taxes for authority purposes. Private Colleges and Universities Authority (State). This authority was created by act of the general assembly to finance facilities for private institutions of higher education. A board of five members appointed by the Governor governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, rents, fees, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. State Tollway Authority (State). This agency was authorized by act of the general assembly to build toll highway facilities. Authority board members consist of the Governor, the commissioner of transportation, and the director of the office of planning and budget. The authority may collect tolls and may issue revenue bonds. Urban redevelopment agencies (municipal or county). A municipality or county, in lieu of undertaking urban redevelopment itself or conferring the power on a housing authority, may, by resolution, establish an urban redevelopment agency. An agency board of commissioners, appointed by the mayor or by the board of county commissioners, governs each agency. The agency may accept municipal or county appropriations and loans, grants, or other forms of financial assistance from the Federal Government and other public and private sources. These agencies may also issue bonds payable solely from income and revenue. Other examples include: State Augusta Port Authority George L. Smith II World Congress Center Authority Georgia Agricultural Exposition Authority Georgia Agrirama Development Authority Georgia Development Authority Georgia Education Trust Georgia Environmental Facilities Authority Georgia Hazardous Waste Management Authority Georgia Higher Education Assistance Corporation Georgia High Risk Health Insurance Plan Georgia Hospital Financing Authority (formerly listed as Georgia Hospital Equipment Financing Authority) Georgia Music Hall of Fame Authority Georgianet Authority Georgia Public Telecommunications Commission Georgia Rail Passenger Authority Georgia Student Finance Authority GA - p. 11 Georgia Student Finance Commission Jekyll Island State Park Authority Lake Lanier Islands Development Authority North Georgia Mountains Authority Sapelo Island Heritage Authority Stone Mountain Memorial Association County Agencies established under general law: County boards of health Health districts (one or more counties) Metropolitan airport authorities (counties of 190,000 to 400,000 population) Regional public libraries Residential care facilities for the elderly authorities Agencies established under special act: Airport authorities (certain counties) Bibb County public service districts (sanitation, garbage removal, police protection, and drainage) Brooks County fire protection districts Burke County community improvement districts Catoosa County sewerage districts Charlton County fire protection districts Chatham County water, sewer, sanitation, fire protection, garbage and trash collection, and street construction districts Chatham Area Transit Authority Clayton County fire protection districts Cobb County fire prevention districts Colquitt County water districts Coweta County sanitation, water, sewerage, and fire protection districts DeKalb County Solid Waste Disposal Authority DeKalb County storm sewer, street light, and fire prevention districts Dougherty County fire protection districts Douglas County community improvement districts Douglas County Fire District Fayette County water, sewerage, and fire protection districts Floyd County sanitation, water, sewerage, and fire prevention districts Fulton County Building Authority Fulton County community improvement districts Fulton County Sanitary and Sewer District Gordon County fire protection districts Griffin-Spalding County Personal Care Health Board GA - p. 12 Gwinnett County Arts Facility Authority Gwinnett County fire protection and sewerage districts Gwinnett County Public Facilities Authority Gwinnett County Recreation Authority Gwinnett County Water and Sewerage Authority Hall County storm sewer districts Hart County Industrial Building Authority Henry County community improvement districts Macon-Bibb County Water and Sewerage Authority (formerly listed as Bibb County Water and Sewerage Authority) Meriwether County Public Facilities Authority Newton County sewerage, water, sanitation, garbage collection, landfill, and fire protection districts Northern Hart County Water and Sewerage District (formerly listed as Northeastern Hart County Water and Sewerage District) Paulding County fire protection districts Pike County Retirement Home Authority Schley County Airport Authority South Fulton County Coliseum Authority Spalding County water districts Sumter County community improvement districts Thomas County fire protection districts Walker County Rural Water and Sewer Authority Whitfield County fire protection districts Municipal Airport authorities (certain cities) Atlanta community improvement districts Atlanta-Fulton County Recreation Authority Atlanta Urban Residential Finance Authority Augusta Downtown Development Authority (formerly listed as Augusta-Savannah River Parking and Urban Redevelopment Authority) Chehaw Park Authority City business improvement districts in Atlanta City of Atlanta Group Insurance Board Authority Clarke County sanitation, water, sewerage, and fire protection districts Clarke County storm sewer and street light districts Columbus Industrial and Port Development Commission Dahlonega community improvement districts Dallas Parking Authority Downtown development authorities East Point Parking Authority Gainesville Area Park Commission Marietta Parking Authority Middle Georgia Coliseum Authority (Macon) Milledgeville Public Facilities Authority Perry Telephone Authority Regional public libraries Residential care facilities for the elderly authorities GA - p. 13 Savannah River Bridge Commission (formerly listed as Savannah Bridge Commission) Savannah-Chatham County Historic Site and Monument Commission Town of Tyrone Public Facilities Authority Urban residential finance authorities in cities of 350,000 or more population Warner Robins Building Authority Joint County-Municipal Atlanta Region Metropolitan Planning District Fitzgerald and Ben Hill Airport Commission Joint Board of Health of Bibb County and City of Macon Land bank authorities Macon-Bibb County Urban Development Authority Macon Hospital Commission Regional public libraries Richmond County Department of Health Rockdale County-Conyers Water Authority Sparta-Hancock Public Facilities Authority Toccoa-Stephens County Building and Parks Authority Georgia laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. HI - p. 1 HAWAII Hawaii ranks 50th. among the States in number of local governments, with 20 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (3) The entire area of the State is encompassed by county government except for Kalawao County and the City and County of Honolulu. Kalawao County, whose boundaries are coterminous with the Hansen's Disease Settlement under the jurisdiction of the State department of health, has only a county sheriff. It is classified, in census statistics on governments, as an adjunct of the State government, and is not counted as a separate county government. The City and County of Honolulu is a consolidated city-county government. It was created as Oahu County along with the other counties, but was subsequently granted additional powers and a modified governmental structure, and was officially designated the City and County of Honolulu. For census statistics on governments, the City and County of Honolulu is counted as a municipal government rather than as a county government. In the three counties with county government--Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui--the governing body is designated the county council. Each county government also has an elected mayor. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (1) Municipal Governments (1) Honolulu, which has a combined city and county government, is the only Hawaiian local government that is counted, in census statistics on governments, as a municipal government. Township Governments (0) Hawaii has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (1) School District Governments (0) Hawaii has no independent school district governments. Dependent Public School Systems (1) Hawaii has one dependent public school system--the State department of education. It is dependent on the State government. There are no locally administered public schools in Hawaii. All public education is provided by the State department of education. The "school districts" in Hawaii are administrative areas of the State Department of Education and are not counted as governments in census reporting. HI - p. 2 SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (16) Hawaii statutes authorize the creation of various special districts or authorities, but only the soil and water conservation districts are counted as governments and are discussed below. Soil and Water Conservation Districts These districts are created by the Department of Land and Natural Resources on petition of land occupiers and after public hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. A district may require contributions from benefited landowners and may accept donations. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Hawaii that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics on governments as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Hawaii Community Development Authority (State). This authority is established within the State department of business, economic development, and tourism. A board of 11 members, consisting of seven members appointed by the Governor, plus the State director of finance, the director of business, economic development and tourism, the director of transportation, and the State comptroller ex officio, governs the authority. The authority receives revenue from the sale or lease of properties and from Federal grants. The authority may issue bonds in such amounts as are authorized by the legislature. "Community development districts" are administrative areas of the authority, and are not counted as governments for census purposes. Hawaii Housing Authority (State). This authority is established within the State department of human services. It is administered by a board of commissioners consisting of 6 members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate, plus the state director of human services and the special assistant for housing who serve ex officio. The authority may fix rentals, accept Federal grants and State loans, and issue bonds with the consent of the Governor. HI - p. 3 Redevelopment agencies (county or municipal). Redevelopment agencies are established by resolution of the city or county governing body. A board of five members appointed by the mayor governs each agency. In addition to advances or donations from the county or city-county treasury, redevelopment agencies may receive revenues from the sale of cleared land. Redevelopment agencies may issue revenue bonds and accept Federal grants. Stadium Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the legislature. A board consisting of the president of the University of Hawaii and the State superintendent of education ex officio, plus nine members appointed by the Governor, governs the authority. The authority may fix rents, fees, and charges, and may receive the proceeds of State bond issues. Other examples include: State Agricultural and rural districts (Land Use Commission) Aloha Tower Development Corporation Hawaii Housing Finance and Development Corporation Hawaii Information Network Corporation Hawaii Public Broadcasting Authority Hawaii Strategic Development Corporation High Technology Development Corporation Marine conservation districts Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority Office of Hawaiian Affairs Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii Waikiki Convention Center Authority County and city-county (Honolulu) Public Transit Authority (Honolulu) Tax increment districts Water supply boards Hawaii law also divides the State into administrative districts for election, taxation, judicial, and other purposes. ID - p. 1 IDAHO Idaho ranks 27th. among the States in number of local governments, with 1,086 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (44) There are no areas in Idaho lacking county government. The county governing body is called the board of county commissioners. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (199) Municipal Governments (199) The municipal governments in Idaho are all designated cities, although the terms "town" and "village" are used on occasion in the statutes. Township Governments (0) Idaho has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (115) School District Governments (115) The following types of school districts in Idaho are counted as separate governments for census purposes: Elementary school districts School districts Joint school districts Special charter school districts Junior college districts Legislation adopted in 1963 provides for elementary school districts (grades 1 through 8) and school districts (grades 1 through 12). There are no separate secondary school districts under present law. Districts located in two or more counties are further designated as joint school districts. There are also a few school districts operating under special charters. State law also provides for junior college districts. School districts are governed by elected boards of trustees. They may levy local school taxes and issue bonds. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Idaho has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities Dormitory housing commissions may be established by the governing body of a junior college district to provide low-cost housing and student union buildings. These commissions are not counted as separate governments. ID - p. 2 The cooperative service agencies in Idaho are created by contract between two or more school districts to provide special educational services. The composition of the agency board is specified in the contract creating the agency. The member school districts, upon voter approval, may collect ad valorem taxes for support of the agency. Cooperative service agencies are classified for census purposes as joint educational service agencies of the participating school districts. They are not counted as separate governments. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (728) Idaho statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Auditorium Districts These districts are established by the district court on petition of taxpayers and after public hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. Auditorium districts may charge rates and tolls, and levy a room sales tax. Districts created after December 31, 1986, or that have a population of under 10,000 may levy ad valorem taxes. Bond issues in excess of $75,000 must be submitted to the voters. Cemetery Maintenance Districts Districts of this type are established by petition of landowners to the board of county commissioners, after voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. Cemetery maintenance districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Drainage Districts Drainage districts are established by the district court after petition of landowners and a public hearing. A board of drainage commissioners, appointed by the judge of the district court, governs each district. Drainage districts may levy benefit assessments and issue bonds. Fire Protection Districts These districts are established by the county commissioners on petition of landowners and after referendum. A board of commissioners, initially appointed by the Governor but thereafter elected, governs each district. The district commissioners may levy ad valorem taxes. ID - p. 3 Flood Control Districts These districts are established by the director of the State department of water resources on petition of landowners and after a public hearing. A board of commissioners, appointed by the director of water resources, governs each district. Flood control districts may levy ad valorem taxes. Ground Water Management Districts These districts to maintain wells in aquifers experiencing declines in water level are created by petition of water users to the State department of water resources after a public hearing. A board of three members, initially appointed by the department of water resources but thereafter elected by the water users, governs each district. The districts may levy special assessments and borrow money. If the voters so petition, contracts to borrow money are subject to voter approval. Highway Districts Highway districts, which may cover all or part of a county, are established by the county commissioners on petition of voters to the county clerk, after local referendum. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, receive a share of the county road and bridge funds, and issue bonds. Any county may hold a special election, at the discretion of the board of county commissioners, to determine whether a countywide highway district, to administer all city streets and county secondary roads, should be established. Hospital Districts Hospital districts are established upon petition of voters to the board of county commissioners and after local referendum. A board of trustees, initially appointed by the county commissioners but thereafter elected, governs each district. The districts may fix fees for services, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue bonds. Housing Authorities A county or municipal government may establish a housing authority by resolution of its governing body. A board of commissioners, appointed by the county governing body (in the case of county housing authorities) or by the mayor (in the case of municipal housing authorities) governs each authority. Housing authorities may impose charges for their facilities, accept grants, and issue revenue bonds. ID - p. 4 Irrigation Districts Irrigation districts are established by order of the county commissioners following petition of voters, review by the State department of water resources, and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. Irrigation districts may levy assessments and issue bonds if authorized by the voters. In addition, districts may levy an acreage tax for an emergency fund. Irrigation lateral districts, established within irrigation districts, have provisions similar to those for irrigation districts above. Some districts organized under this law may be named "reservoir districts." Levee Districts Districts to provide for the storage of irrigation water to prevent flood damage are created by petition to the district court, after public hearing and referendum. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. The districts may levy special assessments. Library Districts Library districts may be created by the county commissioners upon petition of voters, after hearing and referendum. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes, receive donations, and issue bonds. Port Districts Port districts may be established in any county adjoining a commercial waterway by petition to the county commissioners, after voter approval. An elected port commission governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes, impose charges, and issue both revenue and general obligation bonds. However, general obligation bonds require voter approval. Industrial development districts created by port districts have no separate governmental structure, and are not counted as separate governments. Recreation Districts These districts are established by the board of county commissioners on petition of voters and after local referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, impose rates and charges for its facilities and services, and issue bonds. Bond issues of $5,000 or more require voter approval. ID - p. 5 Regional Airport Authorities Idaho law provides for the establishment of five regional airport authorities by the Idaho Transportation Board following petition of the voters and local referendum. An elected board of trustees governs each authority. The authorities may fix rates and charges, accept grants, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue revenue and general obligation bonds for airport purposes. General obligation bonds require voter approval. The amount of ad valorem taxes levied in each county is determined on the basis of benefits received by each county from the airport. Regional Solid Waste Disposal Districts These districts to provide for solid waste disposal are created by joint resolution of the commissioners of two or more counties. A board of directors, appointed by the commissioners of the county represented, governs each district. The districts may fix rates, fees, tolls, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Soil Conservation Districts Upon petition of landowners, these districts are established by the State soil conservation commission. A board of supervisors consisting of two members appointed by the State soil conservation commission and three elected governs each district. The district board may receive gifts and grants, and may require contributions for services. Water and Sewer Districts These districts are established by the district court following petition of taxpayers and local referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. Water and sewer districts may levy ad valorem taxes and fix rates and charges. Any bond issue of $5,000 or more requires voter approval. Water and sewer subdistricts, which are governed by the directors of the parent water and sewer district, are not counted as separate governments. Local improvement districts may be established within water and sewer districts, but are not counted as separate governments. Watershed Improvement Districts Watershed improvement districts are created by the State soil conservation commission on petition of landowners and after a local referendum. A board of three directors, one appointed by the State soil conservation commission and two elected, governs each district. The districts may levy special assessments and, upon voter approval, issue bonds. ID - p. 6 SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Idaho that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the area of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. Idaho Housing Agency (State). This agency, authorized by an act of the legislature, was created to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. A board of seven commissioners appointed by the Governor governs the agency. The agency may receive grants and gifts, fix charges in connection with its loans, and issue revenue bonds. Idaho State Building Authority (State). This authority is authorized to construct and operate facilities to meet the needs of State government. A board of commissioners appointed by the Governor governs the authority. The authority may collect rents and charges, and may issue bonds. Idaho Turnpike Authority (State). Special law provides for a separate administrative board, appointed by the Governor, for each separate turnpike project. This board may establish and collect tolls, receive grants from the Federal and State governments, and issue revenue bonds. Other examples include: State Fish and game districts Forest protective districts Idaho Health Facilities Authority Idaho Transportation Board Idaho Water Resources Board Lava Hot Springs Commission Nuclear Energy Commission Park and Recreation Board Reforestation districts ID - p. 7 County *Ambulance service districts Burn seeding areas County hospital boards County irrigation, drainage, and reclamation projects County museum boards *Extermination districts (agricultural pests) *Fair districts Herd districts Joint powers boards for the operation of emergency communications services (county) Local improvement districts *Mosquito abatement districts Noxious weed control districts Public health districts Public scale districts Stumpage districts Television translator districts *Weather modification districts Municipal Business improvement districts--1980 law Business improvement districts--1987 law Joint powers boards for the operation of emergency communications services (municipal) Local improvement districts Urban renewal agencies Private associations Water districts established by the State department of water resources are not counted as governments. Their operations resemble those of cooperative associations. Idaho laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. IL - p. 1 ILLINOIS Illinois ranks first among the States in number of local governments, with 6,722 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (102) There are no areas in Illinois lacking county government. The county governing body in the 84 counties having township governments and a population of less than 3,000,000 is a county board consisting of from five to 29 members who may be elected at large or by districts. In the 17 counties without township governments, the county governing body is a three-member county board elected at large. Special provisions for Cook County provide that 10 of the 17 commissioners are elected from the city of Chicago, and the remainder from the county area outside Chicago. Any area having an elected chief executive officer is a home rule government. At present, only Cook County has a home rule government. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (2,715) The 2,715 subcounty general purpose governments in Illinois comprise 1,282 municipal (city, town, and village) governments, and 1,433 township governments. Municipal Governments (1,282) Municipal governments in Illinois are the cities, villages, and incorporated towns. There are no differences of legal powers or status that would affect their classification for census purposes. The minimum population requirement for incorporation as a city is 2,500; for a village, the minimum population requirement is 200 in counties having less than 150,000 population and 2,500 in other counties. Municipalities having a population of 25,000 or more automatically become home rule governments; municipalities having a population of less than 25,000 have the option of selecting home rule by referendum. In the 85 counties that have township governments, municipalities exist within township areas, except for the city of Chicago. Township Governments (1,433) Township governments exist in 85 of the 102 Illinois counties. Within the 85 counties with township governments, the only areas lacking township governments are the city of Chicago and the town of Cicero. Although sometimes referred to locally as "towns," Illinois townships are not to be confused with incorporated towns. An elected township supervisor is the chief administrative officer. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (985) School District Governments (985) The following types of school districts in Illinois IL - p. 2 are counted as governments: Chicago School District Combined elementary districts Combined high school districts Common districts Community college districts Community high school districts Community unit districts High school districts (same boundaries as common districts) Nonhigh school districts Township high school districts Special charter districts These districts are governed by elected boards except for the Chicago School District and the Chicago Community College District, whose boards are appointed by the mayor with the approval of the city council, and the special charter districts, which may have elected or appointed boards. All of the districts may levy local taxes and issue bonds. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Illinois has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities Area vocational centers and special education cooperatives may be formed by joint agreement between two or more school districts. A board consisting of representatives of each participating school district governs each entity of these two types. Participating school districts share the costs of these entities. For census purposes, area vocational centers and special education cooperatives formed by joint agreements are classified as joint educational service agencies of the participating school districts, and are not counted as separate governments for census purposes. As of January 1992, there were 57 area vocational centers and special education cooperatives reported in operation. Counties are designated "educational service regions." These regions replace the former county boards of school trustees. Consolidated regions may be formed by two or more counties. A regional superintendent of schools serves as chief administrative officer of an educational service region. Educational service regions are not counted as governments. Cooperative or joint educational programs may be administered by educational service regions. In such cases, they are not counted as separate governments. Illinois law also provides for certain local boards and officials to manage school funds and lands and to deal with district boundary changes. For census reporting, these are not counted as separate governments. In counties having fewer than 1,000,000 inhabitants, these agencies include an elective regional board of school trustees and elective boards of school township IL - p. 3 land commissioners. In counties having between 225,000 and 999,999 inhabitants, the regional board members serve as the township land commissioners. In counties having 1,000,000 or more inhabitants (Cook County), school business is managed by elective boards of school township trustees, each authorized to appoint a school township treasurer. Emergency financial assistance and financial oversight panels may provide emergency State financial aid and oversight to school districts. Members of these panels are appointed by the State Superintendent of Education. These panels receive State appropriations, and are classified for purposes as State agencies. They are not counted as separate governments. School finance authorities are counted below under "Special District Governments." SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (2,920) Illinois statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Airport Authorities Authorities to provide and operate airport facilities are created by the circuit court judge on petition of voters and after hearing and local referendum. The authority governing body is a board of commissioners. The members representing municipalities of 5,000 or more population in the area are appointed by the presiding officer of the municipal governing body. The members from other municipalities, unincorporated territory, and members at large are appointed by the county governing body. If an authority is located in more than one county, those commissioners not representing a municipality of 5,000 or more population are appointed by members of the general assembly from the overlying legislative districts. The authority board may levy taxes, fix rates and fees, and, with approval of the State department of transportation, issue bonds. Similar provisions apply to metropolitan airport authorities established in counties with a population between 600,000 and 3,000,000, and contiguous to a county with a population of 1,000,000 or more. Illinois law also authorizes the creation of joint county-city airport commissions by agreement between two or more counties or municipalities, and interstate airport authorities by joint agreement between two or more local governments in Illinois and any adjoining State. Both types of entities have similar provisions to airport authorities, and are counted as governments for census purposes. The Kankakee River Valley Area Airport Authority was established under a special act with provisions similar to those for airport authorities. Bi-State Metropolitan Development District This district is counted under "Missouri--Special District Governments." IL - p. 4 Cemetery Maintenance Districts Cemetery maintenance districts are created by the circuit court judge on petition of the voters, and after public hearing and referendum. The governing body is a board of trustees appointed by county, municipal, or township officials depending on the area of the district. If a district is located in more than one county, however, the district board is appointed by the members of the general assembly from the overlying legislative districts. The district board of trustees may levy property taxes and accept donations. Chain O'Lakes-Fox River Waterway Management Agency This agency was established by special act after voter approval to maintain a recreational waterway. An elected 7-member board governs the agency. The agency may fix charges for use of its facilities. Chicago Transit Authority This authority, which operates local transit service within Chicago, was created by special act. The Chicago Transit Board, which consists of three members appointed by the Governor and four members appointed by the mayor of Chicago, governs the authority. The authority may issue bonds, fix rates and fares, and receive funds from the Regional Transportation Authority. Although the budget of the Chicago Transit Authority is subject to Regional Transportation Authority approval, the Regional Transportation Authority must follow statutory criteria in deciding whether to approve the Chicago Transit Authority budget. Civic Center Authorities These authorities to provide auditorium and exposition facilities are established by special acts, but with similar provisions for each. Authorizing legislation for 44 such authorities has been enacted to date. A civic center board, appointed by the governing body of the county, city, village, or township served, governs each authority. All civic center authorities may fix rents and charges, and issue revenue bonds. Some, but not all, civic center authorities may also levy ad valorem taxes and issue general obligation bonds upon voter approval, according to specific authorizing legislation for a particular authority. Civic center authorities that are governed by a county, municipal, or township governing body ex officio are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Conservation Districts These districts are established to conserve open spaces for recreational purposes. Such districts are created upon petition of voters to the circuit court IL - p. 5 of a county under 1,000,000 population with no forest preserve, or by petition of voters from not more than five counties, followed by local referendum. The district board of trustees is appointed by the chairperson of the county governing body of each county in the district with the consent of the county governing body. District boards may collect fees, accept gifts and grants, levy and annual tax, and issue bonds after voter approval. County Historical Museum Districts These districts to provide museums and historic preservation efforts are created by petition of voters to the circuit court of the most populous county to be served, after public hearing and referendum. A board of five trustees, appointed by the county governing body, governs each district. The district may charge fees for its services, issue bonds, and, after voter approval, may levy ad valorem taxes. County Water Commissions--1985 Law These commissions were established under former law, but were reorganized under provisions of 1985 law. The commission governing body consists of two representatives appointed by each participating government. The commissions may, after voter approval, certify the amount of property taxes to be levied for commission purposes, and may issue bonds. In the 1987 Census of Governments, county water commissions were classified as subordinate agencies of county governments, and were not counted as separate governments. Drainage Districts In 1955, a new drainage code was enacted, effective on January 1, 1957, which repealed the Farm Drainage Act of 1885 and the Levee Act of 1879, and provided that all drainage districts organized under prior laws would continue in existence, but operate under the provisions of the new drainage code. Illinois law now authorizes the following types of drainage districts: Drainage districts Drainage and levee districts Mutual drainage districts Mutual drainage and levee districts Outlet drainage districts These districts, to provide drainage and levee facilities for agricultural, mining, and sanitary purposes, may be established by the circuit court after petition of landowners, report of temporary commissioners appointed by the court, and public hearing or, alternatively, after petition, hearing, and referendum. Such districts are governed by three commissioners who may be appointed by the circuit court or, upon petition of landowners, elected. The districts may levy benefit assessments and may issue bonds. IL - p. 6 Drainage subdistricts have no governing body separate from that of the parent district. These subdistricts are not counted as separate governments. Exposition Authorities and Councils Exposition authorities to provide expositions, convention facilities, stadiums, and exhibitions are created by petition of park district commissioners to the secretary of state. A board of commissioners appointed by the mayor governs each authority. The authorities may fix rentals, fees, and charges, and issue revenue bonds. Exposition councils, which perform functions similar to those of exposition authorities, are created by resolution of a county or city of a specified population size range. A board of commissioners appointed by the governing body of the creating government governs each council. The council may fix rentals, fees, and charges, issue bonds, and, after voter approval, may levy taxes to retire general obligation bonds. Fire Protection Districts Districts to provide fire protection and ambulance services are established by the circuit court on petition of voters, after a local referendum. They are governed by local boards of trustees that may be elected, if approved by local referendum, or appointed by county, municipal, or township officials, depending on the area in the district. If a district is located in more than one county, the district board is appointed by each respective county governing body in proportion to the population of that county. District boards may issue bonds and may levy property taxes. Hospital Districts These districts to provide and operate hospital facilities in counties under 1,000,000 population are established by the circuit court judge on petition of the voters and after local referendum. The board of directors of a district located in one county is appointed by the county governing body or the chief executive officer in home rule counties. In districts located in more than one county, the directors are appointed by the governing body of each county in proportion to its relative population in the district. The districts may issue bonds, levy property taxes, and fix charges for use of facilities and services. Housing Authorities Housing authorities may be established by the governing bodies of municipalities having more than 25,000 inhabitants, or by any county. Housing authority commissioners are appointed by the presiding officers of the municipalities or counties, subject to approval of the State department of commerce and community affairs. The authorities may issue bonds and fix rents, fees, and charges. IL - p. 7 The Chicago Metropolitan Housing Development Corporation is classified for census purposes as a dependent agency of the Chicago Housing Authority. It is not counted as a separate government. Interstate Bridge Commissions The Illinois-Indiana Bridge Commission was authorized by interstate compact, subject to approval by Congress, to build a bridge across the Wabash River. Although authorizing legislation for this commission has never been repealed, it has never been reported in operation. The interstate bridge commissions listed below are counted under "Missouri--Special District Governments:" Missouri-Illinois Bridge Commission (across the Mississippi) Missouri-Illinois Jefferson-Monroe Bridge Commission METRA Commuter Rail Board This board, which operates commuter rail service in the Chicago area, consists of seven members, of whom one is appointed by DuPage County, two jointly by Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will Counties, three by Cook County, and one by the city of Chicago. The chairperson is selected by the other board members from among their own number. The board may issue bonds, fix rates and fares, and receive funds from the Regional Transportation Authority. Although the budget of the METRA Commuter Rail Board is subject to Regional Transportation Authority approval, the Regional Transportation Authority must follow statutory criteria in deciding whether to approve the METRA Commuter Rail Board budget. The Northeast Illinois Commuter Railroad Corporation, which operates some of the commuter railroad facilities, is governed by the METRA Commuter Rail Board. It is classified as a subsidiary of the METRA Commuter Rail Board, and is not counted as a separate government. In the 1987 Census of Governments, and in previous census reporting, the METRA Commuter Rail Board was classified as part of the Regional Transportation Authority, and was not counted as a separate government. Metro East Solid Waste Disposal and Energy Producing Service This service is established by special act after a joint resolution of the municipalities to be served. A board consisting of representatives from each participating municipality, plus the director of the Illinois environmental protection agency ex officio, governs the service. The service may fix fees, rates, rentals, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. IL - p. 8 Metropolitan Exposition, Auditorium, and Office Building Authorities Authorities of this type may be established by general law in one or more counties with a combined assessed valuation of $300 million to $5 billion by resolution of the county governing bodies. A nine-member board, appointed by the chairperson of the county board with the consent of the county board, governs each authority. For joint county authorities, board members are apportioned among participating counties in proportion to population. These authorities may fix charges and fees and receive payments from a special State fund into which specified proceeds from horse racing are paid. An authority may issue both revenue and general obligation bonds, but general obligation bonds secured by authority property tax levies must be approved by the voters. The following authorities were established by special acts: Aurora Metropolitan Exposition, Auditorium, and Office Building Authority Bloomington Civic Center Authority Decatur Metropolitan Exposition, Auditorium, and Office Building Authority Peoria Civic Center Authority Rockford Metropolitan Exposition, Auditorium, and Office Building Authority Springfield Metropolitan Exposition and Auditorium Authority Vermillion County Metropolitan Exposition, Auditorium, and Office Building Authority (formerly Danville Metropolitan Exposition, Auditorium, and Office Building Authority) Waukegan Metropolitan Exposition and Auditorium Authority Will County Metropolitan Exposition and Auditorium Authority Substantially similar provisions apply to these authorities. Each is governed by a board that, in most cases, is appointed by local officials. However, the Springfield Metropolitan Exposition and Auditorium Authority has an elected board. Financial provisions for these authorities are similar to those for those created under general law. Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority This authority, formerly the Metropolitan Fair and Exposition Authority, was established by special act to provide fair and exposition facilities in Chicago. It has 15 members, 6 appointed by the Governor and 7 (including the chairperson) by the mayor of Chicago, plus these 2 officials in an ex officio capacity. The authority may borrow money, collect charges for its facilities, and accept grants. IL - p. 9 Mosquito Abatement Districts These districts are established by the circuit court judge on petition of the voters and after hearing and local referendum. The district board of trustees is appointed by the county or municipal governing body or the township board of auditors, depending on the area in the district. In home rule counties, the chief executive is the official that appoints district trustees. The district boards may levy property taxes. Municipal Power Agencies and Municipal Joint Action Gas Agencies Agencies for the provision of electric power to two or more municipalities are formed by agreement between the participating governments. A board of directors representing participating governments as specified in that agreement governs the agency. The agency may fix rates, rents, and charges, issue revenue bonds, and receive appropriations from participating governments. Similar provisions apply to municipal joint action gas agencies. Municipal Joint Action Agencies Municipal joint action agencies for the provision of water supply, sewage treatment, and waste collection and disposal are created by agreement between two or more participating governments. A board of directors representing participating governments as specified in that agreement governs the agency. The agency may fix rates, rents, and charges, receive appropriations from participating governments, and issue revenue bonds. Municipal joint action water agencies may also levy ad valorem taxes and issue general obligation bonds after voter approval. Municipal Zoo Authorities Authorities to provide zoo facilities are created by ordinance of one or more municipalities. A board of nine members appointed by the mayors of the municipalities served, in proportion to population, governs each authority. The authorities may fix charges, receive grants and contributions, and issue revenue bonds. Museum Districts Districts to provide museum facilities are created by petition to the county board, after public hearing and referendum. A board of commissioners, appointed by the county board, governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, fix rates and charges, and, after voter approval, may issue bonds. Districts governed by a city governing body in an ex officio capacity are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. IL - p. 10 PACE Suburban Bus Board This board, which operates suburban bus service in the Chicago area, consists of 12 members, of whom 6 are appointed by Cook County, 1 each by DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will Counties, and 1 (the chairperson) is selected by the other 11. The board may issue bonds, fix rates and fares, and receive funds from the Regional Transportation Authority. Although the budget of the PACE Suburban Bus Board is subject to Regional Transportation Authority approval, the Regional Transportation Authority must follow statutory criteria in deciding whether to approve the PACE Suburban Bus Board budget. In the 1987 Census of Governments, and in previous census reporting, the PACE Suburban Bus Board was classified as part of the Regional Transportation Authority, and was not counted as a separate government. Park Districts Under present Illinois general law, only general park districts may be created. However, the statutes allow township park districts and pleasure driveway and park districts, established under earlier laws, to continue in existence. A park district is established by the circuit court judge on petition of voters, after local referendum. An elected board of trustees or commissioners governs each district. Park districts may issue bonds and levy property taxes. The Chicago Park District was created by a law applying only to cities of over 500,000 population. A board of seven commissioners appointed by the mayor with the approval of the city council governs the district. The district may levy property taxes and issue bonds. Port and Regional Port Districts The following districts have been established by special acts: Havana Regional Port District Illinois International Port District Illinois Valley Regional Port Districts Jackson-Union Counties Regional Port District Joliet Regional Port District Kaskaskia Regional Port District Mt. Carmel Regional Port District Seneca Regional Port District Shawneetown Regional Port District Southwest Regional Port District Tri-City Regional Port District Waukegan Port District White County Port District IL - p. 11 Similar provisions apply to each of these districts. Their board members are selected by the Governor and/or by local officials, according to the provisions in the authorizing legislation for each specific district. All of these districts may issue bonds upon voter approval, collect rates and fees, and accept grants from the Federal Government and other sources. All except the Illinois International Port District may levy taxes, after referendum. Most of these districts maintain and operate airports, aquariums, museums, and planetariums, as well as port and terminal facilities. The Mt. Carmel, Seneca, and White County districts were not reported in operation as of January 1992. Public Building Commissions Public building commissions may be established by resolution of one or more governments in a particular county to finance the construction of public buildings. The governing body consists of a board of five or more commissioners appointed by the presiding officers of the participating governments. Public building commissions may collect rentals or other charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Public Library Districts These districts are established by the circuit court judge on petition of voters and after hearing and local referendum. The initial board of trustees that administers each district is appointed by the county governing body or, in home rule counties, by the county executive. In districts located in more than one county, the initial board is appointed by members of the general assembly from the overlying legislative districts. A referendum determines whether subsequent boards will be appointed or elected. Library district boards may levy taxes and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. Quad Cities Interstate Metropolitan Authority This authority was authorized by special acts, but its creation is subject to voter approval. A board consisting of representatives from Rock Island County, Illinois and Scott County, Iowa governs the authority. The authority may fix fees and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. It was not reported in operation as of January 1992. IL - p. 12 Regional Transportation Authority This authority was formed by act of the general assembly to coordinate bus and rail transit service in the Chicago metropolitan area, primarily through making grants to, and purchasing service from, existing public and private transit systems. The authority governing body is a board of 13 directors, with four members appointed by the mayor of Chicago, four appointed by the Cook County governing body, one appointed by the chairperson of the DuPage County governing body, two selected by majority vote of the chairpersons of Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will Counties, and the chairperson of the Chicago Transit Authority ex officio. The 13th member, the board chairperson, is selected by the other 12 members. The authority receives revenue from fares, State taxes, Federal and State grants, and a locally-imposed retail occupation and use tax. The authority may issue bonds. The following service boards are counted as separate governments, because they may set their own fares, and because the Regional Transportation Authority must follow statutory guidelines in determining whether to approve their budgets: Chicago Transit Authority METRA Commuter Rail Board (listed in the 1987 Census of Governments as the Commuter Rail Division of Regional Transportation Authority) PACE Suburban Bus Board (listed in the 1987 Census of Governments as the Suburban Bus Division of Regional Transportation Authority) In the 1987 Census of Governments, and in earlier census reporting, METRA Commuter Rail Board and the PACE Suburban Bus Board were classified as subsidiaries of Regional Transportation Authority, and were not counted as separate governments. Rescue Squad Districts Districts to provide rescue services may be established by petition to the circuit court, after voter approval. A board of five trustees governs each district; its members are appointed by the municipal, township, or county governing body, depending on the area in the district. If the district includes area in two or more counties, board members are selected by each county in proportion to population. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes. IL - p. 13 River Conservancy Districts Districts to prevent stream pollution, conserve and protect water supplies, and promote public health are established by the circuit court judge on petition of the voters and after referendum. A board of trustees governs each district; the trustees are appointed by county, municipal, or township officials, depending on the area within the district. If the district includes area in two or more counties, the board is appointed at large by a majority vote of the presiding officers of the county boards of the counties served. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Sanitary Districts Illinois general laws authorize the following types of sanitary districts: Sanitary districts--1907 law Sanitary districts for sewerage--1917 law Sanitary districts for drainage and sewage disposal --1936 law Sanitary districts under the 1907 law, which provide sewerage and sanitary drainage facilities within the area of two counties, may be established by the circuit court judge on petition of voters and after hearing and local referendum. A five-member district board of trustees is elected from subdistricts or at large. There were no districts of this type reported in operation as of January 1992. Sanitary districts for sewerage under the 1917 law may be established by the circuit court judge on petition of voters and after hearing and local referendum. A board of trustees is appointed by the presiding officer of the county governing body or, in home rule counties, by the chief executive officer. If the district is located in more than one county, trustees are appointed by members of the general assembly from the overlying legislative districts. The board may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, impose charges, and issue bonds with voter approval. Districts organized under this law may also provide and maintain a waterworks upon voter approval. Sanitary districts for drainage and sewage disposal under the 1936 law may be formed in contiguous areas of single counties outside the boundaries of any municipality. The districts are established by the circuit court on petition of resident voters and after hearing and local referendum. Each district is governed by a three-member board of trustees appointed by the presiding officer of the county governing body or elected upon voter approval. The board may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, impose charges, and issue bonds. IL - p. 14 In addition to districts formed under the above laws, the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (formerly the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago), the North Shore Sanitary District, and the Metro-East Sanitary District were created by special acts. These districts have elected or appointed boards with financing powers similar to the general law districts above. School Finance Authority This authority was created by 1980 legislation to assist in financing the operations of the Chicago Board of Education. The governing body consists of two directors appointed by the Governor, two appointed by the mayor of Chicago, and one appointed jointly by the Governor and the mayor of Chicago. The authority may issue bonds, but must rely on city ordinances to levy property taxes. Soil and Water Conservation Districts Soil and water conservation districts may be established by the State department of agriculture on petition of residents of the area and after a hearing and local referendum. A board of five directors, elected from among landowners in the district, governs each district. The district may levy compulsory charges against landowners for work performed. In addition, subdistricts may be established in watershed areas of a soil and water conservation district and a property tax levy made for operations. These subdistricts are not counted as separate governments. Solid Waste Disposal Districts These districts are authorized by general law to provide and maintain solid waste disposal facilities in a single county of less than 3,000,000 population, or in a group of not more than five adjoining counties, each under 3,000,000 population. They are established after hearing and local referendum, on petition of voters to the circuit court. In the case of multicounty districts, formation must be approved by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. A five-member board of trustees, appointed by the presiding officers of the governing bodies of counties served by the district, administers each district. The district board may levy taxes, charge fees, accept grants and aid, and issue bonds. General obligation bonds must be approved by the voters. IL - p. 15 Street Lighting Districts Districts to provide street lighting are established by the circuit court judge on petition of resident voters after hearing and local referendum. A three-member board of trustees is appointed by the county governing body or, in home rule counties, by the chief executive. If the district is located in more than one county, the district board members are appointed by each respective county governing body in proportion to its respective population. The district board of trustees may levy taxes and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. Surface Water Protection Districts Districts to provide flood control facilities may be established by the circuit court on petition of resident voters, after public hearing and local referendum. A five-member district board of trustees is appointed by the county governing body or, in home rule counties, by the chief executive. In districts located in more than one county, the district board is appointed by each respective county governing body in proportion to population. The districts may levy taxes and issue bonds after voter approval. Transit Districts Under general law, mass transit districts may be created to operate, maintain, or subsidize transit service by ordinance or resolution of one or more municipalities, counties, or any combination thereof. A board of trustees governs each district. If the district consists of a single municipality or county, the muicipal governing body or county board appoints three members; if the district consists of one or more municipalities or counties, or combinations of both, the municipal governing bodies or county boards appoint one trustee for every 100,000 inhabitants or fraction thereof. In addition, a 1975 law permits the creation of mass transit districts upon petition to the circuit court by residents of a unit area of contiguous land without regard to political boundaries, and after referendum. The trustees of such districts are appointed by the county governing body or, in home rule counties, by the chief executive. Under both laws, districts may issue revenue bonds, fix rates for service, accept grants, and levy property taxes with voter approval. Similar provisions apply to the Metro East Mass Transit District in the East St. Louis area, which was established by special act. The Metro East Mass Transit District may also levy sales taxes. IL - p. 16 Transportation Service Associations These associations to provide and subsidize railroad passenger service are established by joint resolution of two or more local governments or public universities. The agreement creating the association specifies the method of selecting the association directors. Participating governments share in the costs pursuant to the terms of the agreement. Tuberculosis Sanitarium Districts These districts, which must lie wholly within a single county, may be established by the circuit court judge on petition of voters and after hearing and local referendum. Such a district may provide and maintain a sanitarium for the treatment of tuberculosis and other diseases. A board of directors is appointed by the county governing body or, in home rule counties, by the chief executive officer. These boards may levy taxes and issue bonds. Bond issues for other than the acquisition of land require voter approval. Similar provisions apply for joint county tuberculosis sanitarium districts, except that their governing bodies are elected. Water Supply Districts Illinois general laws authorize the following types of water supply districts: Public water districts Water authorities Water service districts Public water districts to provide water supply and sewerage services are created by the circuit court on petition of the voters and after hearing and local referendum. A seven-member board of trustees is appointed by county, municipal, or township officials, depending on the area within the district. These districts may fix water rates and rentals, issue revenue bonds, and levy a property tax after voter approval. Water authorities to provide water supply services are created by the circuit court on petition of the voters and after hearing and local referendum. A board of trustees governs each district; its members are appointed by county, municipal, or township officials, depending on the area within the district. The trustees may, after referendum, be elected rather than appointed. These authorities may levy ad valorem taxes, fix water rates, and issue bonds. IL - p. 17 Water service districts to provide water supply are created by petition of voters to the circuit court judge in any area outside the corporate boundaries of a municipality after hearing and referendum. A three-member district board of trustees is appointed by the county governing body or, in home rule counties, by the chief executive. The district board may levy taxes, impose charges for water service, and issue bonds after voter approval. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Illinois that have certain characteristics of governmental units but are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (See "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. Capital Development Board (State). This board was established by act of the general assembly to build or otherwise provide capital improvements for school districts and various State facilities. The board consists of seven members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate. The board may direct disbursements of State funds for capital projects and make grants to school districts for planning, construction, and debt service under the direction of the State board of education. Forest preserve districts (county, municipal, and other). Under general law, districts to preserve forests for recreational use and for control of floodwaters may be established by the circuit judge on petition of resident voters and after public hearing and local referendum. If such a district is coterminous with a county, municipality, or sanitary district, the governing body of that government acts as governing body of the forest preserve district; when not coterminous, a five-member district board of commissioners is appointed by the county governing body. In Cook County, the Cook County Board of Commissioners governs the Cook County Forest Preserve District. The districts may receive the proceeds of taxes levied by the parent county or municipal government, and may issue bonds with voter approval. IL - p. 18 Illinois Educational Facilities Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the general assembly to finance the construction of facilities for institutions of higher education. A board of seven members appointed by the Governor governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, rents, fees, and charges, receive grants and contributions, and issue revenue bonds. This authority also assumed the functions of the former Illinois Independent Higher Education Loan Authority in 1988. Illinois Health Facilities Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the general assembly to finance the construction of health and hospital facilities. A board of seven members appointed by the Governor governs the authority. The authority may charge rates, rents, fees, and charges, make mortgage loans to health institutions, and issue revenue bonds. Illinois Housing Development Authority (State). This authority, established by act of the general assembly, may make mortgage loans to provide housing for persons of low to moderate income. A board of nine members, appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate, governs the authority. The authority may fix fees and charges, receive grants, and issue revenue bonds. Illinois Sports Facilities Authority (State). This authority was created to finance the construction of stadiums in the Chicago area. A seven-member board governs the authority, with the chair and three other members appointed by the Governor with the approval of the mayor of Chicago; the mayor of Chicago also appoints three other members directly. The authority may fix rates, rents, fees, and charges, impose a hotel occupancy tax, and issue revenue bonds. Illinois State Toll Highway Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the general assembly to build, operate, and maintain State toll highways. The authority governing board consists of the Governor and the secretary of the State department of transportation, ex officio, plus nine members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate. The authority may collect tolls and issue revenue bonds. Illinois Student Assistance Commission (State)--This commission, formerly the State scholarship commission, was created by act of the general assembly to finance scholarships, grants, and loans to students. The commission consists of nine members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate. The commission may receive grants, appropriations, and contributions, purchase loans, receive interest on loans, and issue revenue bonds. IL - p. 19 Land clearance commissions (county and municipal) --The governing body of a county or of a city of 25,000 population or more may establish such a commission by resolution. The presiding officer of the municipality or county appoints a board of commissioners to administer the affairs of the agency. The commission may issue revenue bonds and accept contributions, grants, and other financial assistance from the Federal Government. Municipalities within the area of operation may issue general obligation bonds for redevelopment purposes upon approval of the voters and provide for a direct annual tax to pay the debt. Municipalities may also make appropriations and payments to the commissions and match State payments. Road districts (county)--Each of the 17 Illinois counties without organized township governments is divided by the county board of commissioners into road districts or is designated as a county unit road district. In counties divided into road districts, a highway commissioner is elected for each district. The commissioner certifies annually to the county board for approval the amount to be raised for road and bridge purposes in the district. The district may issue bonds with the approval of the voters. In counties with county unit road districts, the district is administered by the county superintendent of highways under the direction of the county board. The county board may levy taxes for road and bridge purposes in such counties and may, with voter approval, issue bonds. Other examples include: State Medical Center Commission (formerly Chicago Medical Center Commission) East St. Louis Development Authority Forest fire protection districts Financial advisory authorities Illinois Asbestos Abatement Authority Illinois Community Development Finance Corporation Illinois Development Finance Authority Illinois Environmental Protection Agency Illinois Export Development Authority Illinois Farm Development Authority Illinois Grain Insurance Corporation Illinois Manufacturing Technology Alliance Illinois Mortgage Insurance Agency Illinois Rural Bond Bank Mine inspection districts Prairie State 2000 Authority Quad Cities Regional Economic Development Authority Registration districts (vital statistics) Southwestern Illinois Development Authority Tri-County River Valley Development Authority University of Illinois Foundation Upper Illinois River Valley Development Authority Will-Kankakee Regional Development Authority IL - p. 20 County County health districts Local economic development commissions (county) Mental health commissions (county) Regional juvenile detention authorities Special service areas Municipal Economic development areas for tax increment financing Industrial development commissions Joint water commissions Local economic development commissions (municipal) Local transit commissions Mental health commissions (municipal) Railroad terminal authorities Special service areas Water districts--1899 law (serving two or more municipalities) Township Civic center authorities with ex officio boards (special acts) Mental health commissions (township) Mosquito abatement districts--1988 law Multi-township assessing districts Special fire districts--1982 law Special police districts--1982 and 1983 laws Special refuse collection and disposal districts Township health districts Illinois laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. IN - p. 1 INDIANA Indiana ranks 11th. among the States in number of local governments, with 2,898 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (91) The entire area of the State is encompassed by county government except for the former county of Marion. Effective January 1, 1970, Marion County and the City of Indianapolis were consolidated to operate as one government, designated the City of Indianapolis. Indianapolis is counted for census purposes as a municipal government rather than as a county government. In Indiana counties with organized county government, the governing body is called the board of commissioners. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (1,574) The 1,574 subcounty general purpose governments in Indiana comprise the 566 municipal (city and town) governments, and the 1,008 township governments. Municipal Governments (566) Municipal governments in Indiana are designated cities and towns. Cities are further divided into three classes as follows: First class--250,000 inhabitants or more Second class--35,000 to 249,999 inhabitants Third class--fewer than 35,000 inhabitants Legislation adopted in 1981 eliminated the former fourth and fifth size classes. Other municipalities of any population are called towns. Conversion from town to city status, or from city to town status, however, is not automatic. Provision is made for made for towns with a population of 1,500 or more to become cities on petition of voters and after referendum. Cities, conversely, may become towns upon petition of two thirds of the taxpayers to the circuit court. All cities and towns exist within township areas. Township Governments (1,008) The entire area of the State is encompassed by township governments. Some township governments in Indiana serve in a dual capacity as "civil" and "school" townships. Although identical in area and governed by the same elected trustee, individual townships operate in each capacity as a distinct entity. The civil townships are counted as township governments for census purposes; the school townships are counted under "Public School Systems," below. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (294) IN - p. 2 School District Governments (294) The following types of school districts in Indiana are counted as separate governments for census purposes: School townships School cities and towns County school corporations--1949 law County school corporations--1969 law Metropolitan school districts Community school corporations United school corporations Each school township is governed by one elected township trustee. In most instances, school cities and towns are governed by boards of trustees that are either elected by the governing body of the municipality served or appointed by its mayor; however, the school cities of Hammond and Indianapolis have popularly elected school boards. County school corporations under the 1949 law are consolidations of all school townships in a county. They are governed by a county board of education that is either appointed, composed of the township trustees of the county, or popularly elected. County school corporations under the 1969 law are consolidations of all school systems in a county. They are governed by an elected board of education. Metropolitan school districts are mergers of two or more school townships and/or school cities and towns, or a single township having an average daily attendance of 600 or more. They are governed by elected boards of education. Community school corporations are authorized by a 1959 reorganization act. They may comprise any combination of school systems listed above. A board of trustees, either elected or appointed, as determined by the county reorganization committee, governs each corporation of this type. United school corporations are community school corporations comprising territory in two or more adjacent counties. All types of public school systems in Indiana listed above may levy school taxes and borrow money. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Indiana has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities Vocational and special education schools may be established by two or more school corporations, and are classified as joint educational service agencies of the sponsoring school corporations. They are not counted as separate governments. There were 11 such schools in operation as of January 1992. In addition, a single school corporation may establish a special education school. IN - p. 3 The educational service centers in Indiana provide special educational services. Initially, these centers were established by the State department of education; they are now joint educational service agencies of the sponsoring school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. Indiana law also authorizes interlocal agreements between school districts. These agreements provide for exercise of powers by one or more school districts on behalf of other parties to the agreement, or jointly by the participating entities. Agencies created by such interlocal agreements between school districts are classified as joint educational service agencies of the sponsoring school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. Indiana law further authorizes joint programs of school districts. These programs are established by agreements between the sponsoring school districts. They are classified for census purposes as joint educational service agencies of the sponsoring school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. Special education cooperatives may also be created by two or more school corporations. These cooperatives may be managed either by one of the participating school corporations, or by a board of managers consisting of the president or trustee of the governing body of each participating school corporation. These special education cooperatives are classified for census purposes as joint educational service agencies of the sponsoring school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. There were 8 special education cooperatives in operation as of January 1992. Indiana laws authorize the school townships, school cities, and school towns to establish and maintain public libraries. All libraries operated under such laws are classified in census statistics as dependent agencies of the parent school districts and are not counted as separate governments. As to school building corporations in Indiana, see "Special District Governments," below. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (939) Indiana statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. IN - p. 4 Area Park Districts An area park district may be established under general law by two or more counties for the purpose of establishing, owning, maintaining, and controlling one or more public parks for the use and benefit of the residents of those counties. The governing board consists of members appointed by each participating county with representation in proportion to population. The area park districts may levy ad valorem taxes. City-County Building Authorities Authorities to finance public buildings, hospitals, parking, public markets, or correctional facilities may be established by resolution of the common council of a city constituting the county seat, the county commissioners, or the county council after petition of these governing bodies to the county auditor and a public hearing. Each such authority is governed by a board of directors appointed by a majority vote of the building authority trustees who, in turn, are appointed by the mayor and the common council, the county commissioners, and the county council. The authority board of directors may issue revenue bonds and collect rentals for the lease of properties constructed for use by the sponsoring governments. Conservancy Districts Conservancy districts may be formed for any or all of the following purposes: flood control, reclamation, irrigation, water supply, sewage disposal, regulation of water courses, and provision of parks and recreational facilities. These districts may be established by petition, to the circuit court by freeholders, or by a municipality, after public hearing. A board of directors, elected by the freeholders at the annual district meeting, governs each district. These boards may charge rates and fees, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue revenue bonds. County Toll Road Authorities Authorities to acquire, construct, finance, and operate toll roads are established by resolution of one or more counties and municipalities that are county seats, after a public hearing. A board of five trustees selected by city and county officials governs the authority. The authority may fix fees, tolls, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. In Marion County, construction and financing of toll roads by authorities organized under this law requires approval by the City of Indianapolis. Thus, authorities of this type in Marion County are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. IN - p. 5 Drainage Districts Drainage districts may be organized by the circuit court on petition of residents in the area, after a public hearing. A board of commissioners, appointed by the judge of the circuit court, governs each district. The boards may levy special assessments. Hospital Bonding Authorities These authorities are created by resolution of the board of county commissioners of any county in which one or more private non-profit hospitals is located, or by the common council of any second- or third-class city or town in which one or more such hospitals is located, following a written request by the hospital governing board. A board of five directors, appointed by the board of county commissioners or by the city or town executive, governs each authority. The authorities may set rates; collect rents, fees, and charges; accept grants; and issue revenue bonds. Housing Authorities Housing authorities may be established by a city, town, or county by resolution of its governing body. The mayors of cities or the governing bodies of towns or counties appoint the housing authority commissioners. The authorities may issue revenue bonds, fix and collect rents, and accept grants and borrow money from the Federal Government. Illinois-Indiana Bridge Commission This commission is described under "Illinois--Special District Governments." Interstate Airport Authorities Authorities to provide airports may be established by joint agreement between two or more governments in Indiana and any adjoining State. A board consisting of representatives of participating governments, as spelled out in the agreement creating the authority, governs each authority. The authority may impose fees for its facilities and services, may receive appropriations from participating governments on a pro rata basis, and may issue revenue bonds. Joint Electric Power Agencies Joint electric power agencies may be created by two or more municipalities, by resolution of their respective governing bodies, to provide electric power. A board consisting of one commissioner appointed by the governing body of each participating municipality governs the agency. The agency may receive gifts, grants, and donations of property and money; may fix, charge, and collect rents, rates, fees, and charges; and may issue IN - p. 6 revenue bonds. The Indiana Municipal Power Agency was established under this law. Electric power agencies serving only one municipality are classified as dependent agencies of the municipality they serve, and are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Joint Park Districts Joint park districts may be created by two or more neighboring cities or towns by ordinance. The park boards of the cities and towns uniting constitute a joint park board. The joint park board determines the amount of money that each participating government must appropriate for the support of the district. Library Districts Under 1983 legislation, which supersedes former Indiana law governing library districts, the following types of library districts are authorized: Class one library districts (all districts established after March 13, 1947; districts established prior to that date may convert to class one districts upon resolution of the district board) Class two library districts (districts established prior to March 14, 1947 that have not converted to class one districts) Class one library districts may be established in municipalities or counties, or combinations thereof, with a population of 10,000 or more, that do not already have a library district, upon resolution of, or petition to, the governing bodies of the cities or counties to be served. A library board of seven members appointed by, and representing, the governing bodies of the counties, municipalities, townships, or school districts served, governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Class two library districts were established under a former 1901 law in cities or towns, under a former 1881 law in cities or counties, or under a former 1899 law in townships. Provisions concerning the library board in such districts are similar to those governing class one districts. County, municipal, or township libraries served by class two library districts may levy ad valorem taxes for library purposes. Library Services Authorities Authorities to provide library services to participating public and private libraries are created by joint agreement between two or more libraries. A board of directors composed of one to four representatives of each participating library governs each authority. The authority may prorate the amount to be contributed by each participating library. In the IN - p. 7 1987 Census of Governments, these authorities were classified as dependent agencies of municipal governments, and were not counted as separate governments. Multiple County Infrastructure Authorities Authorities to assist development of sewerage works, waterworks, thoroughfares, flood control, ports, or any combination thereof, may be established by ordinance of each participating county. A board of directors consisting of two representatives of each participating county (one appointed by the county chief executive and one by the county fiscal body), plus the executive director of the authority, governs the authority. The authority may fix fees, rates, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Multiple County Juvenile Facility Authorities Authorities to acquire, construct, operate, and maintain juvenile welfare and confinement facilities are established by ordinance of two or more counties after intergovernmental agreement. A board of directors consisting of three representatives from each participating county (the county executive or designee, a juvenile or circuit court judge, and a member of the county governing body) governs each authority. The authority may receive contributions from participating counties pursuant to a formula established in the intergovernmental agreement creating the authority. Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District This district to provide financial assistance and lease equipment to commuter railroads in Lake, La Porte, Porter, and St. Joseph Counties was formed by general law with special application, upon ordinance of counties served. A board of commissioners consisting of one commissioner appointed by the governing body of each county served, one member of the governing body of each county served, and one commissioner appointed by the Governor, governs the district. The district may receive local, State, and Federal aid, fix rates, fees, and tolls for use of its facilities, and may issue revenue bonds. Regional Transportation Authorities--1981 Law Regional transportation authorities may be established by resolution of the county governing body to provide public transit services. Other counties may join. The governing body consists of two members appointed by the county commissioners of each participating county and one member appointed by each participating municipality. The authorities may accept grants and gifts; charge fares, rents, and other service charges; and may issue revenue bonds. No regional transportation authorities were reported in operation as of January 1992. IN - p. 8 Regional Water, Sewage, and Solid Waste Districts These districts are established by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board upon petition of one or more governments within the territory of the proposed district, or of the State department of natural resources, and after public hearing. The board may consist of three, five, seven, or nine trustees who are appointed by local officials or are popularly elected. The trustees may fix rates and charges for services, and may issue revenue bonds. School Building Corporations--1947 and 1957 Laws A school building corporation may be established under the corporation laws of Indiana to provide school buildings under lease-purchase arrangements, upon petitions of school patrons and determination of such building needs by the lessee school district. A board, selected by the shareholders of the corporation, governs each school building corporation. The building corporation may issue revenue bonds to finance facilities in accordance with a plan approved by the lessee and by various State agencies. Soil and Water Conservation Districts Soil and water conservation districts may be organized by the State soil and water conservation committee on petition of the landowners after a public hearing and local referendum. A board of supervisors, consisting of two members appointed by the State soil and water conservation committee and three elected members, governs each district. These districts may accept voluntary contributions from any source, and may require contributions from benefited landowners. Solid Waste Management Districts Authorities to provide solid waste management facilities are established by ordinance of one or more counties. A board of directors appointed by the executives and the governing bodies of participating cities and counties governs each district. The district may charge fees, levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and issue bonds. In Marion County, districts of this type are governed by the Indianapolis board of public works ex officio, and are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. The Falls of the Ohio Interstate Park Commission This interstate commission is described under "Kentucky--Special District Governments." It was not reported in operation as of January 1992. IN - p. 9 Utilities Districts in Cities of Over 300,000 Population (Indianapolis) The Indianapolis Utilities District was established by general law, and operates the gas and coke utility in Indianapolis. The governing board of directors is appointed by the district board of trustees, which is in turn appointed by the mayor. The district directors may fix rates for utility charges and may issue revenue bonds. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Indiana that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Indianapolis Bond Bank (municipal). This agency to market bonds issued by local governments in Marion County was created by 1985 legislation. A board of directors, appointed by the mayor of Indianapolis, governs the bank. The bank may fix fees and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. In case the bank is dissolved, its assets revert to the City of Indianapolis. In the 1987 Census of Governments, this bank was counted as a special district government. Indiana Transportation Finance Authority (State). This authority, formerly the Indiana Toll Finance Authority, consists of the chairperson of the transportation coordination commission, the director of the department of highways, the State budget director, the State treasurer, plus five members appointed by the Governor. The commission may charge rates and tolls and may issue revenue bonds. In addition to operating toll roads and bridges, this authority may now operate airports. Redevelopment commissions (municipal). Indiana law permits cities and towns to establish redevelopment commissions by ordinance. The presiding officer of the municipal governing body appoints a board of trustees which, in turn, appoints the commissioners to administer the agency. The commissioners may levy a special tax and issue general obligation bonds for redevelopment purposes. The budget and the tax levies of any such commission, however, are subject to review and modification by the officials of the sponsoring municipality. In Indianapolis, the Metropolitan Development Commission is responsible for redevelopment activities. IN - p. 10 State Housing Finance Authority (State). This authority, authorized by act of the legislature, was created to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. The authority is governed by a seven- member board, including four members appointed by the Governor, plus the director of the department of financial institutions, the director of the department of commerce, and the treasurer of State, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The authority may receive gifts, loans, and appropriations, fix charges in connection with its loans, and issue revenue bonds. Other examples include: State Board for Depositories Indiana Agricultural Development Corporation Indiana Baccalaureate Education System Trust Indiana Bond Bank Indiana Development Finance Authority (formerly Indiana Economic Development Commission) Indiana Educational Facilities Authority Indiana Health Facilities Financing Authority formerly Indiana Hospital Equipment Financing Authority) Indiana Natural Resources Foundation Indiana Political Subdivision Risk Management Commission Indiana Port Commission Indiana Recycling and Energy Development Board (formerly Indiana Energy Development Board) Indiana Secondary Market for Education Loans Indiana White River Park Development Commission Intelnet Commission (State telecommunications network) Kankakee River Basin Commission (formerly Little Calumet River Basin Commission) Law Enforcement Academy Building Commission Little Calumet River Basin Development Commission Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission Maumee River Basin Commission Recreational Development Commission River commissions River Marina Development Commission (in Evansville area) St. Joseph River Basin Commission State Office Building Commission County Airport authorities (county) City and county capital improvement board of managers--1982 law County cemetery commissions County convention and visitors commissions (in various counties) County drainage boards County hospital (building) authorities IN - p. 11 County jail building corporations County port authorities County war memorials Economic development commissions (county) Economic development districts (county) Fire protection districts Flood plain commissions Local boards of aviation commissioners (county) Public communications systems and computer facilities districts (county) Regional planning commissions (county) Special improvement districts--1987 law (county) Municipal Airport authorities (municipal) Automated transit districts--1976 law City war memorials Civic center building authorities in second class cities (South Bend and Mishawaka) County toll road authorities in Marion County (Indianapolis) Economic development commissions (municipal) Economic development districts Economic development project districts--1987 law Economic development project districts--1990 law (Hammond) Electric power agencies serving a single municipality Flood control districts in first class cities (Indianapolis) Flood control districts in second and third class cities--1981 law Flood plain commissions Indiana Central Canal maintenance improvement districts (Indianapolis) Levee authority (Evansville) Local boards of aviation commissioners (municipal) Marion County Convention and Recreation Facilities Authority (Indianapolis) Marion County Health and Hospitals Corporation (Indianapolis) Metropolitan thoroughfare districts (Indianapolis) Municipal port authorities Park districts Public communications systems and computer facilities districts (municipal) Public transportation corporations--1965 law Regional planning commissions (municipal) Sanitary districts Solid waste management districts in Marion County (Indianapolis) Special improvement districts--1987 laws Water districts Waterworks districts in second class cities of 160,000 to 180,000 population IN - p. 12 Private Associations The horticultural and quarantine districts are private associations of landowners. They are treated for census purposes as private associations, and are not counted as governments. In addition to entities known as districts, there are numerous boards (health, sanitation, park, public works, and the like) in Indiana cities that operate under fiscal arrangements similar to those for districts. In all cases, however, authority stems from the city mayor or city council through the power of appointment of officers or establishment of the board, and finances for the board are included in the accounts and reports of the cities concerned on the same basis as other city funds. All of these semiautonomous boards are classified, for census purposes, as adjuncts of municipal governments, and are not counted as separate governments. Indiana laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. IA - p. 1 IOWA Iowa ranks 15th. among the States in number of local governments, with 1,880 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (99) There are no areas in Iowa lacking county government. The county governing body is called the county board of supervisors. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (952) The 952 subcounty general purpose governments in Iowa comprise 952 municipal (city) governments only. The townships in Iowa are not counted as separate governments in census statistics on governments. Municipal Governments (952) All municipalities in Iowa are now designated as cities, including those governments that were designated as "towns" prior to July 1, 1975. Township Governments (0) The civil townships in Iowa are distinct geographical areas. Except in areas where boundaries of one or more civil townships are coterminous with the boundaries of a city, an elected board of township trustees governs each township. Iowa townships may provide fire protection, cemeteries, community centers, and township halls. Township trustees also serve as fence viewers, and resolve animal trespass problems upon request. Although Iowa township trustees may levy taxes, and may issue anticipatory bonds, the compensation of township trustees (other than fees) is paid by the county government. For this reason, townships in Iowa are classified as administrative subdivisions of the counties, and are not counted as separate governments, in census statistics on governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (441) School District Governments (441) The following types of school districts in Iowa are counted as separate governments for census purposes: Community school districts Consolidated school districts Independent school districts "Merged areas:" Area community colleges Area vocational schools All school districts are governed by elected boards of directors. They may issue bonds after local referendum, and may levy taxes. The terms "school district" and "school corporation" are used interchangeably in the Iowa statutes. IA - p. 2 In addition, State law provides that not more than 17 school corporations known as "merged areas", and organized as either area vocational schools or area community colleges, may be established. These merged areas are also counted as governments. Such areas are governed by elected boards of directors. They may levy taxes and, upon voter approval, issue bonds. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Iowa has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities The area education agencies in Iowa, which provide special educational services, are classified as joint educational service agencies of the school districts they serve, and are not counted as separate governments. The agencies are governed by boards of directors selected by vote of the boards of member districts. Their fiscal needs are met by the participating school districts and by State grants. In January 1992, 16 area education agencies were reported in operation. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (388) Iowa statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Airport Authorities This type of authority may be established by joint agreement of two or more counties or cities. Their creation requires approval by ordinance of each participating government following public hearing. Each authority has a committee appointed by the governing bodies of the member governments with the number from each government determined on the basis of population. This committee, in turn, selects from its membership a seven-member board to administer the authority. An authority may fix and collect rates, fees, and charges, accept grants and loans, and issue revenue bonds. Participating governments may levy taxes for airport purposes. Benefited Fire Districts Since 1975, benefited fire districts may no longer be established in Iowa. However, districts already in existence may continue to operate. Each district is governed by a three-member board of trustees, either elected or appointed by the county board of supervisors. The district may issue bonds and levy taxes after voter approval. IA - p. 3 Benefited Law Enforcement Districts Districts to provide law enforcement services are established by resolution of the county supervisors, after petition of property owners and a public hearing. A board of trustees, initially appointed by the county supervisors but subsequently elected, governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds after voter approval. Benefited Recreational Lake Districts These districts to provide recreation facilities are established by resolution of the county supervisors, after petition of property owners and a public hearing. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds after voter approval. Benefited Street Lighting Districts Benefited street lighting districts are established by the county board of supervisors on petition by property owners after public hearing and report by a qualified engineer. The three-member elected board of trustees is initially selected from the five candidates receiving the highest number of voters but may thereafter be elected or appointed. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, issue bonds, and levy user fees. Benefited Water Districts and Subdistricts Benefited water districts and subdistricts, organized for the purpose of supplying water to particular areas, may be created by the county board of supervisors on petition of the property owners after a public hearing. Improvements, however, must be approved by referendum. Each district is governed by a board of trustees, either elected or appointed by the county board of supervisors. These boards may issue bonds, levy an ad valorem tax, and fix and collect charges for water. The county levies special assessments to build the water system. County Library Districts County library districts, composed of two or more adjacent counties, may be established by the county board of supervisors on petition and after a local referendum. Each district is governed by a board of trustees appointed by the county board of supervisors. The district may levy an ad valorem tax. County library districts serving only one county are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Des Moines Metropolitan Transit Authority This authority is now listed under "Joint Transit Agencies." IA - p. 4 Housing Authorities A housing authority may be established by a municipality, by resolution of its governing body. Each authority is administered by a board of five commissioners appointed by the mayor. An authority may collect rents and fees, accept grants and contributions, and issue bonds. A municipality, through its council, may choose to exercise housing powers rather than establish a housing authority. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below, for housing authorities with ex officio boards. Most housing authorities in Iowa are governed by the city council ex officio. Joint Building Authorities These authorities to finance the construction of public buildings are established by joint resolution of a county and the city forming the county seat. A board of three commissioners (one representing the county, one representing the city, and one appointed jointly by both governments) governs each authority. The authority may fix rates, rentals, fees, and charges, accept the proceeds of city or county taxes, and, after voter approval, issue bonds. Joint Solid Waste Service Agencies These agencies are created by intergovernmental agreement between any two or more governments. The composition of the agency governing body is specified in the agreement creating the agency. The agencies may impose license and permit fees, receive revenue for services rendered under contract, and issue revenue bonds. Joint Transit Agencies These agencies are created by agreement between one or more cities and other public agencies. A board of trustees, composed according to terms of the agreement creating the agency, governs the agency. The agency may impose fees and charges for its facilities, receive contributions from participating governments, and accept State and Federal grants. Participating governments may issue bonds on behalf of the agency after voter approval. The Des Moines Metropolitan Transit Authority is one of the agencies created under this law. Joint Water Utilities These utilities are created by joint resolution of two or more cities, after referendum. The composition of the utility board is specified in the resolution creating the utility. The utility may collect rates and charges for its services, issue revenue bonds, and receive the proceeds of city tax levies. IA - p. 5 Levee and Drainage Districts Levee and drainage districts may be formed by the county board of supervisors on petition of the landowners after an engineer's report and a public hearing. An elected board of three supervisors or trustees governs each district. These districts may issue bonds and levy benefit assessments. Drainage subdistricts may be established within these districts, but they have no separate governing body and are not counted as separate governments. Levee and drainage districts under the management of county boards of supervisors or county boards of drainage commissioners are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Metropolitan Area Solid Waste Disposal Agencies These agencies are created by a joint agreement between participating counties and municipalities to provide solid waste disposal facilities. Each agency is governed by a board consisting of representatives of each government served. The agency may fix charges for its services and may issue revenue bonds. Quad Cities Interstate Metropolitan Authority This authority is described under "Illinois--Special District Governments." Regional Library Boards A 1975 law divides the State into seven regions to provide supportive library services to existing public libraries and to individuals with no other access to public library service. Each regional library board consists of seven elected trustees. Regional library boards may receive Federal and State funds, and may require contributions from local governments served as a condition for providing services to those governments. Rural Water Districts Rural water districts are established by the county board of supervisors on petition of property owners and after hearing. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may fix rates, accept Federal grants, and issue revenue bonds. Sanitary and Sanitary Sewer Districts Districts to construct, maintain, and operate a sewer system may be formed by the county board of supervisors on petition of voters after a public hearing and local referendum. A board of trustees governs each district. Three trustees are appointed by the county supervisors from the five candidates receiving the largest popular vote; thereafter, trustees may be elected or appointed. IA - p. 6 Sanitary and sanitary sewer districts may issue bonds, levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and fix rates and charges. Soil and Water Conservation Districts Soil and water conservation districts are established by the State soil and water conservation committee after petition and after hearing. An elected board of five commissioners governs each district. A district may require contributions from landowners for services and may accept State and Federal contributions. Soil and water conservation subdistricts are dependent activities of the soil and water conservation district creating them, and are not counted as separate governments. Subdistricts may be established within a soil and water conservation district to provide for watershed protection and flood prevention. The board of the establishing district administers the subdistrict, and may levy ad valorem taxes and benefit assessments for these purposes. Soil conservation and flood control districts are established by the county board of supervisors with the approval of the commissioners of any soil and water conservation district and of the State conservation commission and the department of water, air, and waste management. Each soil conservation and flood control district is governed by an elected board of trustees. These districts may issue bonds and levy special benefit assessments. For soil conservation and flood control districts managed by the county board of supervisors, see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Special Land Use Districts These districts to preserve sites of historical or cultural significance are established by petition of the voters after public hearing and referendum. A board of seven elected trustees governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Iowa that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas," i. e., entities that serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. In Iowa, the only county-related entities of this kind are the "townships" discussed in detail above. IA - p. 7 Iowa Finance Authority (State). This authority was established to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. It also provides loans to small businesses, and finances sewage treatment projects. The authority is governed by a board of nine members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate. The authority may fix fees and charges, receive appropriations, gifts, grants or loans, make mortgage loans, and issue revenue bonds. Other examples include: State International Network on Trade Iowa Advance Funding Authority Iowa Agriculture Development Authority (formerly Iowa Family Farm Development Authority) Iowa Business Development Finance Corporation Iowa Economic Protective and Investment Authority Iowa Higher Education Loan Authority Iowa Lottery Commission Iowa Product Development Corporation Iowa Railway Finance Authority Iowa Student Loan Liquidity Corporation Mississippi River Parkway Commission Wallace Technology Transfer Foundation County Agricultural extension districts and councils Airport commissions (single-county) County public hospitals Highway drainage districts Joint 911 service boards Levee drainage districts and improvements under management of county board of supervisors or county board of drainage commissioners Secondary road assessment districts Soil conservation and flood control districts under management of county boards of supervisors Special assessment and joint special assessment districts Townships Municipal Airport commissions (single-city) Housing authorities governed by city council Joint electrical utilities Municipal improvement districts Revitalization areas Unified law enforcement districts Urban renewal agencies Private associations The rural electric cooperatives in Iowa are classified for census purposes as private cooperatives. They are not counted as governments. IA - p. 8 Iowa laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. KS - p. 1 KANSAS Kansas ranks 5th. among the States in number of local governments, with 3,891 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (105) There are no areas in Kansas lacking county government. The county governing body is called the board of county commissioners. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (1,980) The 1,980 subcounty general purpose governments in Kansas comprise the 627 municipal (city) governments and the 1,353 township governments. Municipal Governments (627) All of the municipal governments in Kansas are locally designated as cities. Cities are divided by general law into the following size classes: First class--15,000 inhabitants or more Second class--2,000 to 14,999 inhabitants Third class--fewer than 2,000 inhabitants However, second class cities may continue as such until they reach a population of 25,000, when they are required by law to become first class cities; similarly, third class cities may remain as such until they reach a population of 5,000. A 1963 law specifies a minimum population requirement of 300 population. Third class cities exist within township areas, but first and second class cities exist outside the area of any township. Township Governments (1,353) The entire area of Kansas is covered by townships except for areas where first and second class cities exist. In recent years, a number of township governments in Kansas have become inactive. These inactive townships are not counted as governments for census purposes. At present, active township governments exist in 97 of the 105 Kansas counties. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (324) School District Governments (324) The following types of school districts in Kansas are counted as separate governments for census purposes: Unified school districts Community college districts Municipal universities An elected board of education, or "school board," governs each unified school district, except for the Fort Leavenworth School District. The board of that KS - p. 2 district is appointed by the commanding general of Fort Leavenworth. An elected board of trustees governs each community college district. Municipal universities are governed by boards of regents, with four members appointed by the governing body of the city, the mayor, or another member of the city governing body, a member of the State board of regents, and 3 members appointed by the Governor. The Washburn University of Topeka was the only municipal university reported in operation as of January 1992. Kansas statutes also provide for municipal universities whose taxing district encompasses an entire county, but none was reported in operation as of January 1992. All school district governments in Kansas may levy ad valorem school taxes and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Kansas has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities Agencies providing special education and related services may be established by an "interlocal agreement" between two or more school districts. A board of directors governs each such agency; the number of representatives from each participating school district is specified in the agreement. The agency may receive contributions from participating school districts, and State and Federal grants. These agencies are classified as joint agencies of the participating school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. As of January 1992, there were 14 interlocal agencies of this type reported in operation. Area vocational-technical schools are established by one or more boards of school districts operating a high school, junior college, or institution of higher learning upon approval of a plan presented to the State board of vocational education. A board of control administers each area vocational-technical school; it may be the board of the school district in which the school is located, or one or more representatives from the school board of each participating school district. The participating school districts may levy local ad valorem taxes to finance these schools. For census reporting, area vocational-technical schools are classified as joint educational service agencies of the participating school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. As of January 1992, there were 13 area vocational-technical schools reported in operation. Benefit districts for fire protection, which cover the same area and have the same governing body as a unified school district, are also authorized. Legislation adopted in 1990 permits these districts to issue general obligation bonds upon voter approval. These districts are classified as adjuncts of the unified school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. KS - p. 3 Educational service centers may be established by agreement between two or more school districts. A board of directors, appointed according to terms specified in the agreement, administers each center. The participating school districts contribute funds for the support of the centers. For census purposes, educational service centers are classified as joint educational service agencies of the participating school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. There were 12 educational service centers reported in operation as of January 1992. Special education cooperatives are formed by agreement between two or more school districts. One of the participating districts sponsors the programs of the cooperative under the agreement; the other participating districts make contributions to the cooperative under contract. These cooperatives are classified as joint educational service agencies of the participating school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. As of January 1992, there were 30 special education cooperatives reported in operation. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (1,482) Kansas statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Boards of Public Utilities (in Cities Having Over 100,000 Population) These districts are established by the legislature to supply water and electric power. An elected board of commissioners governs the district. The district may fix water and electricity fees and, after voter approval, issue bonds. In addition, a city served by a board of public utilities may transfer control and operation of its municipal airport to the board. The Kansas City Board of Public Utilities is the only entity organized under this law. Cemetery Districts The following types of cemetery districts are counted as governments for census purposes: Cemetery district associations. Established by petition of voters to the county commissioners and governed by elected directors; Cemetery districts (joint city and township). Composed of a second or third class city in conjunction with one or more townships and established by petition of voters to the county commissioners and resolution by the city governing body, with administration by a board of trustees composed of the township trustees and the city mayor; KS - p. 4 Cemetery districts (township). Established by petition of voters to the county commissioners plus resolution adopted by townshp; governed by elected directors; Cemetery districts (abandoned cemeteries). Established by petition of voters to the county commissioners and governed by a board of trustees composed of township trustees and mayor. All of the above types of cemetery districts may levy an ad valorem tax. Cemetery district associations may issue bonds. City-County Airport Authorities In any county with a population between 125,000 and 200,000, an authority may be established by referendum to acquire, operate, and develop a surplus Air Force base. A board of five directors governs each authority, including two appointed by the county commissioners and three appointed by the mayor. The authority may levy ad valorem taxes, fix charges, and issue bonds. The Metro Topeka Airport Authority was formed under this act. Community Building Districts General law authorizes any city of the third class together with its surrounding area to be organized as a community building district on petition of voters to the board of county commissioners. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes. Conservation Districts These districts are established upon petition of land occupiers to the State conservation commission, after referendum. A board of 5 elected supervisors governs each district. The districts may require contributions and accept Federal, State, and county assistance. County grants may be made from either the county general fund or a special county tax levy. Drainage Districts There are four general laws authorizing drainage districts in Kansas. A 1905 law provides for establishment by the county commissioners on petition of taxpayers; two 1911 laws provide for establishment by the district court on petition of landowners; and a 1963 law authorizing joint drainage districts provides for petition of landowners filed with the secretary of State after local referendum. The joint drainage districts and those established under the 1905 law are governed by elected boards of directors, while under the 1911 laws, administration is either an elected board of supervisors or an elected board of directors, depending on the particular statute under which the KS - p. 5 district was established. Each of these types of districts may levy ad valorem taxes or benefit assessments. Bond issues must be approved by the voters. Fire Districts In counties having over 90,000 population and having a city of the first class with a population of less than 50,000, fire districts may be established by resolution of the county commissioners upon petition of voters. The county commissioners appoint the district governing body. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and, after voter approval, issue bonds. No districts of this type were reported in operation as of January 1992. Ground Water Management Districts These districts are established on petition of users to the chief engineer of the State division of water resources and the secretary of State after referendum. A board of directors elected by the water users governs each district. The district may levy special assessments, fix charges for its services, and, after voter approval, issue bonds. Hospital Districts--1984 Law Districts to provide hospital facilities are established by petition to the board of county commissioners. An elected board governs the district. The district may fix rates and fees, levy ad valorem taxes, accept grants and gifts, and, with voter approval, may issue bonds. Hospital districts organized under former laws repealed in 1984 may continue to operate under provisions of this 1984 law. Housing Authorities Housing authorities may be created by resolution of the city governing body. The authority commissioners are appointed by the mayor or the board of county commissioners. Housing authorities may fix rentals, accept Federal and local contributions, and issue bonds. As an alternative, cities may exercise the powers of a housing authority. In cities exercising this option, the housing authority is not counted as a separate government. Improvement Districts Districts for the purpose of planning and constructing public works and improvements necessary for public health, convenience, or welfare are formed on petition of taxpayers to the county commissioners and after public hearing. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and special benefit assessments. Improvement districts may also receive Federal aid, charge rates and fees, and issue bonds. KS - p. 6 Industrial Districts Under general law, industrial districts may be established by the board of county commissioners on petition of landowners. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, accept grants, and issue bonds. Irrigation Districts Irrigation districts may be established under an 1891 law on petition of landowners to the board of county commissioners, or a 1941 law requiring petition to the division of water resources of the State board of agriculture and a public hearing. An elected board of commissioners administers each district under the 1891 law; an elected board of directors governs each district under the 1941 law. Both types of districts may collect rates and charges, levy taxes on the lands benefited, and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. Johnson County Park and Recreation District The budget of this district is now subject to county approval. Therefore, this district is no longer counted as a special district government. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Joint Port Authorities Joint port authorities may be created by agreement between any combination of cities and/or counties. Composition of the board of directors is specified in the agreement. These authorities may levy ad valorem taxes, receive grants, and issue revenue bonds. Authorities serving a single city or county are not counted as separate governments for census purposes. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Kansas City Area Transportation Authority This authority is counted under "Missouri--Special District Governments." Kansas Municipal Energy Agency This agency is now listed under "Municipal Energy Agencies." Library Districts Kansas statutes authorize the following types of library districts: Library boards in Hutchinson, Salina, and Topeka. These three library boards operate under special provisions not applicable to other library boards. Each of these three boards is appointed by the mayor with the consent of the council. The directors may levy an annual ad valorem tax. KS - p. 7 Library boards in third class cities and townships. These districts may be created on petition of voters to the board of county commissioners after referendum. A board of elected directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds upon voter approval. Regional library system boards--1965 law. Any one or more local library boards may petition the State library advisory commission for establishment of a regional library system board. The counties and the member libraries to be served are specified in the petition. The system board consists of one or more representatives of each member library board, and one or more representatives appointed by the Governor to represent areas within the system boundaries but not served by a member library board. Regional library system boards may accept State and Federal grants and may levy ad valorem taxes. Missouri-Kansas Development District and Agency This district was authorized by a compact between Kansas and Missouri for comprehensive area planning in the fields of highways, sewerage, recreation, land use, and operation of freight terminals. It is governed by a board of commissioners, with five commissioners from each State selected according to the laws of that State. The district may fix user fees for terminal facilities, receive appropriations, and issue revenue and mortgage bonds. This district was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Municipal Energy Agencies Agencies to provide electric utilities and energy projects are established by an agreement between two or more municipalities; a referendum is required only if voters petition for one. A board of directors governs each agency; the composition is specified in the agreement creating the agency. The agency may fix rates and charges for its services, and may issue revenue bonds. The Kansas Municipal Energy Agency was created under this law. Public Building Commissions Public building commissions may be established by ordinance by any city to acquire public buildings and lease them to other governments. The composition of the commission is specified in the establishing ordinance. A commission may fix rates, rentals, and charges. After providing voters an opportunity to petition for a referendum, a commission may issue revenue bonds. KS - p. 8 Public Wholesale Water Supply Districts Any county, township, city, town, water district, or State agency may form a district of this type by agreement, subject to approval by the attorney general. The sponsoring governments appoint the members of the district governing body. The districts may collect fees and charges, accept grants and gifts, and issue revenue bonds. Watershed Districts These districts are established by petition of landowners to the secretary of State and chief engineer of the division of water resources of the State board of agriculture after referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy an ad valorem tax and special benefit assessments, and issue bonds after voter approval. Water Supply Districts Kansas statutes authorize the following types of water supply districts: Rural water districts--1957 law. Districts organized under this law are created on petition of landowners to the board of county commissioners and after public hearing. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy benefit assessments, accept Federal aid and gifts, and issue revenue bonds. Rural water supply districts--1941 law. Districts organized under this law are established by petition of landowners to the board of county commissioners. The landowners within the district constitute the district board of directors. The district may levy benefit assessments and may issue bonds. Water Assurance Districts--1986 Law. Districts organized under this law to provide water supply are established by petition to the Kansas Water Board, after referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may impose charges. The Kansas State Water Office may issue revenue bonds for reservoir projects, payable through revenue obtained through contracts with the district. Water supply and distribution districts in Franklin, Johnson, Miami, and Wayndotte Counties. Boards organized under this law are established by the county commissioners after a petition by voters. An elected district board governs each district. The districts may fix water rates and issue revenue bonds after voter approval. KS - p. 9 Waterworks boards in cities over 15,000 population with an adjacent military reservation. This law applies to the city of Leavenworth. Boards under this law are established by petition to the city clerk, after referendum. The waterworks board is elected. The board may fix rates. Bonds, which require voter approval, are issued in the name of the city. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Kansas that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. Kansas Turnpike Authority (State). This authority was established by special act. The authority board consists of two members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate, plus the State secretary of transportation and the chairpersons of the senate committee on transportation and utilities and the house transportation committee, ex officio. The authority may collect tolls and charges, and issue revenue bonds. Urban renewal agencies (municipal). These agencies are created by resolution of the municipal governing body. A board of commissioners appointed by the mayor with the consent of the governing body administers each agency. The sponsoring municipality may appropriate funds, levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, issue bonds for urban renewal purposes, and accept contributions from the Federal Government and other sources. KS - p. 10 Other examples include: State Capitol Area Plaza Authority Extension districts Information Network of Kansas Kansas, Inc. Kansas Development Finance Authority Kansas Technology Enterprise Corporation County Benefit districts for fire protection, street lights, storm and sanitary sewers, and road improvement (county-created) Benefit road districts *County fire districts County hospital boards--1984 law County library boards County park boards of trustees County port authorities County sports authorities Johnson County Park and Recreation District Johnson County Wholesale Water Supply District *Joint county fire protection districts Levee districts Regional library boards--1951 law Sewer districts *Storm drainage districts *Water districts (counties of fewer than 100,000 inhabitants and adjoining a Federal reservoir flood control project) Zoning districts Municipal Airport authorities (cities with 250,000 or more inhabitants) Benefit districts for sidewalk, street, or alley improvements, sewers, and parking stations (city-created) Business improvement districts City library boards (except Hutchinson, Salina, and Topeka) City port authorities Hospital boards in first and second class cities Joint storm drainage districts Lighting districts Metropolitan transit authorities Municipal improvement districts (Lawrence) Municipal parking authorities Municipal transit systems Natural gas authorities Recreation commissions Redevelopment districts--1989 law Self-supported municipal improvement districts Sewerage or drainage districts Storm drainage districts (first class cities with 50,000 or more inhabitants) Zoning districts KS - p. 11 Township Benefit districts for fire protection and lighting (township-created) Regional library boards Special fire protection districts Township library boards Township sewerage districts Kansas statutes also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. KY - p. 1 KENTUCKY Kentucky ranks 23rd. among the States in number of local governments, with 1,320 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (119) The entire area of the State is encompassed by county governments except for the area of the former county of Fayette. Effective January 1, 1974, Fayette County was consolidated with the city of Lexington to form a single governmental entity known as "Lexington- Fayette Urban County," which is counted as a municipal government, rather than as a county government, in census reporting. Most counties are governed by a fiscal court composed of 3 to 8 magistrates and the county judge/executive, but in 16 counties, the governing body is composed of 3 commissioners. The county judge is a member of, and the presiding officer of, the fiscal court. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (435) Municipal Governments (435) Municipal governments in Kentucky are the cities. The cities are classified by number of inhabitants, as follows: Urban counties--consolidated city-county governments First class--100,000 inhabitants or more Second class--20,000 to 99,999 inhabitants Third class--8,000 to 19,999 inhabitants Fourth class--3,000 to 7,999 inhabitants Fifth class--1,000 to 2,999 inhabitants Sixth class--fewer than 1,000 inhabitants No city may be changed from one class to another except by legislative action. Communities must have 300 or more inhabitants to incorporate. The "unincorporated urban places" in Kentucky are geographical areas only, without associated governmental structure. They are not counted as governments. Township Governments (0) Kentucky has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (176) School District Governments (176) The following types of school districts in Kentucky are counted as separate governments for census purposes: County school districts Independent (city) school districts The county school districts encompass the entire area of the county except for localities within an KY - p. 2 independent school district. The independent school districts, by contrast, usually embrace cities of the first five classes, although some cities, including Louisville, are served by county school districts. An elected board of education governs each school district. The board may determine the amount of local school tax levies and may issue general obligation bonds with the approval of the voters. With the approval of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, a school district may also require the city or county it serves to issue "holding company" revenue bonds, to be amortized from school district resources. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Kentucky has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities General law provides for municipal colleges in second class cities administered by boards of trustees appointed by the mayor and the legislative body of the city. The city governing body may appropriate funds for the support of such a college and may issue bonds with the approval of the voters. A municipal college is classified, for census purposes, as a dependent agency of the city it serves. It is not counted as a separate government. A municipal college support district may be established by the fiscal court of a county in which such a municipal college is located to provide for a tax levy outside the city area. Such a district is classified as a dependent agency of the county government, and is not counted as a separate government. A municipal university may be established by a first class city by levy of taxes, annual appropriation of general revenues, and other sources. However, the University of Louisville, which operated under this law, is now part of the State system of higher education. In addition, boards of education in cities of the second class may establish or acquire junior colleges and levy ad valorem taxes for their support. These are classified as part of the school district operating them, and are not counted as separate governments. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (590) Kentucky statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Ambulance Service Districts Districts of this type are established upon petition to, or resolution of, the governing body of each county or city in the district, after referendum. As an alternative, ambulance service districts may be established by county or city ordinance. Each ambulance service district is governed by a board of directors KY - p. 3 representing the counties and cities served; the number of directors selected by the governing body of each county or city is determined by statute. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and accept gifts and grants. Breaks Interstate Park Commission This commission is counted under "Virginia--Special District Governments." Conservation Districts Conservation districts may be formed by the State soil and water conservation commission on petition of landowners in the area of the proposed district and after public hearing and referendum of property owners. A board of seven supervisors governs each district; the initial board includes two supervisors appointed by the State soil and water conservation commission and five elected supervisors. Their successors are elected. The districts may accept aid and contributions from the State or the Federal Government, require contributions from landowners for services rendered, and levy a millage tax. Watershed conservancy districts may be formed as subdistricts of a conservation district upon petition, hearing, and referendum. Subject to the approval of the conservation district board, the elected board of directors of these watershed conservancy districts may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and issue bonds. Agricultural districts for the preservation of farm land may also be created. These districts are governed by the conservation district supervisors in an ex officio capacity, and are thus classified as dependent activities of the conservation district. They are not counted as separate governments. Drainage Districts Kentucky law provides for the organization of any of the following three types of drainage districts that are counted as governments: County boards of drainage commissioners Drainage districts--act of 1918 Separate drainage districts--1912 law Drainage districts are established by order of the county judge/executive or the county fiscal court on petition of landowners after referendum. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. Drainage districts may levy special benefit assessments, issue bonds, and accept appropriations. Kentucky laws also provide for drainage corporations, listed below under "Subordinate Agencies and Areas." KY - p. 4 Fire Protection Districts Kentucky law provides for the organization of two types of fire protection districts--fire protection or volunteer fire department districts (established by order of the county judge/executive upon petition of voters). Both types of districts are governed by boards of trustees comprising three members appointed by the county judge/executive, and four elected. District boards may levy ad valorem taxes. Both types of districts may also provide ambulance services. For fire protection districts established by, and governed by, water district boards, see "Water Districts," below. Flood Control Districts Flood control districts are created by the State commissioner of natural resources after petition of landowners and a public hearing. A board of directors governs each district, and is appointed by the county judges/executives of counties in the district and the mayor of any first, second, or third class city within the district. The number of directors representing each member county or city is specified by statute. These districts may issue bonds and levy an annual ad valorem tax. Hospital Districts Hospital districts are established by the State secretary of human resources after petition of the voters to the county judge/executive with the approval of the fiscal court. A local referendum is required unless a majority of the voters sign the initiating petition. The governing body, a board of trustees, is appointed by the fiscal court. In districts located in two or more counties, the board consists of at least one, but not more than four, members from each county, based on population. Additional members are recommended by the State secretary of human resources for appointment by the county fiscal court if necessary to provide for a five-member board. Hospital district boards may issue revenue bonds, fix and collect charges for services, and levy ad valorem taxes at a rate authorized in the initiating petition or referendum. Housing Authorities Three of the four types of housing authorities authorized in Kentucky--county, regional, and city- county housing authorities--are counted as special district governments. Municipal housing authorities are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. KY - p. 5 Housing authorities may be established by resolution of the respective city or county governing bodies. The respective city or county governing bodies also appoint the housing authority commissioners. These housing authorities may issue bonds, establish and collect rentals and charges, and accept grants. Land Bank Authorities Authorities to acquire tax delinquent property in order to provide housing and industries within a county are created by an interlocal agreement between any city, county, and local school district, and the State. The authority governing body consists of one member appointed by each participating government. The authorities may fix rentals. Levee Districts These districts, which are authorized in counties with less than 200,000 population, are established by the district court on petition of landowners in the proposed district. In addition, multi-county levee districts may be formed. The governing body, a board of commissioners, is appointed by the county judge/ executive. The district board may issue bonds, levy ad valorem taxes, and receive county or Federal aid. Louisville-Jefferson County Air Pollution Control District This district was established under general law with special application to counties containing a first or second class city. The seven-member district board includes three members appointed by the county judge/executive and four members appointed by the mayor of Louisville. The district may certify each year the amount of ad valorem tax revenue it needs. Other air pollution control districts in Kentucky are governed by the county governing body ex officio and are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Metropolitan Sewer Districts Metropolitan sewer districts may be established by city ordinance to provide sewerage services in any county containing a first class city. A seven-member board governs each district; four members are appointed by the city mayor, and three by the county judge/executive. The district may fix and collect rates for sewer services, and may issue revenue bonds. Construction subdistricts established by metropolitan sewer districts are dependent activities of the parent district, and are not counted as separate governments. KY - p. 6 Public Library Districts--1960 and 1964 Laws Public library districts may be created by petition of the voters to the county fiscal court in each county in the proposed district or by referendum. The governing body is a board of trustees chosen by the county judge/ executive upon the recommendation of the State department of library and archives. The district may issue bonds and levy ad valorem taxes at the rate authorized in the initiating referendum or petition; a change in the rate requires voter approval. Regional libraries, also counted as governments, may be established by contract between two or more counties. A board of trustees, appointed by joint action of the county boards of member counties, governs each district. Their fiscal needs are met by county appropriations; the amount to be contributed by each member county is in proportion to the assessed valuation of the county. Public Road Districts These districts may be established in any county containing a first, second, third, or fourth class city by the county judge/executive after petition of landowners and public hearing. A board of directors appointed by the county judge/executive governs each district. The district may issue bonds and levy special assessments. Sanitation Districts Districts to provide for the collection and disposal of sewage may be created on petition of landowners to the Secretary of Natural Resources after approval by the county board of health. However, these districts may not include any territory within municipalities without the approval of the respective municipal governing bodies. The county judge/executive appoints a board of directors for each district. If the district covers two or more counties, the number of directors per county is specified by statute. Sanitation districts may issue bonds, fix and collect benefit assessments, and impose charges for services. Subdistricts established by a sanitation district are not counted as separate governments. Sanitation Tax Districts Sanitation tax districts are established by resolution of the county governing body, either on its own initiative or on petition from a metropolitan sewer district. A board of five members appointed by the county judge/executive governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, receive rentals from metropolitan sewer districts, and issue bonds payable from those rentals. KY - p. 7 Sewer Construction Districts Sewer construction districts may be established by the district court of any county having a metropolitan sewer district, upon petition of landowners. A board of commissioners, appointed by the county judge/executive, governs each district. The districts may levy benefit assessments and issue bonds. Construction subdistricts established by metropolitan sewer districts are classified for census purposes as adjuncts of the parent district, and are not counted as separate governments. Solid Waste Management Districts These districts may be created by order of the county governing body. The district board consists of the county judge/executive of each county in the district, plus the mayor of the largest city of each county in the district. Solid waste management districts may fix fees or charges, and levy ad valorem taxes. The Falls of the Ohio Interstate Park Commission The Falls of the Ohio Interstate Park Commission, whose jurisdiction extends into Indiana, was authorized by interstate compact. The commission consists of 3 commissioners appointed by the Governor of each of the two States. One of the Kentucky members is the Lieutenant Governor. This commission may issue revenue bonds and fix and collect charges as well as accept appropriations and gifts. This commission was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Authorizing legislation for this commission has been repealed by Indiana. Transit Authorities Transit authorities encompassing two or more counties or cities may be established by joint resolution of the participating governments. A board consisting of representatives of the participating governments governs each authority. Transit authorities may set fares and other charges, accept grants, and issue bonds. In addition, the governments served by a transit authority may, with voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes for the benefit of the authority. The Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky (serving Boone, Campbell, and Kenton Counties) and the Transit Authority of River City (serving the Louisville area) were established under this law. Transit authorities serving only one county or city are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Urban Service Districts A general law of 1960 provides for the establishment of these districts by the district court, after voter approval, for any of the following purposes: Police and KY - p. 8 fire protection; construction and maintenance of streets, alleys, and walks; library services; garbage and trash collection and disposal; street lighting and cleaning; parks and playgrounds; and sewer, drainage, and sewage treatment services and facilities. A council, elected by the voters, governs each district. The district may collect fees for services and may levy assessments. Water Districts After a finding of need by the Kentucky Public Service Commission, districts for acquiring, maintaining, and operating water facilities and sewage disposal systems are established by the district court after petition of landowners and public hearing. The county judge/executive appoints a board of three commissioners for each district. If the district is located in two or more counties, the board has five members who are selected by the county judges/executives of the member counties in accordance with statute. The district board may issue bonds, levy benefit assessments, fix and collect rates and charges, and accept aid from the county government. These districts may also acquire and operate gas distribution systems if the primary supply is within the district or county, and may establish fire protection districts coterminous with the establishing district and administered by the water district board. For fire protection districts governed by a separate board, see "Fire Protection Districts," above. West Fork Drakes Creek Dam and Reservoir Interstate Authority This authority to build a dam across the west fork of Drakes Creek was created by a 1990 special act. A board of nine directors consisting of appointed representatives of local governments in the area governs the authority. The authority may fix rentals and fees, receive State and local appropriations, and issue revenue bonds. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Kentucky that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Joint sewer agencies (county or municipal). These agencies to provide sewer and drainage facilities are established jointly by the governing body of a second- class city and the governing body of the county within which the city is located. An administrative board selected by the city and county governing bodies governs the agency. Agency revenues are from rates, rentals, and charges fixed by the city and county governing bodies KY - p. 9 acting jointly. Bond issues require the approval of the city and county governing bodies. Kentucky Housing Corporation (State). This agency was created to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. The corporation is governed by a 16-member board of directors, 8 of whom are appointed by the Governor, plus the Lieutenant Governor, the secretary of finance, the commissioner for local government, the commissioner of revenue, the attorney general, the secretary of the cabinet for development, the secretary of transportation, and the commissioner of commerce (or their designees), who serve in an ex officio capacity. The corporation may fix fees and charges in connection with its loans, accept grants and appropriations, and issue revenue bonds. Municipal housing authorities (municipal). Each of these authorities is created by the city governing body. The authority board consists of the chief executive officer of the city plus members appointed by the chief executive with the approval of the city governing body. The sponsoring city government may issue bonds for housing projects payable solely from housing authority income. The authority may charge rentals for use of facilities and accept financial and other aid from the Federal and municipal governments and other public agencies (see "Special District Governments," above, for county, city-county, and regional housing authorities). Nonprofit corporations financing public facilities (county, municipal, or school district). A number of nonprofit corporations have been established in Kentucky to finance public facilities. Such corporations are governed by officials selected by the county, municipal, or school district government creating the corporation. These corporations may collect rentals from the government served, and may issue revenue bonds. In the 1987 Census of Governments, and in earlier census reporting, nonprofit corporations financing public facilities were classified as private entities, and were thus excluded from census statistics on governments. State Properties and Building Commission (State). This commission was created by act of the legislature. It consists of the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the attorney general, the secretary of the cabinet for development, the secretary of finance, and the commissioner of revenue serving in an ex officio capacity. The commission may accept State appropriations, charge rentals for its facilities, and issue revenue bonds. Turnpike projects (State). The State department of transportation may construct and maintain turnpike projects, issue revenue bonds to finance the projects, and collect tolls for their use. KY - p. 10 In 1960, the Kentucky Turnpike Authority was created as a State agency to provide an alternate method for the construction and financing of turnpike projects. The authority board consists of the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the commissioner of transportation, the State highway engineer, and the attorney general. The authority may collect tolls and rentals for its facilities, receive grants, and issue bonds. Urban renewal, community development, and local development authorities (municipal or county). These agencies may be created by resolution of the governing body of a county or municipality. Members of the agency board are appointed by the chief executive officer of the city or the county judge/executive with the approval of the city or county governing body. These agencies may receive appropriations from the sponsoring county or municipality as well as gifts, grants, and revenues from projects, and may issue revenue bonds. Other examples include: State Area development districts Bluegrass State Skills Corporation Capital Plaza Authority Churchill Downs Authority Computer Services for the Blind Corporation Covered wooden bridge authorities East Kentucky Economic Development and Jobs Creation Corporation Kentucky Agricultural Finance Corporation Kentucky Authority for Educational Television Kentucky Coal Authority Kentucky Development Finance Authority Kentucky Educational Savings Plan Trust Kentucky Energy Park Authority Kentucky Grain Insurance Corporation Kentucky Health and Geriatric Authority Kentucky Higher Education Assistance Authority Kentucky Higher Education Student Loan Corporation Kentucky Horse Park Commission Kentucky Infrastructure Authority (formerly Kentucky Pollution Abatement and Water Resources Authority) Kentucky Local Correctional Facilities Construction Authority Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission Kentucky Port and River Development Commission Kentucky Recycling Brokerage Authority Kentucky River Authority Kentucky Rural Economic Development Authority Kentucky Savings Bond Authority Kentucky School Facilities Construction Commission (formerly Kentucky School Building Authority) Mining and Minerals Trust Fund Waterway Marina Development Commission and districts KY - p. 11 County Air pollution control districts Community improvement districts (in counties containing first or second class cities) Cooperative extension service districts (sometimes called "extension districts") County air boards or airport authorities County building commissions County drainage corporations County health boards District health boards Independent district health departments Industrial development authorities Joint sewer agencies Mental health and mental retardation taxing districts Neighborhood improvement districts Public health taxing districts Public libraries (county) Public transit authorities (single-county) Regional jail authorities Riverport authorities Surface water drainage districts Tourism and convention commissions (county) Zoning and planning commissions Municipal City air boards or airport authorities City bridge commissions Industrial development authorities Joint park and recreation boards (joint city) Joint sewer agencies Louisville Water Company Management districts (first class cities) Management districts (cities other than first class) Mental health and mental retardation taxing districts Motor vehicle parking authorities (single-city) Overlay districts Parking authorities in urban counties Public libraries (municipal) Public transit authorities (single-city) Riverport authorities Service districts in urban counties Tourism and convention commissions (municipal) Zoning and planning commissions Joint city-county Area planning commissions City-county health departments Industrial development authorities Joint park and recreation boards (joint city-county) Kentucky Center for the Arts Corporation Louisville-Jefferson County Board of Health Louisville-Jefferson County Regional Airport Authority (formerly Louisville-Jefferson County Air Board) KY - p. 12 Louisville-Jefferson County Riverport Authority Mental health and mental retardation taxing districts Motor vehicle parking authorities (joint county-city) Tourism and convention commissions (joint county- city) Zoning and planning commissions Kentucky laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. LA - p. 1 LOUISIANA Louisiana ranks 42nd. among the States in number of local governments, with 458 as of January 1992. PARISH GOVERNMENTS (61) In Louisiana, the county governments are legally designated "parish" governments. The entire area of the State is encompassed by parish government except for the parishes of East Baton Rouge, Orleans, and Terrebonne. These three parishes are substantially consolidated, for governmental purposes, with the cities of Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and Houma, respectively. Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government are counted as municipal governments, rather than as parish governments, in census statistics on governments. In Louisiana parishes with parish government, the governing body is called the police jury, except in Jefferson Parish, which has a parish council, and in Plaquemines Parish, which has a commission council. SUBPARISH GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (301) Municipal Governments (301) Municipal governments in Louisiana are the cities (municipalities having 5,000 inhabitants or more), towns (municipalities having 1,000 to 5,000 inhabitants), and villages (municipalities having 150 to 1,000 inhabitants). Minimum population for incorporation is 300. Township Governments (0) Louisiana has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (66) School District Governments (66) The following types of school districts in Louisiana are counted as separate governments for census purposes: Parish school districts City school districts An elected parish school board administers all local schools in each parish, except for the two city school districts of Monroe and Bogalusa, each established by special act. The city districts are also governed by elected boards. Both parish and city school districts may levy taxes, and may issue bonds upon voter approval. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Louisiana has no dependent public school systems. LA - p. 2 Other Educational Activities Delgado College is not counted as a government. This college is owned by the city of New Orleans, but is operated, under contract, by the State and its activites are included, for census statistics, with those of the State government. The Northeast Louisiana Sales Tax District was established by special act to provide additional funds for school districts and parish purposes by means of a 1 percent district-wide sales tax. It is governed by a board of commissioners composed of the president of the Monroe city school board and the presidents of the parish school boards of Caldwell, Catahoula, Concordia, East Carroll, Franklin, Jackson, Lincoln, Madison, Morehouse, Ouachita, Richland, Tensas, Union, and West Carroll Parishes. The district is not counted as a government. Louisiana statutes also authorize parish school boards to establish various kinds of subordinate areas or bodies for local school administration--junior college districts, school districts within parishes, school subdistricts, special education districts, and consolidated school districts. These are not counted as governments. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (30) Louisiana statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Acadiana Railroad Development District This district was created by 1988 legislation to develop rail lines in Lafayette and St. Landry Parishes. A board of seven commissioners, appointed by the Governor, governs the district. The district may charge fees and rentals and, with voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Amite River Drainage and Water Conservation District This district was created by special act to facilitate flood control and water resources development in the Amite River area (Ascension, East Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, St. Helena, and St. James Parishes). The board of commissioners consists of 13 members; one member is appointed by the Governor from the district at large and 12 are appointed by the Governor following nominations by members of the legislature serving that portion of each parish within the district. The board may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. LA - p. 3 Bayou Lafourche Fresh Water District This district was established by special act to provide fresh water in portions of Ascension, Assumption, and Lafourche Parishes. It is governed by a board that is appointed by the police juries of the three parishes included in the district. The district may fix charges for water, levy taxes, and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. Bi-State Corridor Commission This commission was created by 1991 legislation to finance the construction of a highway between Red River, Bienville, Sabine, and Webster Parishes in Louisiana and Columbia County in Arkansas. The commission consists of representatives of the cities, parishes, and counties served. The commission may collect user fees and charges with voter approval, and may issue revenue bonds. Capital Area Groundwater Conservation District This district was authorized by special act to provide for development of groundwater resources. It is governed by a board of 15 commissioners appointed by the Governor from panels submitted by various public and private agencies. The district may fix user charges and accept grants. Chennault Industrial Air Park Authority This authority was established by intergovernmental agreement pursuant to 1986 legislation to develop an industrial air park in Calcasieu Parish. The authority is governed by a board of commissioners, of whom two are appointed by Calcasieu Parish, two by the city of Lake Charles, one by the parish school board, one by the State board of elementary and secondary education, and one by the other six. The authority may receive revenue from the sale or lease of its facilities, and may, upon voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Concordia Lake Commission District This district was authorized by special act to regulate boating, hunting, and fishing on Lake Concordia. It is governed by a board of five members appointed by the Governor. The district may impose license fees and accept appropriations and grants. This district was not reported in operation as of January 1992. LA - p. 4 East St. Tammany Events Center District This district was established by 1986 legislation to acquire, construct, develop, maintain, and operate an events center. The district governing body consists of one member appointed by the mayor of Slidell, three by the city council of Slidell, one by the board of aldermen of Pearl River, two by the St. Tammany Parish police jury, and two by the Greater Slidell Area Chamber of Commerce. The district may fix rates, charges, and rentals for its facilities and services. Upon voter approval, it may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and issue bonds. Evangeline Parish Solid Waste Disposal District This district was created by special act to operate and maintain solid waste disposal facilities in the parish of Evangeline. It is governed by a commission consisting of 13 commissioners; 6 are appointed by the governing authority of Evangeline Parish and seven are appointed by the mayors of all municipalities within the parish. The commission may levy ad valorem taxes and, with voter approval, issue bonds. Joint Electric Power Generation and Transmission Facilities Joint electric power generation and transmission facilities serving two or more municipalities are established by agreement among participating municipalities upon passage of an ordinance by each participating muicipality ratifying the agreement. The composition of the governing body is specified in the agreement establishing the facility. Member municipalities may appropriate funds for the facility and issue bonds on its behalf. The amount of funds to be appropriated by, and the bonds to be issued by, each participating municipality, are specified in the agreement. Public power authorities serving a single municipality are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Juvenile Justice Districts These districts have been established by special acts to provide facilities for the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders: Florida Parishes Juvenile Justice District Northwest Louisiana Juvenile Detention Center District Tangipahoa Parish Juvenile Justice District Tri-Parish Juvenile Justice District Similar provisions apply to each of these districts. Each is governed by a board of commissioners appointed by State and local officials representing the courts in the area served. The districts may assess fines on offenders and, upon voter approval, may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. LA - p. 5 La Salle-Grant Solid Waste Disposal District This district was established by 1990 legislation to provide solid waste collection and disposal services in Grant and La Salle Parishes. A board of commissioners consisting of three members appointed by the police jury of each of the two parishes governs the district. The district may, upon voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Louisiana Energy and Power Authority This authority was established by law to provide electric power as needed across the entire State. Individual municipalities may elect to participate. The governing board consists of one representative from each participating municipality. The authority may fix and collect rents, rates, and fees for use of electric power and energy, services, facilities, and commodities. The authority may issue bonds upon approval of the Louisiana State bond commission. Louisiana Local Government Environmental Facilities Authority This authority is established by 1991 legislation, after resolution of three or more political subdivisions, to assist local governments in constructing, extending, and repairing environmental facilities like sewage treatment and solid waste disposal facilities. A board of directors consisting of representatives of the participating governments governs the authority. The authority may fix fees, rentals, and charges, enter into cost sharing agreements with participating governments, and issue bonds. Louisiana Municipal Natural Gas Purchasing and Distribution Authority This authority is established by 1987 legislation, after resolution of participating governments, to purchase and distribute natural gas to participating municipalities. A board of directors consisting of representatives of each participating municipality governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, fees, and charges, and issue revenue bonds. North and South Rapides Parish Sanitation Districts These districts were authorized by 1985 legislation to provide solid waste collection and disposal services. A board appointed jointly by the mayors of the participating municipalities, plus 1 member appointed by the parish police jury and 2 members by the Governor, governs each district. Upon voter approval, these districts may levy a sales and use tax. LA - p. 6 Parish Economic Development Districts These districts have been authorized by local acts to encourage economic development: Caddo-Bossier Parishes Port Commission England Economic and Industrial Development District (in Rapides Parish) Grant Economic Development District La Salle Economic Development District Morehouse Economic Development District Natchitoches Economic Development District Rapides Economic Development District Ruston-Lincoln Economic Development District St. Landry Parish Economic and Industrial Development District Terrebonne Economic Development District Tri-Parish Economic Development District (Catahoula, Concordia, and Tensas Parishes) Similar provisions apply to each of these districts. Each is governed by a board of commissioners appointed by the Governor or by local officials, in accordance with the provisions of specific authorizing legislation. The districts may impose rentals and charges for use of their facilities and, upon voter approval, may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Port, Harbor, and Terminal Districts (special acts) The following districts have been established by special acts to operate port facilities: Abbeville Harbor and Terminal District Alexandria Port Authority Cane River Waterway District Grand Isle Port Commission Greater Lafourche Port Commission Greater Ouachita Port Commission Jennings Navigation District Lafayette Harbor, Terminal, and Industrial Development District Lake Charles Harbor and Terminal District Mermentau River Harbor and Terminal District Morgan City Harbor and Terminal District Port of Iberia District St. Bernard Port, Harbor and Terminal District St. Tammany Parish Port Commission South Tangipahoa Parish Port Commission Terrebonne Port Commission Twin Parish Port Commission Vinton Harbor and Terminal District Washington Parish Port Commission West Calcasieu Port, Harbor and Terminal District Similar provisions apply to each of these districts. Each is governed by a board of commissioners appointed by the Governor or by local officials, according to provisions of specific authorizing legislation. All of these districts may collect rates and fees for the use of their facilities and all may levy ad valorem taxes. LA - p. 7 These districts may issue bonds, but, in most cases, the approval of the voters is necessary. The St. Tammany district was not reported in operation as of January 1992. A number of districts of this type are not counted as governments and are not listed above, in cases where title to property used by the districts is vested specifically in the State, or where the districts are subject to State administrative or fiscal controls. In addition, the Plaquemines Port, Harbor, and Terminal District, which is governed by the parish commission council, is not counted as a government. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Rapides Parish Stormwater Management and Drainage District This district was established by 1982 legislation to acquire, construct, and improve drainage facilities. A board of five commissioners governs the district; one each is appointed by the governing bodies of Alexandria, Pineville, Rapides Parish, and Rapides Soil and Water Conservation District. The Rapides Farm Bureau also appoints one member. The district may, upon voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Regional Transit Authority The Regional Transit Authority was established by law to provide bus and rail transit in the New Orleans metropolitan area. However, participation of any parish is voluntary. The governing body consists of four commissioners, two of whom are appointed by the chief executive officer of the parish that generates the most revenue. The authority may set fares and other charges, accept State and Federal grants, and, with voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes. The authority may issue revenue bonds or, upon voter approval, general obligation bonds. River Parishes Transit Authority This authority was authorized by special act to provide transit service in St. Charles, St. James, and St. John the Baptist Parishes. It is governed by a board of commissioners, with one member appointed by each of the police juries of St. Charles, St. James, and St. John the Baptist Parishes, and four members appointed by the Governor. The authority may fix fares, rentals, and charges, accept grants, receive contributions from member parishes, and issue revenue bonds. This authority was not reported in operation as of January 1992. LA - p. 8 St. Landry Parish Solid Waste Disposal District The St. Landry Parish Solid Waste Disposal District was established by law to provide for a waste collection and disposal system covering all of St. Landry Parish. The district is governed by a nine-member board of commissioners appointed by the St. Landry Parish police jury. The district may levy a property tax and issue bonds with voter approval. The district may also receive the proceeds of a parish sales tax upon voter approval. St. Mary Parish Mass Transit Authority This authority was established by special act to develop and maintain a mass transit system for St. Mary Parish. The authority is governed by a board of five commissioners appoined by the police jury of St. Mary Parish. The authority may accept grants and gifts, may charge and collect fares, rates, rentals, and other charges for its facilities, and may issue revenue bonds. This authority was not reported in operation as of January 1992. South Terrebonne Parish Tidewater Management and Conservation District This district was created by special act to provide drainage and flood control facilities in the south portion of Terrebonne Parish. A board of seven commissioners appointed by the Governor governs the district. The district, upon voter approval, may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Teche-Vermilion Fresh Water District This district was established by a 1969 special act to establish, maintain, and protect a fresh water supply in Bayou Teche and the Vermillion River. It is governed by a board of commissioners composed of one member from each of the parishes in the district and appointed by the respective police juries. The district board may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Terrebonne Parish Artificial Reef Development District This district was established by 1991 legislation to promote and maintain artificial reefs in the waters of Terrebonne Parish. A board of seven commissioners, six appointed by the parish council and one by the parish president, governs the district. The district may fix fees and rentals for facilities and services and, upon voter approval, may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. LA - p. 9 Terrebonne Parish Mass Transit Authority This authority was authorized by special act to provide transit service. It is governed by a board of commissioners, with four members appointed by the president of the Terrebonne Parish Council, and one member appointed by the Houma-Terrebonne Chamber of Commerce. The authority may set and collect rates, fares, rentals, charges, and tolls, and may issue bonds with the approval of the Louisiana State bond commission. This authority was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Tri-Parish Drainage and Water Conservation District This district was established by 1990 legislation to provide drainage and flood control facilities in Iberville, Pointe Coupee, and West Baton Rouge Parishes. A board of nine commissioners, of whom three represent each parish served, governs the district. Upon voter approval, the district may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Tri-State Corridor Commission This commission was authorized by 1990 legislation to undertake economic development in Caddo Parish, Louisiana; Marion, Cass, and Bowie Counties, Texas; and Little River and Miller Counties, Arkansas. A board of 12 commissioners governs the authority; they are appointed by the parish, county, or municipal governments they represent. One ex officio nonvoting member each is appointed by the highway departments of the States of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. The commission may, upon voter approval, levy highway user taxes, fees, and charges. The State governments may issue revenue bonds on behalf of the commission. Watershed Districts (special acts) The following districts have been established by special act to provide flood control, water conservation, and water supply facilities: Claiborne Parish Watershed District Franklin Parish Watershed District Jackson Parish Watershed District Jackson-Bienville Parishes Dugdemona Watershed District Similar provisions apply to each of these districts. Each is governed by a board of commissioners appointed by the police juries of the parishes served. These districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. The Jackson-Bienville Parishes Dugdemona Watershed District was not reported in operation as of January 1992. LA - p. 10 SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Louisiana that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county or parish governments. In the listing below of authorized parish-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may serve a portion rather than all of a parish and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. Drainage districts (parish). Districts of this type, which provide drainage for agricultural lands, include gravity drainage districts, consolidated gravity drainage districts, and leveed and pumped drainage districts. Such districts are established by the parish police jury (in any parish except Orleans) on its own initiative, or by petition of landowners, or, in the case of consolidated gravity drainage districts, upon request of two or more drainage districts. In the case of leveed and pumped drainage districts, formation must be initiated by petition of landowners if the proposed district includes lands situated in one or more existing drainage districts. The approval of the State department of public works is also required for the formation of leveed and pumped drainage districts. Drainage districts are governed either by a board of commissioners appointed by the parish police jury, or by the parish police jury ex officio. Such districts may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments upon approval of the parish police jury. In certain parishes, drainage districts may also collect service charges with voter approval. However, voter approval is necessary for consolidated gravity drainage districts to assume the debt of included districts. Subdistricts of drainage districts may be created. They are not counted as separate governments. LA - p. 11 Fire protection districts (parish or joint parish-municipal). These districts are established to provide fire protection services by resolution of the parish governing body after hearing and with a concurring resolution of the municipality included in the district. The governing body of the district consists of the parish police jury ex officio or of five commissioners; the number of commissioners representing each parish or municipality in the district is specified by statute. The district may, with the approval of the parish governing body, levy taxes and, in certain parishes, may collect service charges. Bond issues require the approval of the parish governing body and the voters. Greater Baton Rouge Port Commission (State). This commission was established to operate port facilities in the Baton Rouge area. It consists of nine members appointed by, and serving at the pleasure of, the Governor, from names submitted by the cities and the parishes in the port area, plus one member appointed at the Governor's discretion. The commission may collect rates and charges for its services and facilities, may issue revenue bonds, receive contributions from Federal, State, and local governments, and, with voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes. Greater New Orleans Expressway Authority (State). This authority was established in Jefferson and St. Tammany Parishes to build and operate the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, under a general law. The members of the authority are appointed by the participating governments and by the Governor. The authority may fix and collect tolls, and receive appropriations from participating governments. The participating parish governments jointly issue revenue bonds for authority purposes. Under provisions of 1988 legislation, the budget of this authority is now subject to State approval. In the 1987 Census of Governments, and in previous census reporting, this authority was classified as a dependent agency of the participating parish governments. Hospital service districts (parish). Parish police juries may divide parishes into one or more hospital service districts or combine with other parishes to form a hospital service district to operate hospital faciliities. A police jury establishes such a district upon petition of taxpayers. Administration is by a board of commissioners appointed by the police jury. Upon approval of the parish governing body, the district may charge rates for services; voter approval is also necessary for tax levies and bond issues. In districts established in two or more parishes, appointment of commissioners to the board is based on the assessed value of property of the district in each parish. LA - p. 12 Housing authorities (parish or municipal). Four types of housing authorities are authorized under Louisiana statutes: City housing authorities. Established by resolution of the city council, with authority commissioners appointed by the mayor; Consolidated housing authorities. Established by the city councils of two or more cities, with one authority commissioner appointed by the mayor of each member city; Parish housing authorities. Established by the parish governing body, with authority commissioners appointed by the parish governing body; Regional housing authorities. Established by the parish governing bodies in two or more parishes, with one authority commissioner appointed by the governing body of each member parish. All housing authorities may collect rentals and fees, accept grants, and issue revenue bonds with the approval of the governing bodies of the participating parishes or municipalities. Industrial development boards (parish or municipal). These boards are established by resolution of the parish or municipal governing body to finance and lease industrial and pollution control facilities. A board of directors is appointed by the parish or municipal governing body. The board may fix rents, fees, or charges, and issue revenue bonds. Levee districts (State). Levee districts (sometimes called levee and draiange districts) are created by special acts of the legislature to maintain levees and levee drainage; similar provisions apply to each. A board of commissioners appointed by, and serving at the pleasure of, the Governor governs each district. Each levee district may levy ad valorem taxes and assessments and issue bonds. Louisiana Health Education Authority (State). This authority was created by act of the legislature to finance health education facilities. A board of trustees, consisting of the Governor ex officio plus 12 members appointed by the Governor and 1 member appointed by the mayor of New Orleans, governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, rents, fees, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. LA - p. 13 Louisiana Housing Finance Agency (State). This agency was created by law to provide additional funds for residential mortgages at interest rates within the means of low and moderate income families. The agency is governed by a board of 11 members, 9 of whom are appointed by the Governor, plus the State treasurer and the secretary of urban and community affairs, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The agency may purchase insured mortgage loans and issue bonds upon approval of the Louisiana State bond commission. Louisiana Recovery District (State). This district was created by 1988 legislation to assist the State in deficit reduction, and to provide financial assistance to local governments. A board of nine directors, including five appointed by the Governor, plus the State treasurer, the Governor, the president of the senate, and the speaker of the house, or their designees, governs the district. The district may levy a sales and use tax, receive fees and charges from the sale of bonds or from contracts, and may issue bonds. Louisiana Stadium and Exposition District (State). This district was created by law to plan, construct, maintain, and operate facilities in Orleans and Jefferson Parishes, including the Superdome, for sport, athletic, and other public events. The district is governed by a board of 12 ex officio and five appointed members. The ex officio members include the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the State treasurer, the speaker of the house of representatives, the president pro tempore of the senate, the chairperson of the appropriations committee in the house of representatives, the chairperson of the ways and means committee in the house of representatives, the chairperson of the joint legislative audit committee, the mayor of New Orleans, and the parish president of Jefferson Parish. The appointed members consist of the following: three are appointed by the mayor of New Orleans with the approval of the city council; one is appointed by the Jefferson Paish president; and one is appointed by the Governor. The district may charge admission fees and charges, collect and levy hotel occupancy taxes, and issue revenue bonds. Louisiana State Bond and Building Commission (State). This commission was established to provide for the construction and the improvement of public buildings and facilities. It is composed of the Governor, the State treasurer, the Lieutenant Governor, the speaker of the house, and the chairpersons of the house appropriations and senate finance committees. Effective January 1, 1973, all functions of this commission, except the retirement of principal and interest on debt then outstanding, were transferred to the Louisiana State bond commission. LA - p. 14 Louisiana State Building Authority (State). This authority consists of the Governor or the executive counsel, the Lieutenant Governor, the speaker of the house, the chairpersons of the house appropriations and senate finance committees, the State auditor, and the State treasurer, serving ex officio. Bond issues of the authority are met from a statewide property tax and from revenues of the authority. All functions of the authority, except the retirement of principal and interest on outstanding debt, have been transferred to the State treasurer. North Louisiana Economic Development Board (State). This board was created by general law to facilitate economic development in the 33rd. State senatorial district with the exception of Ouachita Parish (i.e., portions of East Carroll, West Carroll, Madison, Morehouse, and Richland Parishes). The board of commissioners consists of nine members appointed by the Governor from a list supplied by State legislators serving the 33rd. district. Members serve at the pleasure of the Governor. The board may levy ad valorem taxes and, with voter approval, issue bonds. The board may also make contracts, buy and sell property, and undertake economic development projects. Offshore Terminal Authority (State). This authority is under the State department of transportation and development. The authority was established to promote, plan, finance, develop, and control offshore port terminal facilities within the coastal waters of Louisiana. The authority is governed by a board of nine commissioners appointed by the Governor; two are selected from the three deepwater ports; two from each of the three public service commission districts; and one selected at large. The authority may charge fees and other charges, accept gifts and donations, and issue revenue bonds. Port Commission of New Orleans (State). This commission operates port facilities and the Rivergate convention center in New Orleans. It consists of seven members appointed by the Governor from nominations made by various organizations. The commission may collect tolls and charges. Bond issues must be approved by the Governor and the Louisiana State bond commission. Public trusts (State, parish, municipal, or special district). Public trusts are estalished by a legal instrument or will, upon approval of the Governor and the legislature (if the State is the beneficiary government) or upon approval of the governing body of a parish, municipal, or special district government (if a parish, a municipality, or a special district is the beneficiary government). LA - p. 15 Public trusts are authorized by law to perform diverse functions, and may be known by a wide variety of names. The method of selecting the governing body is specified in the legal instrument or will creating the trust; however, if the State is the beneficiary government, the governing body consists of eight members appointed by the Governor. Agencies of this type may fix fees and charges for use of their properties or services, and may issue revenue bonds. If a parish or a municipality is the beneficiary government, the issue of such bonds requires voter approval. Recreation districts (parish). Parish police juries may create recreation districts either wholly within a parish or within two or more parishes to provide recreational facilities. The governing body of the district is a board of commissioners appointed by the police jury. Districts may levy taxes and issue bonds upon approval of the parish governing body and the voters. Sewerage districts and consolidated sewerage districts outside municipalities (parish). These districts may be established upon resolution of the police jury after hearing, on its own initiative or upon petition of the taxpayers, to provide sewerage services. The police jury appoints the district board of commissioners. The district may collect rates and charges and may issue revenue bonds upon approval of the parish governing body. Sewerage districts and consolidated sewerage districts may also be governed by the parish police jury ex officio. In a few parishes, consolidated sewerage districts have been created by special act. Soil and water conservation districts (State). These districts are established by petition of landowners to the State soil and water conservation committee after public hearing and advisory referendum. However, the State committee may disapprove the petition after the referendum has been held. A board of five supervisors, three elected and two appointed by the State committee, governs each district. The district may require contributions from benefited landowners. South Louisiana Port Commission (State). This commission was created by act of the legislature to develop port facilities in St. Charles, St. James, and St. John the Baptist Parishes. The Governor appoints the commissioners. The commission may fix rates, fees, tariffs, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. The title to property used by the commission is vested specifically in the State. Waterworks districts (parish or joint parish- municipal). A parish police jury may, on its own initiative or on petition of resident landowners, organize waterworks districts that may include incorporated areas and that provide water supply facilities. A board of five commissioners governs each LA - p. 16 district, but additional members may be appointed by included municipalities or parishes. The commissioners may fix rates and fees, levy ad valorem taxes and special benefit assessments, and issue bonds upon approval of the parish governing body. Other examples include: State Ascension-St. James Airport and Transportation Authority Bayou D'Arbonne Lake Watershed District Capital Construction and Improvement Commission Cypress and Black Bayou Recreation and Water Conservation District Grand Bayou Reservoir District (formerly Black Lake Bayou Recreation and Water Conservation District) Judicial enforcement districts Lake Pontchartrain Sanitary District Louisiana Agricultural Finance Authority Louisiana Alligator Market Development Authority Louisiana Correctional Facilities Corporation Louisiana Development Finance Corporation Louisiana Economic Development Corporation Louisiana Educational Television Authority Louisiana Export and Import Trade Development Authority Louisiana Exposition Authority Louisiana Fiscal Authority Louisiana Health Care Authority Louisiana Health Insurance Association Louisiana Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Authority Louisiana Office Building Corporation Louisiana Resource Recovery and Development Authority Louisiana State Bond Commission Louisiana Tourism Promotion District Louisiana Western Corridor Commission Louisiana Workers Compensation Corporation Mississippi River Bridge Authority New Orleans City Park Improvement Association New Orleans Exhibition Hall Authority (including New Orleans Public Facility Management Inc.) Parish health units Parish sales tax districts Port commissions under State administrative or fiscal control: Assumption Parish Port Commission Avoyelles Parish Port Commission Bulk Cargo Offshore Terminal Commission Caddo-Bossier Parishes Port Commission Catahoula Parish Port Commission Columbia Port Commission East Cameron Port Harbor and Terminal District Greater Krotz Springs Port Commission Lake Providence Port Commission Madison Parish Port Harbor and Terminal District Vidalia Port Commission West Cameron Port Harbor and Terminal District LA - p. 17 Red River Waterway District Sabine River Authority of Louisiana Southeastern Aviation Authority State planning and development districts Parish Agricultural arena authorities Agricultural industrial boards *Airport authorities or districts (parish) Ambulance service districts Assessment districts Calcasieu Parish Interstate Highway Lighting District Cameron Parish Public Utility District Coliseum authorities Communications districts *Community center and playground districts *Consolidated special service districts (including consolidated waterworks and sewerage districts) Drug rehabilitation services districts East Feliciana Parish special taxing districts East Jefferson Parish Culture and Recreation District East-West Expressway Authority (joint parish -municipal) Environmental protection districts *Garbage districts *Gas utility districts Grant Parish Cemetery District Historic preservation districts Iatt Lake Water Conservation Districts Individual sewerage system districts Industrial development boards (parish) Industrial districts *Irrigation districts Jefferson Parish Economic Development and Port District Jefferson Parish Human Services Authority Joint authorities and districts for specified public purposes Lafayette Economic Development Authority (formerly Lafayette Harbor and Terminal District) Lafayette Parish Bayou Vermilion District La Salle Parish Cemetery District Law enforcement districts Lincoln Parish special taxing districts Livingston Parish Law Enforcement District Livingston Parish special taxing districts *Mosquito abatement districts Multiparish juvenile detention home districts Navigation districts (except Jennings Navigation District) New community development corporations North Lafourche Revitalization District Parish library boards Parish school loan fund committees Parish water and sewer commissions Plaquemines Port Harbor and Terminal District Rapides Parish Cemetery District Recreational facilities districts LA - p. 18 Redevelopment agencies (parish) *Road and subroad districts *Road lighting districts St. Bernard Parish Water and Sewer Commission St. Mary Parish Cemetery District St. Tammany Parish Recreation and Parks District St. Tammany Parish Sewer and Water Management Commission St. Tammany Parish Special Recreation District 8 St. Tammany Parish sub-road districts St. Tammany Parish Sales Tax District St. Tammany Parish Tax District (for property taxes) Special fire protection districts and subdistricts (parish) Tangipahoa Parish Water Conservation Commission Tax increment development corporations (parish) Vermilion Mosquito Abatement District Veterans' memorial districts West Baton Rouge Museum Board Zoning districts (St. Bernard Parish) Municipal Airport authorities and districts (municipal) Community improvement agencies (special acts) Comprehensive Sewerage System Fund (formerly Greater Baton Rouge Consolidated Sewerage District) Downtown Development District (Shreveport) Downtown Development District of the City of Baton Rouge Downtown Development District of the City of New Orleans East Baton Rouge Parish Recreation and Park Commission East Baton Rouge Parish special taxing districts East-West Expressway Authority (joint parish- municipal) Fire districts (cities between 35,000 and 250,000 population) Greater Baton Rouge Airport District Greater Baton Rouge Parking Authority Greater Baton Rouge Water Conservation Commission Hammond Downtown Development District Historic preservation districts Industrial development boards (municipal) Joint authorities and districts for special public purposes Lafayette Centre Development District Lake Pontchartrain-Catherine Sewerage and Water Management Commission (New Orleans) Mamou Hospital Service District Minden Downtown Development District Municipal ambulance service districts Muincipal library boards Municipal service districts in Baton Rouge Municipal sewerage districts--1908, 1926, 1928, and 1950 laws Municipal utilities commissions (municipalities of 6,000 to 7,000 population) LA - p. 19 New community development corporations New Orleans Almonaster-Michaud Industrial District New Orleans Community Improvement Agency New Orleans Housing Commission New Orleans International Airport Sales Tax District New Orleans International Trade Building Corporation New Orleans Sewerage and Water Board North Terrebonne Parish Drainage and Conservation District Orleans Parish Commuications District Orleans Parish Law Enforcement District Public Belt Railroad of New Orleans Public power authorities Redevelopment agencies Special fire protection districts and subdistricts (municipal) Sprinkling and sweeping districts Sulphur Industrial Development District Tax increment development corporations (municipal) Terrebonne Parish Corrections and Rehabilitation Commission Washington Museum and Tourist Commission Waste Management Authority Louisiana laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. ME - p. 1 MAINE Maine ranks 33rd. among the States in number of local governments, with 796 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (16) There are no areas in Maine lacking county government. The county governing body is the board of county commissioners. The counties are responsible for only limited functions in Maine--principally the maintenance of the courthouse and county jail, maintenance of roads in unorganized territory, and a few police functions. Most local government services are performed by towns or cities. About 40 percent of the area of the State has no city or town government. Most governmental services in such "unorganized territory" that are not provided by county governments are provided by the State. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (490) The 490 subcounty general purpose governments in Maine comprise 22 municipal (city) governments and 468 town or plantation governments. These two types of governments are distinguished primarily by the historical circumstances surrounding their incorporation. In Maine, city, town, and plantation governments have similar powers and perform similar functions. Municipal Governments (22) The term "municipality," as defined for census statistics on governments, applies only to the cities in Maine. Cities are created by special legislation and exist outside the area of any town. However, under home rule, cities may draft their own charters. Village corporations are counted as special district governments (see below). Towns, to which the term "municipalities" is generally applied by Maine statutes, and plantations, to which the term "municipalities" is also applied for some purposes by Maine statutes, are counted for census purposes as town rather than municipal governments (see below). ME - p. 2 Town or Township Governments (468) Although not differing in legally authorized powers from the types of municipal governments described above, units in Maine designated as "towns" and "plantations" are counted in census statistics on governments as town governments. Although town governments exist in each county in Maine, they do not cover the entire area of each county. Cities, gores, Indian reservations, and unorganized territory exist outside the area of any town or plantation. The town executive body is known as a board of selectmen, while the plantation executive body is the board of assessors. Under home rule provisions, towns may draft their own charters. These units perform many of the duties elsewhere commonly associated with county governments. Under Maine law, the term "township" refers to tracts of land within unorganized territory, and not to towns, plantations, or other local governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (288) School District Governments (91) Only the following types of school districts in Maine are counted as separate governments for census purposes: School administrative districts Community school districts Incorporated school districts Vocational regions ME - p. 3 School administrative districts, which constitute the majority of school district governments in Maine, are formed only when certain criteria regarding the number of secondary pupils to be educated have been met, and serve two or more participating cities, towns, or plantations. An elected board of directors governs each school administrative district. The district directors determine district tax requirements subject to voter approval; participating cities and towns collect the taxes on behalf of the district. The district may also issue bonds after voter approval. Community school districts are school administrative units formed between two or more participating towns for any combination of grades from kindergarten through grade 12. Each community school district is governed by an elected board of trustees and a community school committee. School committee members are selected by and from the elected school committees of the participating towns and plantations, except that districts providing grades 1 through 12 inclusive must have an elected school committee. The community school committee determines district tax requirements subject to approval by majority vote of the voters in the district, to be collected by the participating cities and towns. However, the issuance of bonds requires the approval of the district trustees. Maine law also provides for incorporated school districts serving a single city or town. A meeting of the voters governs the district. Financial provisions for incorporated school districts are similar to those for school administrative districts. The vocational regions are governed by cooperative boards with the power to issue bonds subject to referendum. As of January 1992, seven vocational regions were reported in operation. Dependent Public School Systems (197) Maine statutes provide for the following types of dependent public school systems: Systems dependent on municipal governments (17): City school systems Systems dependent on town governments (176): Town school systems Systems dependent on the State government (4): Schools in unorganized territory Indian schools ME - p. 4 Education in Maine is provided principally through the 17 city and 176 town school systems. These systems are classified for census purposes as dependent agencies of city or town governments, and are not counted as separate governments. Although these school systems are governed by elected school committees, their fiscal needs are provided by the city and town governments they serve. Union school systems, another type of dependent public school system, provide for the maintenance of schools for two or more town areas and are governed by the school committee of the town where the school facilities are located. The schools in unorganized territory are operated and maintained by the State department of education. Also classified as dependent activities of the State government, and not counted as separate governments, are the Indian schools. An elected school committee governs each Indian school. As of January 1992, there were 3 Indian schools. Other Educational Activities Maine law provides for school unions, formerly known as supervisory unions. School unions are entities for the employment of a superintendent to serve several towns. These unions are joint educational service agencies of the public school systems they serve, and are not counted as separate governments. Maine law also provides, by special act, for school "districts" to erect and maintain buildings for city and town schools. These "districts" are dependent activities of the cities or towns they serve, and are not counted as separate governments. Similarly, the vocational centers are dependent activities of the participating city and town school systems, and are not counted as separate governments. The postsecondary vocational-technical institutes are classified as State institutions, and are not counted as separate governments. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (199) Maine statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Cemetery Districts Cemetery districts are created by special acts, subject to local referendum, with similar provisions as to their administration and financing. An elected board governs each district. The districts may sell lots and accept gifts and donations. ME - p. 5 Coastal Watershed Districts These districts to preserve coastal watershed resources and control pollution therein are established by petition of voters or application of municipalities to the State board of environmental protection, after voter approval. A board of trustees governs each district; one member is appointed by each participating sanitary or sewer district, and the remainder are elected. The participating municipalities make proportionate contributions to the district budget. Cobbossee Watershed District A 1971 special act, subject to local referendum, authorizes the establishment of this district to control the level and improve the quality and purity of the water in the Cobbossee-Annabessacook Watershed. A board of trustees, appointed by the officials of the participating cities, towns, and water districts, governs this district. Bond issues must be approved by the voters. The budget of the district is also subject to approval of the voters at an annual district budget meeting, with the cost of financing the district apportioned to the constituent underlying governments on the basis of their assessed valuation. This district, approved by the voters, is the successor to the Cobbossee -Annabessacook Authority. The district may accept grants and contributions. Hospital Districts These districts are authorized by special acts subject to local referendum, but with similar powers. An elected board administers each district. Hospital districts may collect charges, determine the amount of taxes to be levied for their use, accept grants and loans, and issue bonds. The Caribou Hospital District is not counted as a separate government, because title to its property reverts to the city of Caribou when district debt is paid. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Housing Authorities Housing authorities may be created in a city or town by resolution of the city or town governing body. A board of commissioners governs each authority; members are appointed by the mayor in mayor-council cities, by the council in other cities, and by the selectmen in towns. These authorities may issue bonds and fix and collect rents from the housing projects. They may also accept Federal grants. ME - p. 6 Lake Watershed Districts These districts to preserve lake watersheds and control pollution therein are established by petition of voters or application of municipalities to the State board of environmental protection, after voter approval. A board of trustees governs each district; 1 member is appointed by each participating water district, and the remainder are elected. The participating municipalities make proportionate contributions to the district budget. Lewiston-Auburn Water Pollution Control Authority This authority was authorized by a special act. It is administered by a board consisting of the director of the Lewiston department of public works, the Lewiston city administrator, a member of the Lewiston board of public works, the president of the Auburn Sewerage District trustees, the superintendent of the Auburn Sewerage District, the Auburn city manager, plus an additional member selected by the mayor of Lewiston. The authority board determines its fiscal needs and apportions them to the city of Lewiston and the Auburn Sewerage District. The authority may accept grants and issue bonds. Light and Power Districts These districts were established by special acts approved by local referendum to acquire and operate power houses and sell electric power. An elected board of trustees governs each district. Light and power districts may issue bonds and fix and collect rates for services. Maine Municipal and Rural Electrification Cooperative Agency This agency was established by 1981 legislation to provide wholesale electric power. A board of directors is appointed by the Governor; the Director of the Office of Energy Resources serves in an ex officio capacity. The agency may fix rents, rates, and other charges, receive appropriations from member cities and towns, and issue revenue bonds. Maine-New Hampshire Interstate Bridge Authority This interstate authority is discussed in detail under "New Hampshire--Special District Governments." ME - p. 7 Municipal Electric Districts These districts to provide electric power are established by petition to, or ordinance of, the governing bodies of one or more municipalities, after voter approval. An elected board of trustees governs each district; if the district serves more than one city or town, there are two trustees elected from each participating city or town. The district may fix rates and, after voter approval, may issue revenue bonds. Passamaquoddy District Authority This authority was authorized by a 1945 special act. Although the authorizing legislation for this authority has never been repealed, the authority was last reported in operation in the 1962 Census of Governments. Port Districts Port districts were created by special acts, subject to local referendum, to provide docking and transportation facilities for islands and coastal ports in the State. An elected board of trustees governs each district. Port districts may fix and collect fees and charges for facilities and services, levy special assessments, and issue bonds. Two port districts--Eastport and Rockland--still exist but are inoperative; their functions are handled by the Maine Port Authority, a State agency. Recreational Center Districts The Bangor Recreation Center and District was created by a 1951 special act, subject to referendum. A board of trustees appointed by the city council governs the district. The board may issue bonds and levy ad valorem taxes. Refuse Disposal Districts Districts to provide solid waste disposal and resource recovery are established by application of one or more municipalities to the commissioner of environmental protection, after public hearing and referendum. A board of directors, appointed by the governing bodies of the municipalities served in accordance with agreement between participating governments, governs each district. The district may fix fees and charges, levy special assessments, and, after voter approval, may issue revenue bonds. In the 1987 Census of Governments, these districts were listed as "Regional Refuse Disposal Districts." Districts of this type that serve only one municipality are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. ME - p. 8 Sanitary Districts or Sewer Districts The Maine Sanitary District Enabling Act permits the establishment of sanitary districts by the board of environmental protection upon application of municipal officers or residents of unorganized territory, following public hearing and local referendum. An elected board of trustees governs each district. Sanitary districts may collect rates and charges, levy benefit assessments, and issue bonds. A general law effective January 1, 1982 requires that new sewer districts, as well as the charters of sewer districts already established under private and special laws, comply with uniform provisions in regard to rate schedules, sewer extensions, and other operating procedures. Furthermore, all existing sewer districts may opt to reorganize as sanitary districts under the provisions of the Maine Sanitary District Enabling Act. The Kennebec Sanitary Treatment District was authorized by a 1971 special act. A board of trustees appointed by the participating municipalities governs the district. The district trustees apportion annual costs to the participating towns and the Waterville Sewerage District and may also collect charges from other users of its facilities. The district may also issue bonds. Soil and Water Conservation Districts These districts may be formed by the State soil and water conservation commission upon petition of the occupiers of the land within the proposed district, after a public hearing and a local referendum. Each district is governed by a board of five supervisors, two of whom are appointed by the State soil and water conservation commission and three are elected. The districts may require contributions from landowners for services. Transportation Authorities and Districts A general law permits two or more municipalities in the same geographic public transportation region to establish a municipal transit district by legislative resolution. Municipalities not in the same region must gain approval from the State department of transportation to join. The district governing body is a board of directors appointed by the officials of the member municipalities; the number of directors depends on the population size of each municipality. The Greater Portland Transit District, which comprises the cities of Portland, South Portland, and Westbrook, and the town of Cape Elizabeth, was established under this law. The Lewiston-Auburn Transportation Authority was established by a 1959 special act. A board of five trustees, appointed in a manner determined jointly by the two participating cities, governs the authority. It may fix rates and charges and issue bonds. ME - p. 9 The Casco Bay Island Transit District was authorized by a 1981 special act to operate ferry services. A board of 12 elected directors governs the district. The district may fix tolls and issue revenue bonds. Districts serving only one city or town are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Village Improvement Corporations Village corporations or "village improvement societies" are established by special legislation for limited special purposes within town areas. An elected board of assessors, trustees, or managers governs each corporation. These corporations may levy ad valorem taxes and fix charges for services. Washington County Development Authority This authority was established by a 1959 special act for recreational development purposes. A seven- member board appointed by the Governor administers the authority. The authority may fix fees and charges for facilities, accept loans and contributions from public sources, and issue bonds. Although authorizing legislation for this authority has never been repealed, it was last reported in operation in the 1967 Census of Governments. Water and Sewer Districts Water and sewer districts have been individually established by special acts, but all are under substantially uniform provisions as to their organization and operation. The functions performed by districts of this type vary according to the provisions of the specific authorizing legislation; examples of functions performed include water supply, sewerage, or both. A few districts of this type may also provide electric power. The districts in most instances are governed by an elected board, although a few have locally appointed boards. The districts may issue bonds, and fix and collect rates for services. Some of the districts may levy special assessments. Several districts of this type are named "utilities districts" or "water and electric districts." An act of the legislature requires uniform procedures for establishment and operation of water districts formed on or after January 1, 1982. An elected board of trustees governs such districts. Voter approval of the level of debt authorization may be required as the result of voter petition. Charters of already existing water districts not in conformity with the above provisions after January 1, 1982 must be changed. ME - p. 10 SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Maine that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Maine Municipal Bond Bank Authority (State). The Maine Municipal Bond Bank was created by act of the legislature to provide adequate capital markets for local governments in Maine. The bank is governed by a board of five commissioners, consisting of the State treasurer and the State bank commissioner ex officio, plus three commissioners appointed by the Governor. The bank may fix fees and charges for its services, accept appropriations and grants, and issue revenue bonds. Maine School Building Authority (State). This authority was established by a special act. It is administered by a board comprising the commissioner of educational and cultural services, plus all members of the State board of education. The authority may accept Federal loans and grants and issue revenue bonds payable from the rental of its properties. Maine State Housing Authority (State). This authority was established to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. The authority is governed by a board of seven members, five of whom are appointed by the Governor, plus the State treasurer and the director of the authority, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The authority may receive appropriations, grants, and contributions, fix fees and charges in connection with its loans, and issue revenue bonds. Maine Turnpike Authority (State). This authority was established by special act. The authority board consists of four members appointed by the Governor plus the chairperson of the State highway commission, ex officio. The authority may collect tolls and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Urban renewal agencies (city and town). A general law provides that these authorities may be established on resolution of municipal officials and after local referendum. A board of trustees appointed by officials of the sponsoring city or town governs each agency. These agencies receive revenue from charges, grants, and contributions, and may issue revenue bonds. The sponsoring government may levy taxes and issue its bonds to provide funds for agency purposes. ME - p. 11 The Portland Renewal Authority and the Bangor Urban Renewal Authority were established by special acts. Each is administered by a board of commissioners appointed by the respective city council. Other provisions for these two agencies are similar to those provided under general law above. Other examples include: State Jail Industries Authority Maine Court Facilities Authority Maine Development Foundation Maine Educational Loan Authority Maine Finance Authority Maine Health and Higher Educational Facilities Authority Maine High-Risk Insurance Organization Maine Indian Housing Authority Maine Low-Level Radioactive Waste Authority Maine Port Authority Maine Public Utility Financing Bank County Cumberland County Recreation Center and District Municipal City health boards City parking districts Conservation commissions Eastport Landing Authority Energy commissions Kenduskeag Development District (Bangor) Municipal development districts Portland Coliseum Recreation Center District Primary assessing districts Transportation districts (single-city) Town Conservation commissions Energy commissions Municipal development districts Norridgwock Airport Authority Northern Aroostook Airport Authority Primary assessing districts Town health boards Town of Kittery Port Authority Town parking districts Transportation districts (single-town) Other The following are geographical areas outside the area of any town or organized plantation, and are not counted as governments: Gores Surpluses Islands Townships Maine laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. MD - p. 1 MARYLAND Maryland ranks 44th. among the States in number of local governments, with 401 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (23) The entire area of the State is encompassed by county government with the exception of the area of the city of Baltimore, which is an independent city outside the area of any county and is counted as a municipal rather than a county government. Baltimore County is a county government but excludes the area of Baltimore City. The county governing body is known as the board of county commissioners, except for Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Harford, Howard, Montgomery, Prince George's, Talbot, and Wicomico Counties, which operate under home rule charters. These eight counties are governed by county councils. In addition, Allegany, Caroline, Kent, Queen Anne's, and Worcester Counties operate under a special "code" option, but their governing bodies are still designated as boards of county commissioners. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (155) Municipal Governments (155) The municipal governments in Maryland are the cities, towns, and villages. There are no significant differences between city and town governments that would affect their classification for census statistics. All municipal governments in Maryland except the City of Baltimore (which is located outside the area of any county) are treated as a single class in State legislation. In cases where "villages" in Montgomery County have been formed as special taxing units, rather than incorporated as municipal governments, under Maryland law, they are counted as special district governments, rather than as municipal governments, for census purposes. See "Special District Governments," below. Township Governments (0) Maryland has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (40) School District Governments (0) Maryland has no independent school district governments. Dependent Public School Systems (40) Maryland statutes provide for the following types of dependent public school systems: MD - p. 2 Systems dependent on county governments (39): County boards of education County and regional community colleges System dependent on municipal governments (1): Baltimore city schools In Maryland, the local public school systems are not counted as separate governments. Schools in each of the 23 counties are administered by a county board of education, appointed by the Governor, except in Allegany, Carroll, Charles, Garrett, Howard, Kent, Montgomery, Prince George's, Somerset, and Washington Counties, where the school board is elected. County school fiscal requirements are finally determined and provided for by the county governing body. The county school systems are classified, for census purposes, as dependent agencies of the county government. The Baltimore City schools are governed by a board of commissioners appointed by the mayor with the consent of the city council. Their fiscal requirements are subject to review and are provided for by the city of Baltimore. They are not counted as a separate government, but are classified as a dependent agency of the city of Baltimore. Most community colleges in Maryland are classified, for census reporting, as dependent on the county governments they serve. They are not counted as separate governments. Fiscal requirements of the colleges are finally determined and provided by the sponsoring county governments. In the case of regional community colleges, which serve two or more counties, each participating county provides its share of the fiscal requirements of the college in proportion to enrollment and population. In January 1992, 16 county and regional community colleges were reported in operation. Community colleges are governed by a board of trustees appointed, in most cases, by the Governor with the consent of the senate. The Baltimore City Community College is now classified as a State institution. In the 1987 Census of Governments, and in earlier census reporting, that college was classified as a dependent agency of the City of Baltimore. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (223) Maryland statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Drainage Districts, Associations, and Ditches Maryland statutes authorize the following types of districts to provide for drainage of agricultural lands: MD - p. 3 Drainage or levee districts--Drainage or levee districts may be established by the board of county commissioners on petition of landowners. A board of drainage commissioners is appointed by the county commissioners. The board may issue bonds and levy special benefit assessments. Up to 1992, no drainage districts appear to have been established under this law. Public drainage associations. These associations may be organized by the board of county commissioners on petition of the landowners after a public hearing. An elected board of managers governs each association. Public drainage associations may levy special benefit taxes and issue bonds. Storm drainage districts. These districts may be established by local law in charter and code home rule counties. Financial provisions governing storm drainage districts vary according to terms of the local legislation. Tax ditches (drainage). The 1941 legislation providing for public drainage associations (above) repealed the former tax ditch legislation, but permitted tax ditches then in operation to continue. The tax ditch law provided for the establishment of drainage ditches by the boards of county commissioners on petition of landowners and after a public hearing. They are governed by elected boards of managers. Tax ditches may levy special benefit taxes. Housing Authorities Housing authorities may be established in counties or in cities of 1,000 or more population, upon resolution of the governing body. They are governed by boards of commissioners appointed by the county governing body or the mayor. The authorities may issue bonds, collect rentals, and borrow money or accept grants from the Federal Government. Housing authorities governed by the county governing body or subject to county fiscal controls are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority This authority is counted under "Virginia--Special District Governments." MD - p. 4 Northeast Maryland Waste Disposal Authority This authority to provide resource recovery facilities was created by special act. The authority board, appointed by the Governor, consists of one member representing each of the following areas: Anne Arundel County, Baltimore County, Baltimore City, and Harford County. The authority may fix rates, rentals, and charges, and issue revenue bonds. Potomac Highlands Airport Authority This authority is counted under "West Virginia --Special District Governments." Public Watershed Associations These associations to provide for water conservation, drainage, flood control, and soil conservation may be established by the county governing body or the mayor of Baltimore City upon petition of landowners and after public hearing. An elected of directors governs each association. The board may issue bonds and may levy assessments on benefited land. Sanitary (or "Metropolitan") Districts Sanitary districts to provide water supply, sewerage, and solid waste disposal facilities are established by ordinance or resolution of the county governing body of each county served. A commission, appointed by the county governing body, governs each district. The commission may issue bonds, levy taxes, and impose charges for services. The six-member board of the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission is appointed by the governing bodies of Montgomery and Prince George's Counties, with three members representing each county. Commissions of this type that are governed by the county governing body are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Soil Conservation Districts These districts are created by the State soil conservation committee on petition of the land occupiers, after a public hearing and local referendum. A board of supervisors, with four members appointed by the State soil conservation committee and one by the county governing body, governs each district. The districts may require contributions from landowners for services performed, and may accept contributions from Federal, State, and private sources. Indebtedness up to $50,000 is permitted with the approval of the State committee. MD - p. 5 Special Tax Districts The governing body of a charter or code home rule county may establish special tax districts. These districts are known locally by a wide variety of names. Listed below are the special tax areas that are counted as governments. A statement of the function of the districts is also included where not indicated by the title. Each of these units has a separately constituted governing body. The district may levy property taxes and special assessments. In Allegany County: Cresaptown Civic Improvement Association (water supply and street lighting) Potomac Park Addition (street lighting and water for fire fighting) Special tax areas (to provide any or all of the following functions: ambulance service, fire hydrants, and street lighting) In Anne Arundel County: Special community benefit districts (to provide for any or all of the following functions: community facilities, drainage, erosion control, marinas, mosquito control, parking facilities, parks, pedestrian malls, pest control, recreation, roads, special police, and street lighting) In Montgomery County: Special tax areas, some of which are called "villages" (to provide for any or all of the following functions: building and housing regulations; maintenance of streets, sidewalks, and similar improvements; drainage, parking, police and fire protection; recreation and sanitation facilities; and street lighting) However, villages that have been incorporated as municipal governments under Maryland law are counted as municipal governments for census purposes. Upper Potomac River Commission This commission was established by special act to reduce pollution in the Potomac River by providing facilities for treatment and disposal of sewage and industrial wastes. The commission consists of three members--a chairperson appointed by the Governor, and one member appointed by the commissioners of Allegany and Garrett Counties, respectively. The commission may issue revenue bonds, fix and collect rates and charges, and accept grants and contributions. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority This authority is counted under "District of Columbia--Special District Governments." MD - p. 6 SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Maryland that have certain characteristics of governmental units, but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government other than those listed under "Special Tax Districts," above. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. Maryland Health and Higher Education Facilities Authority (State). This authority, authorized by act of the legislature, was created to finance the construction of buildings for hospitals and institutions of higher education. The authority is governed by a board of nine members, eight of whom are appointed by the Governor, plus the State treasurer ex officio. The authority may fix rates, rents, fees, and charges, receive grants and contributions, make loans to participating hospitals or institutions of higher education, and issue revenue bonds. Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (joint county). This commission to provide park and recreational facilities, plus planning services in Montgomery and Prince George's Counties, was created by special act. The governing body consists of 10 members, 3 appointed by the Montgomery County council with the consent of the county executive, 2 appointed by the Montgomery County executive with the consent of the County Council, and 5 appointed by the Prince George's County executive with the consent of the county council. Revenue needs are met by county tax levies. In addition, the commission may issue bonds, which may be guaranteed by the county in which the facilities to be financed are located. Since 1972, Montgomery and Prince George's Counties have had the power to modify the Commission budget. The commission also acts as governing body for the Maryland-Washington Metropolitan District and the Maryland Washington Regional District. These two districts are not counted as separate governments. MD - p. 7 Maryland Transportation Authority (State). This authority was created by 1970 legislation to finance, operate, and maintain all State toll highways, bridges, and tunnels, and finance other transportation related facilities by revenue bonds. Authority members are the secretary of the department of transportation plus six members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate. The authority may impose rates and charges for its facilities and issue revenue bonds. Montgomery County fire tax districts (county). These fire districts were established by county ordinance. Each is administered by a separate board. The fire district boards submit their budgets to the county council, which finally sets the tax rate to be levied for fire department purposes. Other examples include: State Auxiliary and Academic Facilities Bond Authority Baltimore Convention Center Authority Central Maryland Cultural Commission Chesapeake Bay Trust Forest conservancy districts Historic St. Mary's City Commission Housing Resource Corporation Maryland Agricultural Land Preservation Foundation Maryland Deposit Insurance Fund Corporation Maryland Economic Development Corporation Maryland Food Center Authority Maryland Higher Education Loan Corporation Maryland Higher Education Supplemental Loan Authority Maryland Historical Trust Maryland Industrial Development Financing Authority Maryland Port Commission (including Maryland Port Administration) Maryland-Potomac Water Authority (joint State-county) Maryland Small Business Development Financing Authority Maryland Stadium Authority Maryland Venture Capital Trust Mass Transit Administration (operates the transit system in the Baltimore area) Seafood Marketing Authority State Tobacco Authority County Allegany County Transit Authority Allegany County Water Commission Baltimore County Metropolitan District (finances water and sewer facilities) Baltimore County Revenue Authority (operates toll bridges) Baltimore County revitalization districts Bedford Road Fire Area (Allegany County) Commercial district management authorities County library boards Electric lighting districts (Frederick, St. Mary's, and Somerset Counties) MD - p. 8 *Erosion districts Harford Educational Foundation Historic districts Housing authorities governed by county governing body or under county fiscal control *Howard County fire districts Industrial development authorities (county) *LaVale Fire Area (Allegany County) Local economic development agencies Maryland-Assateague Island Bridge Authority Maryland-Potomac Water Authority (joint State-county) Montgomery County Recreation District Montgomery County Revenue Authority Montgomery County Suburban District Parking authorities--Montgomery and Prince George's Counties *Parking lot districts (Montgomery County) Prince George's County special improvement districts St. Mary's County Building Authority Commission *St. Mary's County Special Tax District (fire) Salisbury-Wicomico Transportation Authority Sanitary and sewerage (or "metropolitan") districts governed by county governing body *Shore erosion control districts *Special taxing areas for public transportation Urban renewal agencies (special acts) Washington County Transportation Authority Washington Suburban Transit District Waterways improvement districts Wicomico Urban Services Commission Municipal Baltimore Civic Center Authority Baltimore Community Development Finance Corporation Drainage districts in Takoma Park Historic districts Industrial development authorities (municipal) Lexington Market Authority (Baltimore) Special taxing districts (to finance storm drainage systems, parking facilities, pedestrian mall, street lighting, and transit systems)--1961 law Urban renewal agencies (special acts) Water and/or sewer authorities Waterways improvement districts Zoning districts Maryland laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. MA - p. 1 MASSACHUSETTS Massachusetts ranks 32nd. among the States in number of local governments, with 843 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (12) The entire area of the State is encompassed by county government except for Nantucket and Suffolk Counties. The area and the governing body of Nantucket County are identical with those of the town of Nantucket; the town selectmen serve as county commissioners. Nantucket is counted as a town government, rather than as a county government, in census reporting. Suffolk County encompasses an area larger than the city of Boston, but is substantially consolidated with that city for governmental purposes. The combined city and county government is counted as a municipal government, rather than as a county government, in census reporting. In Massachusetts counties with county government, the governing body is called the board of county commissioners. County governments in Massachusetts perform limited functions. Some of the most important functions include provision of jails and other correctional institutions, recording of deeds, and provision of court houses. The counties may also maintain agricultural schools (see "Public School Systems," below) and hospitals. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (351) The 351 subcounty general purpose governments in Massachusetts comprise 39 municipal (city) governments and 312 town governments. These two types of governments are distinguished primarily by the historical circumstances surrounding their incorporation. In Massachusetts, city and town governments have similar powers and perform similar functions. Municipal Governments (39) The term "municipality," as defined for census statistics on governments, applies only to the cities in Massachusetts. Towns, which are treated as municipalities in Massachusetts statutes, are counted for census purposes as town rather than municipal governments (see below). Massachusetts cities are established by special acts of the General Court (the minimum population requirement for incorporation as a city is 12,000). Cities exist outside the area of any town and, in addition to usual city functions, have responsibility for services handled in other parts of the State by town governments. Cities may adopt home rule charters or one of several standard charters. MA - p. 2 Town or Township Governments (312) Although not differing in legally authorized powers from cities, units in Massachusetts designated as "towns" are counted in census statistics as a separate type of government, including those towns that have a "representative town meeting" form of government. Massachusetts towns may adopt home rule charters. The entire area of the State is encompassed by town governments except for areas located within the boundaries of cities. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (370) School District Governments (84) Only the following types of school districts in Massachusetts are counted as separate governments for census purposes: Regional school districts Regional vocational-technical school districts Independent vocational schools Each of these types of school district is created by election. The type of governing body is determined at the election creating the district. These districts may issue bonds and may determine their fiscal needs, to be provided by the participating towns. As of January 1992, there were 52 academic regional school districts and 27 vocational regional school districts. Dependent Public School Systems (286) Massachusetts statutes provide for the following types of dependent public school systems: Systems dependent on county governments (3): County agricultural schools Systems dependent on municipal governments (39): City school systems Systems dependent on town governments (244): Town school systems The county agricultural schools are governed by boards of trustees consisting, in each instance, of the board of county commissioners in an ex officio capacity, plus other members appointed by the Governor. They are financed through county appropriations. County agricultural schools are classified for census purposes as dependent agencies of county governments, and are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, there were three such schools. In January 1992, there were 39 city school systems and 244 town school systems. Each of these has an elected school committee to administer the schools, but their fiscal requirements are determined and provided MA - p. 3 for by the respective city and town governments. City and town public school systems are classified for census purposes as dependent agencies of city or town governments, and are not counted as separate governments. Other Educational Activities In Massachusetts, the superintendency or union school districts (for the joint employment of superintendents) are classified as joint educational service agencies of the public school systems they serve, and are not counted as separate governments. In addition, the following are not counted as separate governments, but are classified as joint activities of the public school systems served: Vocational school districts (for joint administration of vocational education programs) and school districts for the employment of guidance and placement directors. The junior colleges in Massachusetts may be established by cities or towns, and are classified as dependent agencies of the city or town they serve. They are not counted as separate governments. Only one municipal junior college (in Quincy) was reported in operation as of January 1992. The educational collaboratives in Massachusetts may be formed by agreement between any two or more public school systems to provide vocational or special education. A board of directors appointed by the participating school systems governs each collaborative. The collaboratives may receive contributions from participating public school systems, and may accept State and Federal grants. As of January 1992, 34 educational collaboratives were reported in operation. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (396) Massachusetts statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Boston Metropolitan District This district to plan and finance rapid transit improvements in the Boston metropolitan area was created by a 1929 special act. It is separate from the metropolitan district commission (listed below under "Subordinate Agencies and Areas"). Its governing body is a board of trustees, with four members appointed by the Governor and one by the mayor of Boston. This district acted as the financing agent for the former Metropolitan Transit Authority (see Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, below), and will continue as such for the liquidation of bonds issued for the Metropolitan Transit Authority. District fiscal needs are met by assessments against the 14 cities and towns included in the district area and from principal and interest payments on bonds of the Metropolitan Transit Authority. MA - p. 4 Conservation Districts Conservation districts to provide soil conservation are created by the State committee for conservation of soil, water and related resources of the department of natural resources on petition of landowners. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The district may require contributions from benefited landowners and may accept assistance from any government. Fire and/or Water Districts Fire or water districts have been individually established by special acts, subject to local referendum, that provide substantially uniform provisions as to their operation and financing. These districts may provide fire protection, water supply, or both. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. The district may fix rates for the use of facilities and levy taxes with the approval of the voters. Also included under this heading are fire districts set up under general law authorizing the creation of fire districts in towns of less than 2,000 population by the board of selectmen on petition and after referendum. The governing body of each such fire district is an elected prudential committee. The district determines its own fiscal needs, for which the town levies ad valorem taxes. Housing Authorities A general law in Massachusetts provides for the creation of housing authorities in cities and towns. The authority governing body has five members; one member is appointed by the State department of community affairs. The other four members are appointed by the city governing body (in cities) or are elected (in towns). The authorities may fix rates and charges for use of facilities, issue bonds, and receive loans, grants, or appropriations from the Federal Government or other sources. Massachusetts housing authorities may undertake redevelopment projects in addition to providing assisted housing. Any combination of cities and towns may form a regional housing authority, with the same powers as city or town housing authorities. Improvement Districts Improvement districts to provide street lighting, libraries, sidewalks, and police protection, may be established by vote of the town meeting. An elected prudential committee governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes. MA - p. 5 Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority This authority, which operates, manages, and coordinates bus and rail transit and commuter rail service in the Boston metropolitan area, was established by 1964 legislation and replaces the former Metropolitan Transit Authority that served 14 cities and towns in the Boston metropolitan area. A five-member board of directors appointed by the Governor, with the approval of designated agencies, governs the authority. The authority may fix rates and fares, and receive State, city, and town contributions. The authority may issue bonds, with a portion of the debt service being assumed by the State government for obligations incurred for specific purposes. The Boston Metropolitan District (see above) continues as the financing agency of the authority for the purpose of liquidating debt issued for the former Metropolitan Transit Authority. Massachusetts Municipal Wholesale Electric Company This company is a public corporation organized to provide and operate facilities for the wholesale generation of electric power. It is governed by a board of nine members, seven of whom are selected by the managers of the publicly-owned electric utilities of member cities and towns. Two additional board members are appointed by the Governor. The company may fix charges for the sale of electric power to member cities and towns, and may issue bonds. Reclamation Districts Districts to reclaim lowlands and provide mosquito abatement may be established by the State reclamation board on petition of landowners and after local referendum. An elected prudential committee governs each district. The district may levy assessments and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. Regional Police Districts Districts to provide police protection in two or more contiguous towns are established by resolution of the towns to be served. A board of commissioners, with two members appointed by the governing body of each member town, governs each district. The district may establish the amount to be contributed by each member town, and, after voter approval, may issue bonds. Regional Refuse Disposal Districts General law authorizes cities and towns to establish regional refuse disposal districts to provide refuse disposal services after referendum. A committee, selected by agreement between member cities and towns, governs each regional refuse disposal district. The district committee may issue bonds and apportion district costs to member cities and towns. MA - p. 6 Similar provisions apply to regional refuse disposal districts established by special acts. Regional Transportation Authorities Two or more cities or towns may establish a regional transportation authority to provide, operate, and maintain transit service. The governing body consists of the mayor or the city manager of each member city and the chairperson of the board of selectmen of each member town. The authorities may fix rates and fares, receive contributions from the State and from member cities and towns, and may issue bonds. Sewer Districts Sewer districts are individually established by special acts to provide sewerage facilities, but with substantially the same provisions as to their organization and operation. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. The boards may fix charges, levy taxes and/or benefit assessments, and issue bonds. The South Essex Sewerage District board consists of appointed and ex officio officials of the establishing governments. This district determines its own fiscal requirements, and apportions the amount to be contributed by each participating government. The Greater Lawrence Sanitary District is now covered under "Water Pollution Abatement Districts," below. South Shore Transportation District This district was authorized by a 1961 special act to provide transit service in the city of Quincy and the towns of Braintree, Hingham, and Weymouth. Although this legislation has never been repealed, the district has never been reported in operation. The area included in this district is now served by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Transportation Areas A single city or town, or two or more cities or towns, after local referendum, may establish transportation areas for operation of transit systems. A board of trustees appointed by the city councils and town selectmen governs each such area. The area board of trustees may fix and collect tolls, rates, and fees. Participating cities and towns may be assessed for any deficit. The Greenfield-Montague Transportation Area was established under this law. MA - p. 7 Water Pollution Abatement Districts General law provides that water pollution abatement districts may be established by two or more cities or towns after local referendum. The governing body consists of two members of the board of selectmen of each participating town and two members of the city council of each participating city, with one additional member appointed if a city or town has more than 20,000 population, and two additional members appointed if it has more than 50,000 population. Such a district may receive grants and contributions and may issue general obligation bonds. District costs are apportioned to member cities and towns. Some districts of this type are called "water quality districts" or "sanitary districts." Similar provisions apply to water pollution control districts authorized by special acts. Western Suburbs Transportation District This district was authorized by a 1961 special act to provide transit service in the cities of Boston and Newton, and the towns of Framingham, Natick, and Wellesley. Although this legislation has never been repealed, the district has never been reported in operation. The area included in this district is now served by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Worcester Health and Hospitals Authority This authority was created by 1990 legislation to acquire the Worcester City Hospital. A five-member board governs the authority, with two appointed by the Worcester city manager, two by the State secretary of human services, and one appointed by the other four. The authority may charge fees for its services, and may issue revenue bonds. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Massachusetts that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Building authorities (State). The Massachusetts State Colleges Building Authority, the Southeastern Massachusetts University Building Authority, the University of Lowell Building Authority, the University of Massachusetts Building Association, and the University of Massachusetts Building Authority were all created by special acts to construct and lease buildings for use by State agencies and institutions. Each of these authorities is governed by a board appointed by the MA - p. 8 Governor. All of these agencies may issue bonds to be financed from rental income from properties constructed and leased. Massachusetts Convention Center Authority (State). This authority was created by act of the general court to develop convention center facilities in the Boston area. A board of five members, including the State treasurer and four members appointed by the Governor, governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, fees, and charges, receive State appropriations, and issue revenue bonds. Massachusetts Health and Higher Educational Facilities Authority (State). This authority was created by act of the general court to finance the construction of facilities for hospitals and institutions of higher education. A board of nine members appointed by the Governor governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, rents, fees, and charges; receive grants, loans, and contributions; make mortgage loans; and issue revenue bonds. Massachusetts Home Mortgage Finance Agency (State). This agency was created by act of the general court to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. The agency is governed by a board of nine members, five of whom are appointed by the Governor, plus the secretary of communities and development, the commissioner of corporations and taxation, the commissioner of banking, and the Executive Director of the Massachusetts Housing Finance Agency, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The agency may fix fees and charges, accept gifts and grants, make mortgage loans, and issue revenue bonds. Massachusetts Housing Finance Agency (State). This agency was created by act of the general court to finance the construction and the rehabilitation of low and moderate income housing. The agency is governed by a board of seven members, five of whom are appointed by the Governor, plus the secretary of communities and development and the secretary of administration and finance, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The agency may make mortgage loans, set interest rates, accept gifts, grants, and contributions, and issue revenue bonds. Massachusetts Port Authority (State). This authority was established by 1956 special legislation. Its board consists of seven members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Governor's Council. The authority may charge tolls, rates, fees, and rentals, receive grants, and issue revenue bonds. This authority has acquired and now administers the Mystic River Bridge, the Port of Boston, and State-owned airports, including Logan International Airport and Hanscom Field. MA - p. 9 Massachusetts Turnpike Authority (State). This authority was established by special act to build, operate, and maintain the Massachusetts Turnpike and the East Boston toll tunnels. Its board consists of three members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Governor's Council. The authority may fix tolls and charges, and issue revenue bonds. Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (State). This authority was created in 1985 by act of the general court to operate the water supply and sewage disposal system in the Boston metropolitan area. A board of 11 directors governs the authority, including 4 members appointed by the Governor, 3 members appointed by the mayor of Boston, 3 members selected by an advisory board representing local governments in the area, and the State secretary of environmental affairs ex officio. The authority may impose charges, fees, and rates, may specify the amounts to be assessed participating cities and towns, and may issue revenue bonds. The commission must make debt service payments to the metropolitan district commission for debt issued by that commission prior to 1985. Metropolitan District Commission (State). This commission was established by act of the General Court to build, operate, and maintain park, sewerage, and water supply facilities in the Boston metropolitan area. It is separate from the Boston Metropolitan District (listed above under "Special District Governments"). The commission is governed by one commissioner and four associate commissioners appointed by the secretary of environmental affairs with the approval of the Governor. The commission receives revenues from charges and from State appropriations. Effective July 1, 1985, the metropolitan district commission turned over operation of the Boston area water and sewer system to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. However, the metropolitan district commission is still in existence to service debt, and to operate parks and parkways. Redevelopment authorities or community development authorities (municipal and town). Any town or city may establish such an authority by declaring a need therefor. The local housing authority, if any, must consent. A five-member board administers each redevelopment authority, with four members either appointed by the mayor or the city manager (in cities) or elected (in towns), plus one member appointed by the department of community affairs. Redevelopment authorities may issue bonds, collect rentals, and receive grants and loans. Other examples include: State Air pollution control districts Bay State Skills Corporation Community Economic Development Assistance Corporation MA - p. 10 Government Center Commission Government Land Bank Health districts Massachusetts Community Development Finance Authority Massachusetts Corporation for Educational Telecommunications Massachusetts Educational Financing Authority (formerly Massachusetts Education Loan Authority) Massachusetts Horse Racing Authority Massachusetts Industrial Development Authority Massachusetts Industrial Finance Agency Massachusetts Legal Assistance Corporation Massachusetts Product Development Corporation Massachusetts Technology Development Corporation Massachusetts Technology Park Corporation Mosquito control projects Pollution Liability Reinsurance Corporation State Lottery Commission Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Steamship Authority County County hospitals for chronic diseases Municipal Boston Water and Sewer Commission City airport commissions City fire prevention districts City historic districts City parking commissions and authorities Drinking water protection districts Economic development and industrial corporations --1972 general law; also special acts Holyoke Geriatric Authority Incinerator authorities Industrial development financing authorities Neighborhood Development Agency (Boston) Public beach districts Public welfare districts Regional health districts Regional industrial commissions Veterans' service districts Waste disposal facilities financing authorities Town Baker Hill Road District (in Lanesborough) Bourne Recreation Authority Drinking water protection districts Economic development and industrial corporations --1972 general law; also special acts Incinerator authorities Industrial development financing authorities Nantucket Islands Land Bank Public beach districts Public welfare districts Regional or town health districts Regional industrial commissions Town airport commissions MA - p. 11 Town fire prevention districts Town historic districts Town parking commissions and authorities Veterans' service districts Waste disposal facilities financing authorities Webster Lake Commission Joint city-town Bayside Resource Recovery Council Planning districts Public beach districts Regional health districts Southeastern Regional Planning and Economic Development District Veterans' service districts Westover Metropolitan Development Corporation (joint city-town) Weymouth-Braintree Regional Recreation and Conservation District (joint city-town) Massachusetts laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. MI - p. 1 MICHIGAN Michigan ranks 14th. among the States in number of local governments, with 2,721 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (83) There are no areas in Michigan lacking county government. The county governing body is called the board of county commissioners. Most counties operate in accordance with general statutes, although they may also organize under a locally approved charter. To date, only Wayne County has its own home rule charter. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (1,776) The 1,776 subcounty general purpose governments in Michigan comprise 534 municipal (city and village) governments, and 1,242 township governments. Municipal Governments (534) The term "municipality," as defined for census statistics on governments, applies only to the cities and villages in Michigan. Townships, to which the term "municipality" is applied by some Michigan statutes, are classified for census purposes as township rather than municipal governments (see below). Cities are organized as home rule, special charter, or fourth class. Those fourth class cities that do not adopt a home rule charter are under the Fourth Class City Act. Villages are either home rule or general law villages. Unlike cities, which exist outside the area of any township, villages are included within township areas. Township Governments (1,242) Township governments encompass the entire State except for areas within the boundaries of cities. Townships of 2,000 or more inhabitants may organize as "charter" townships and exercise considerably broader taxing powers and more administrative flexibility than other township governments. Townships are governed by a township board consisting of the township supervisor, the township clerk, the township treasurer, and two or four elected trustees. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (585) School District Governments (585) The following types of school districts in Michigan are counted as separate governments for census purposes: MI - p. 2 First class school districts Second class school districts Third class school districts Fourth class school districts Primary school districts Special school districts Community college districts All Michigan school districts are classed according to population served. Change from one class of school district to another is not automatic. The school board of a primary or fourth class district may submit the question of such a change to the voters; change from a third class to a second class district is by petition to the school board, after voter approval. The district governing body is an elected board of education. It may levy local ad valorem taxes and may issue bonds, both usually requiring the approval of the voters. Community college districts, each administered by an elected board of trustees, are also counted as governments. Community college district boards are authorized to levy taxes up to limits approved by the voters, accept gifts, grants, and contributions, and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Michigan has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities The intermediate school districts (areas within which intermediate school boards provide services for underlying school districts) are classified for census purposes as joint educational service agencies of the constituent school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. The intermediate school district board is appointed by a board composed of one representative of each constituent school district. Although intermediate school districts may levy ad valorem taxes, their budgets must be approved by the underlying school districts. In addition, the levy of ad valorem taxes for vocational-technical school and special education purposes by intermediate school districts requires voter approval. In January 1992, 57 intermediate school districts were reported in operation. The board of education of first, second, or third class and special school districts having 10,000 population or more may operate community (junior) colleges as an extension of the school services provided by the district. However, nearly all community colleges in Michigan are now operated by independent community college districts. MI - p. 3 SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (277) Michigan statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Agencies Formed Under Intergovernmental Agreements --1968 Law Two or more governments (county, city, village, township, school district, or special district) may exercise jointly any power common to them. Whenever such an agreement establishes an agency that is separate from the creating governments, the agreement specifies the functions to be performed, the method of selecting members of the agency governing body, and the method of allocating the share of the agency budget to each participating government. Agencies formed under this law may fix charges and borrow money, but may not levy taxes. Airport Authorities A 1970 general law, with special application to Ingham County, provides for the formation of an airport authority by any county having a portion of its boundaries within 10 miles of any State-owned airport and any city exceeding 100,000 population (Lansing) within its boundaries by resolution of each governing body. Contiguous counties may participate on petition of voters and after referendum. The Capital City Airport Authority was established under this law. An airport board consisting of the director of the Michigan Aeronautics Commission or a designated representative, three members from the city appointed by the mayor with the consent of the council, two members from the county appointed by its governing body, and two members from each additional county joining the authority, appointed by the respective county governing body, governs the authority. The authority board determines its fiscal requirements which are provided by the participating governments. The authority may also impose ad valorem taxes, and may issue revenue bonds. Joint airport authorities may be created by resolution of the legislative bodies of two or more cities, counties, townships, or incorporated villages or any combination thereof, after referendum. The governing body, an airport board, consists of one member for each 20,000 inhabitants or fraction thereof for the first 100,000 population, plus one additional member for each additional 250,000 inhabitants, appointed by the legislative body of the participating governments. An authority may issue bonds, levy ad valorem taxes after voter approval, and determine its financial requirements, which are provided by the participating governments. MI - p. 4 County Water, Sewer, and Sewer and Garbage Disposal Systems Any county may, by action of the county board of commissioners, establish a water, sewer, or sewage and garbage disposal system to serve cities, villages, and townships in the county pursuant to contract. The county may designate the agency to administer such a system. The amounts to be contributed by each city, township, or village are determined by contract. The county may also issue revenue bonds, or issue bonds secured by the contracting governments, to finance these systems. When a separate agency is established to administer these systems, that agency is counted as a special district government for census purposes. District Library Boards Two or more county, municipal, township, or school district governments may establish a district library upon approval of each of the participating governments. The composition of the library board is specified in the agreement creating the district library. Each participating government supports the district library through appropriations or tax levies. Tax levies and general obligation bond issues for library purposes require voter approval. Emergency Service Authorities Any two or more counties, cities, villages, or townships may incorporate an authority to provide emergency services, including fire protection, ambulance, and police protection, upon approval of the articles of incorporation by the governing body of each participating government. The method of selecting the authority governing body is specified in the articles of incorporation. The authority may levy ad valorem taxes upon voter approval. Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority A special act of the Michigan Legislature created this authority for acquiring and developing parks in southeastern Michigan. The authority is governed by a board of commissioners, consisting of five members appointed by the participating county boards of commissioners and two appointed by the Governor. The authority may levy taxes within voter-authorized limits, and collect fees, tolls, and charges. MI - p. 5 Irrigation Districts These districts may be created to provide irrigation facilities in counties having a population of 400,000 or less by the State water resources commission on petition of landowners to the county drain commissioner of the county having the most acreage in the district, after a feasibility study and public hearing. An irrigation board, consisting of the drain commissioner of each constituent county, the director of the department of agriculture or a designated representative, and the chairperson, or representative thereof, of each soil conservation district in the district, may accept grants, fix and collect charges, levy benefit assessments, and issue bonds. No irrigation districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Joint Agencies for Electric Power These agencies may be created to generate and distribute electric power by resolution of the legislative bodies of two or more counties, cities, villages, townships, or metropolitan districts. The governing body is a board of commissioners composed of representatives of the participating governments. An agency may set rents, rates, and fees, and accept appropriations from participating governments. An agency also may issue revenue bonds. The Michigan Public Power Agency was established under this law. Joint Hospital Authorities Joint hospital authorities are created to provide, operate, and maintain hospitals by resolution of the legislative bodies of two or more cities, villages, or townships with the approval of the voters. The authorities are governed by hospital boards with one member appointed for the first 20,000 inhabitants, one for each additional 40,000 or fraction thereof by the creating legislative bodies, and seven members selected by these appointees. The authorities determine their fiscal needs, which are provided by the participating cities, villages, and townships. In addition, joint hospital authorities may issue bonds. Mass Transportation Authorities--1963 law Any city with a population not exceeding 300,000 may, by action of its governing body, incorporate a mass transportation authority to provide transit service within the city and surrounding areas within a 10-mile radius of the city. The method of selecting the authority governing body members is specified in the articles MI - p. 6 of incorporation. Mass transportation authorities may fix fares and other charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Similar provisions apply to transportation commissioners formed under intergovernmental agreements. Authorities governed by the city governing body ex officio are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Metropolitan Councils Metropolitan councils to provide public improvements and services, including water supply, sewerage, solid waste collection and disposal, parks and recreation, transportation facilities, higher education facilities, and economic development and planning are established by an agreement between two or more local governments. The composition of the metropolitan council governing body is specified in the agreement creating the council. Metropolitan councils may fix charges for their facilities and services, levy ad valorem taxes, and require the participating governments to contribute to the council in proportion to their assessed valuation. If their articles of incorporation so permit, they may also issue bonds. Metropolitan Transportation Authorities--1967 law Under general law, metropolitan transportation authorities may be established to provide transit service in major metropolitan areas by resolution of the board of commissioners of one or more contiguous counties. A board of directors, consisting of nine members, is appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate; six of the appointments are made from lists submitted by the boards of commissioners of the member counties and the mayor of any city within the authority with a population exceeding 500,000. In the case of the Suburban Mobility Authority for Transportation (formerly Southeastern Michigan Transportation Authority), which was established under this law, 15 members are apportioned on the basis of population and appointed by their respective governing bodies. Metropolitan transportation authorities may fix and collect rates, fares, tolls, and other charges, accept appropriations and grants, and issue revenue bonds. In addition to operating transit service itself, a metropolitan transportation authority may make contracts with other public or private transit systems for construction or operation of any portion of the transit facilities within the area served by the authority. MI - p. 7 Port Authorities--1978 law Any city and county, combination of counties, or a combination consisting of at least one city and one county may request the Governor to authorize the incorporation of an authority to provide, operate, and maintain port facilities. The governing body of an authority has one member appointed by the Governor and repesentatives of the participating governments. In a county over 2,000,000 population, one member is appointed by the Governor, two by the county board of commissioners, and two by the mayor of a city having a population of at least 1,000,000. Authorities may set and collect rates, fees, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Fifty percent of the authority operating budget is funded by the department of transportation. These provisions replace former provisions that authorized port districts. Public Transportation Authorities--1986 Law Authorities to provide transit service may be created under this law by one or more counties, cities, townships, or villages, or combination thereof. The composition of the authority governing body is specified in the agreement creating the authority. The authorities may fix fares, fees, rents, and charges, and receive appropriations from participating governments. They may also levy ad valorem taxes and issue general obligation bonds after voter approval, but may not pledge the credit of participating governments without the approval of those governments. Soil Conservation Districts The State soil conservation committee creates these districts on petition and after hearing and referendum. The governing board consists of three directors popularly elected and two directors appointed by the State soil conservation committee. The districts may require contributions from benefited landholders. Water and Sanitation Districts and Authorities Michigan general laws authorize the following types of districts or authorities to provide for water supply and sanitation: Charter water authorities--1957 law Metropolitan districts--1929 law Rubbish and garbage disposal authorities--1947 law Sewage disposal and water supply system authorities --1955 law Water authorities--1952 law Water and/or sewage disposal districts--1956 law MI - p. 8 Charter water authorities under the 1957 law are created by agreement between any two or more cities, villages, or townships having a combined equalized valuation of $200 million or more, with voter approval, to acquire and operate a water supply system. A board of commissioners, appointed by the legislative bodies of the member governments, governs each authority. The authority may collect rates and charges, levy taxes, and issue general obligation bonds. Metropolitan districts under the 1929 law are created by agreement between two or more cities, villages, or townships, or combinations thereof, to acquire and maintain water and sewage disposal systems, as well as parks and transportation facilities. The district charters provide for election or appointment of governing bodies. Each district may levy taxes and collect rates, tolls, and excises. In lieu of levying taxes, the district may prorate expenses to be provided by participating governments. Rubbish and garbage disposal authorities under the 1947 law are formed by agreement between any two or more cities, villages, or townships to provide for collection of rubbish and garbage. The method of choosing the governing body is determined in the articles of incorporation. Any such authority determines its fiscal requirements, which are provided by the participating governments. "Landfill authorities," "sanitation authorities," "incinerator authorities," "resource recovery authorities," and "sanitary districts" operate under the same provisions as rubbish and garbage disposal authorities. Sewage disposal and water supply system authorities under the 1955 law are formed by agreement between any two or more counties, cities, villages, or townships, to acquire and operate sewage disposal, solid waste disposal, and water supply systems. The method of choosing the authority governing body is determined by the articles of incorporation. The authority determines its fiscal needs, which are provided by the participating governments. In addition, an authority may issue revenue bonds. "Cooperative authorities," "solid waste management authorities," "utilities authorities," and "waste water authorities" operate under the same provisions as sewage disposal and water supply system authorities. Water authorities under the 1952 law are formed by agreement between any two or more cities, villages, or townships, or combinations thereof, to provide a water supply system. The articles of incorporation provide for the method of selecting the governing body as well as the method of determining the amount to be paid by each participating municipality to the authority for services. A water authority may issue revenue bonds. MI - p. 9 Water and/or sewage disposal districts under the 1956 law are created to provide a water supply and sewage disposal system by the State water resources commission on petition of two or more cities, villages, or townships after local referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may collect rates and charges, levy special benefit assessments, and issue revenue bonds. Water Management Districts General law provides for the establishment of these districts, which provide flood control and drainage facilities, by the director of agriculture on petition of three or more public corporations. The district governing body is a water management board appointed by a water management commission consisting of representatives of public corporations in the district area, plus the director of agriculture. Costs of projects are assessed against each public corporation in the district and against the State and counties for drainage and flood control. The districts may issue bonds. No water management districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Michigan that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (See "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Drainage districts (county). Michigan law authorizes four types of drainage districts to provide drainage for agricultural and health purposes: Chapter 4 and Chapter 20 drainage districts (each covering portions of a single county) Chapter 5 and Chapter 21 drainage districts (each covering portions of two or more counties) Each type is established by petition of landowners or local governments to the county drain commissioner or the State director of agriculture, after public hearing. Chapter 4 districts are governed by the county drain commissioner. Chapter 5 districts are governed by a board consisting of the county drain commissioners of each county served plus the State Director of MI - p. 10 Agriculture. Chapter 20 and 21 district boards include, in addition to the above officials, the chairperson of the county board of supervisors and a third county official, specified by statute, of each county served. Each district certifies, to the governing body of each county, city, village, or township served, the amount of property taxes and special assessments to be levied for district purposes. All types of drainage districts may issue bonds. Housing commissions (county, municipal, or township). A housing commission is established by county, city, village, or township ordinance; local referendum is required if voters petition therefor. A commission consists of five members appointed by the chief administrative officer of the county, city, village, or township. In Detroit, the commission includes, in addition to the five members appointed by the mayor, representatives of the board of tenant affairs and the coordinating council on community redevelopment. A housing commission may collect rentals and issue revenue bonds. However, all leases, contracts, and purchases must be approved by the county, city, village, or township governing body. Housing commissions may also perform redevelopment functions. Joint water and sewage disposal systems--1939 and 1947 laws (county, municipal, or township). The question of joint acquisition of a water supply, sewage disposal, or garbage disposal system serving two or more county, city, village, township, or metropolitan district governments may be submitted to the voters. Each system organized under these two laws may be governed by a joint board consisting of representatives of the participating governments or, as an alternative, administered by one of the participating governments under contract. Under the 1939 law, the amount of service charges to be imposed, as well as the contributions to be made by each participating government, is specified by contract. Under the 1947 law, contributions made by each participating government are in proportion to revenues received within the area of that government, unless otherwise specified by contract. Under both laws, participating governments may issue bonds. Michigan Municipal Bond Bank Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the legislature to enable local governments to borrow money for public purposes at favorable interest rates. A board of trustees, consisting of the State treasurer serving ex officio, plus two State officials serving at the pleasure of the Governor, and five other trustees appointed by the Governor, governs the authority. The authority may impose fees and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. MI - p. 11 Michigan State Building Authority (State). This authority was established by special act to finance the construction of State buildings. It is governed by a board of trustees appointed by the Governor. The authority may impose rentals for use of facilities, and may issue revenue bonds. Michigan State Hospital Finance Authority (State). This authority was established to finance construction of hospital facilities. The authority is governed by a board of seven members, five of whom are appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate, plus the director of the department of public health and the State treasurer, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The authority may receive grants and contributions, fix charges and fees, make mortgage loans, and issue revenue bonds. State Housing Development Authority (State). This authority was established to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. The authority is governed by a board of seven members, four of whom are appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate, plus the director of social services, the director of commerce, and the State treasurer, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The authority may fix fees and charges, receive gifts, grants, loans, and appropriations, make mortgage loans, and issue revenue bonds. In addition, the authority may, upon approval of the legislature and the voters, receive proceeds of State general obligation bonds. Other examples include: State Automobile Theft Prevention Authority Base conversion authorities Forest improvement districts Low-Level Radioactive Waste Authority Mackinac Island State Park Commission Michigan Education Trust Michigan Export Development Authority Michigan Family Farm Development Authority Michigan Forest Finance Authority Michigan Higher Education Assistance Authority Michigan Higher Education Facilities Authority Michigan Higher Education Student Loan Authority Michigan State Natural Resources Commission State Strategic Fund State Waterways Commission MI - p. 12 County Building and parking authorities Community mental health service boards County boards of road commissioners County health districts County library boards Economic development commissions Economic development corporations Emergency telephone districts Health facilities corporations (county) Historic districts Joint building and parking authorities (city-county) Joint county medical care facilities Lake improvement ("inland lake") districts Library cooperatives Local hospital finance authorities Regional libraries River management districts (county) Rural fire protection districts Zoning districts Municipal Building and parking authorities City market authorities Commercial redevelopment districts (municipal) Downtown development authorities Economic development corporations Fire assessment districts Health facilities corporations (municipal) Historic districts Joint building and parking authorities (city-county) Joint fire protection districts Joint water supply systems--1945 law Library boards in cities having less than 10,000 population and in villages Local development finance authorities (municipal) Local hospital finance authorities Market authorities Mass transportation authorities with ex officio boards--1963 law Plant rehabilitation and industrial development districts (municipal) River management districts (municipal) Rural fire protection districts Tax increment financing authorities Technology park districts (municipal) Twin City Public Safety Authority MI - p. 13 Township Building and parking authorities Commercial redevelopment districts (township) Downtown development authorities Economic development corporations Fire assessment districts Historic districts Joint fire protection districts Library boards in townships Local development finance authorities (township) Local hospital finance authorities Plant rehabilitation and industrial development districts (township) Resort district authorities River management districts (township) Technology park districts (township) Township water supply districts--1941 law Zoning districts Other Industrial districts within port authorities are classified as subordinate activities of a port authority, and are not counted as separate governments. Michigan laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. MN - p. 1 MINNESOTA Minnesota ranks 6th. among the States in number of local governments, with 3,579 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (87) There are no areas in Minnesota lacking county government. The county governing body is called the county board of commissioners. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (2,657) The 2,657 subcounty general purpose governments in Minnesota comprise 854 municipal (city) governments and 1,803 township or town governments. Municipal Governments (854) The term "municipality," as defined for census statistics on governments, applies only to the cities in Minnesota. Towns or townships in Minnesota are counted as township governments, and not as municipal governments, in census statistics on governments. Minnesota cities are divided into four classes according to population size, as follows: First class - more than 100,000 inhabitants Second class - more than 20,000 and not more than 100,000 inhabitants Third class - more than 10,000 and not more than 20,000 inhabitants Fourth class - not more than 10,000 inhabitants "Charter cities" are municipal governments that have adopted home rule charters. All other municipal governments, including those that were villages on January 1, 1974, are "statutory cities." There are no differences between cities that would affect their classification for census purposes. Some, but not all cities, exist within township areas. Township Governments (1,803) Township governments exist in 85 of the 87 Minnesota counties. In those counties that have township governments, township governments do not cover the entire area of such counties. All unorganized territory and some, but not all, cities, exist outside the area served by any township government. In recent years, some township governments in Minnesota have been dissolved. The terms "town" and "township" are used interchangeably in Minnesota with regard to township governments. The township governing body is the board of supervisors. A number of metropolitan area towns, or urban towns, have powers similar to those of municipal governments under special powers granted by the Minnesota statutes. MN - p. 2 PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (458) School District Governments (458) The following types of school districts in Minnesota are counted as separate governments for census purposes: Common school districts Independent school districts Special school districts Technical colleges An elected board administers each school district of the above three types. School districts may levy school taxes and issue bonds. Technical colleges (formerly area vocational- technical institutes) may be established by school districts, intermediate districts, or joint vocational technical districts. Joint vocational technical school districts are established by two or more independent school districts after approval by the State commissioner of education. The joint vocational technical board consists of appointed representatives of the particpating school districts. Joint vocational technical districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Since 1985, they may confer associate degrees. In the 1987 Census of Governments, and in previous census reporting, technical colleges were not counted as separate governments. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Minnesota has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities Minnesota has the following types of educational service agencies in operation: Area learning centers Educational cooperative service units Education districts Elementary secondary vocational computer regions Interdistrict councils (under Joint Powers Act) Intermediate school districts Vocational centers (cooperative centers for vocational education) Area learning centers to provide vocational education to secondary school pupils with special needs may be established by a school district or districts, an educational cooperative service unit, an intermediate school district, or an institution of post-secondary education. For census purposes, they are not counted as separate governments, but are joint educational service agencies of the school districts they serve. In January 1992, there were 26 area learning centers reported in operation. MN - p. 3 Educational cooperative service units, or ECSU's, were established by 1976 legislation that divided the State into 10 educational cooperative service units to provide planning and special educational programs and services on a regional basis. A unit becomes operational upon petition to the State board of education by a majority of the school board members. Educational cooperative service units receive revenue from State and Federal grants, and from service fees apportioned among participating school districts and private educational institutions. Educational cooperative service units are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, 9 educational cooperative service units were reported in operation. Education districts to provide educational and school support services to participating school districts may be established by agreement between 4 or more school districts. A board of appointed representatives of the participating school districts governs each education district; these representatives serve at the pleasure of the school district they represent. Education districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds after voter approval. In January 1992, there were 35 education districts reported in operation. Elementary and secondary vocational computer regions, or ESV's, provide a computer based financial management accounting system to school districts, utilizing regional or other computing facilities. They are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, there were eight regions of this type reported in operation. Interdistrict councils organized under the Joint Powers Act are established by agreement between two or more school districts, to exercise powers common to the contracting parties. Most of the education agreements formed under this law provide special education services. The agreement determines whether there is a separate governing body. Interdistrict councils under the Joint Powers Act are not counted as separate governments. Similar provisions apply to secondary cooperative facilities districts, special education cooperative districts, and telecommunications districts. In January 1992, there were 2 secondary cooperative facilities districts, 15 special education cooperative districts, and 9 telecommunications districts reported in operation. Intermediate school districts are established by special acts to provide technical colleges or special education. A joint board, consisting of appointed representatives of each participating school district, governs each intermediate school district. These districts may levy ad valorem taxes, receieve Federal, State, and local contributions, and issue bonds. They are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, there were three intermediate school districts reported in operation. MN - p. 4 Vocational centers (also called cooperative centers for vocational education), which provide vocational education and other educational services, are established by resolutions of two or more independent school districts. They are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, 14 vocational centers were reported in operation. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (377) Minnesota statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Area Redevelopment Agencies Agencies to provide redevelopment may be established by joint powers agreement between two or more municipalities. A joint board consisting of one member appointed by the Governor and the remainder by the municipalities served governs each agency. The agency may collect fees, rentals, and charges, issue bonds, and, with approval of the municipalities served, may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments. These agencies are to be distinguished from the municipal redevelopment agencies listed under "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Carey Lake Recreational District A 1969 special act permits establishment of this district after approval of the governing bodies of the cities of Chisholm, Buhl, and Hibbing, and Stuntz township. The district board of trustees consists of two representatives from each of the governing bodies. The district may fix sales and rental charges. Drainage and Conservancy Districts Authorizing legislation for drainage and conservancy districts was repealed in 1987. Hospital Districts--1957 and 1959 Laws Municipal hospital districts, authorized by 1959 legislation, may be established by resolution of the governing bodies of any two or more contiguous cities (except first class) or townships. A referendum is required if requested by the voters. The district hospital board consists of one member elected from each constituent government plus one member elected at large. The board may collect charges for services, levy taxes, accept county appropriations, and issue general obligation bonds with the approval of the voters. Under 1957 legislation as amended in 1973, hospital districts may be created by a county governing body or by two or more county governing bodies acting jointly, on petition of any combination of two or more contiguous cities or townships. A referendum on creation of the MN - p. 5 district is required if petitioned by voters. The district hospital board consists of one member elected from each constituent city or township. Provisions for financing are similar to those for municipal hospital districts. A few county hospital districts have also been established by special acts with generally similar provisions. Housing and Redevelopment Authorities General law provides for the establishment of a housing and redevelopment authority in each municipality and most counties on resolution of the respective governing bodies. Multicounty authorities may also be established. Each authority is administered by a board of commissioners appointed by the mayor with the consent of the municipal governing body or by the county governing body, as appropriate. Authorities may issue revenue bonds, fix and collect rentals, and accept grants, gifts, and contributions. A property tax may be levied with the approval of the establishing government. The Minneapolis Public Housing Authority, organized in 1986, was also established under this law. Special acts authorize city governing bodies to serve as housing authority commissioners ex officio in a few localities. A housing authority governed by the city governing body is not counted as a separate government. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Medical Clinic District A 1989 special act authorizes creation of this district by resolution of the towns of Crystal Bay, Beaver Bay, and Stony River, the cities of Beaver Bay and Silver Bay, and the county of Lake. The district board consists of one representative from each of the participating governments. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and fix charges for its services. Metropolitan Airports Commission This commission was created by special legislation to provide, operate, and maintain airports in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. It is governed by a board of commissioners comprised of the mayors of Minneapolis and St. Paul or their appointed representatives acting in an ex officio capacity, plus 13 additional members (including the chairperson) appointed by the Governor. The commission may set rates, collect fees and rents, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue general obligation bonds. MN - p. 6 Metropolitan Council The metropolitan council was created by a special act primarily to coordinate planning and development in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. It has been given broad powers to review and require consistency and compatibility of all comprehensive plans of governments in the seven-county area. The council consists of 17 members appointed by the Governor. It may levy ad valorem taxes and may issue bonds. Metropolitan Mosquito Control District A special act permits any two or more counties in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area to establish this district. A 17-member commission, composed of members of the boards of county commissioners from each of the participating counties, governs the district. The district may certify the amount of ad valorem taxes to be levied on its behalf. Metropolitan Sports Facilities Commission This commission was established by 1977 legislation to provide sports stadiums in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. The commission consists of nine members appointed by the Governor. It may fix rents, fees, and charges, and impose admissions taxes. The metropolitan council issues bonds to finance construction of facilities owned by the commission. The commission may also receive the proceeds of municipally-imposed sales taxes. In the 1987 Census of Governments, and in earlier census reporting, the metropolitan sports facilities commission was classified as a dependent activity of the metropolitan council, and was not counted as a separate government. Metropolitan Waste Control Commission The metropolitan waste control commission was established by 1969 legislation to provide for sewage disposal facilities in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. The metropolitan council appoints eight members of the board of directors; the Governor appoints the chairperson. The board has acquired and operates facilities formerly operated by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District as well as other such facilities in the metropolitan area. The commission apportions its operating costs in accordance with a statutory formula to the member governments. The commission has no taxing or bonding powers. However, the metropolitan council may levy ad valorem taxes and issue general obligation bonds to finance construction of sewage disposal facilities owned by the commission. MN - p. 7 Minneapolis-St. Paul Housing Finance Board This board was established by a joint exercise of powers agreement between the Minneapolis Community Development Agency and the Housing and Redevelopment Authority of St. Paul to provide mortgage credit. The composition of the board is specified in the agreement establishing it. The board may fix fees and charges for its services, and may issue revenue bonds. Municipal Gas Agencies Municipal gas agencies, which provide and distribute gas, are established when two or more cities file a written agreement with the secretary of state. A board of directors, in which at least five directors represent the participating cities, governs each agency. The agency may charge rents, rates, and other fees, accept appropriations from member cities, and issue revenue bonds. No municipal gas agencies were reported in operation as of January 1992. Municipal Power Agencies Municipal power agencies are established by written agreement between two or more member cities, upon resolution of the respective city governing bodies, to generate and distribute electric power. A board, consisting of representatives of the governing bodies of the member cities, governs each agency. The number of representatives per city and their manner of selection are specified in the agreement establishing the agency. Municipal power agencies may impose service charges, accept appropriations and grants from member cities, and issue revenue bonds. North Koochiching Area Sanitary District This district was authorized by a 1981 special act to provide wastewater treatment facilities. It is governed by a 9-member board appointed by the governing bodies of the cities of International Falls, Rainier, and South International Falls, and the East Koochiching and Papermakers sewer districts. The number of board members appointed by each member government is specified in the act. The amount paid by each member government for current expenses of the district is determined by the district board. The district may also levy ad valorem taxes and issue general obligation bonds. Park Districts Park districts are authorized under a general law applicable only to counties with 350,000 or more inhabitants; adjoining counties may also be included in the district. Establishment is by the board of county commissioners following petition of voters or resolutions adopted by a majority of the governing bodies of the cities within each county in the proposed district; local referendum is required if petitioned for or if the county commissioners so desire. MN - p. 8 The Suburban Hennepin Regional Park District (formerly the Hennepin County Park Reserve District) was established under this law to provide park facilities in Hennepin County. Single-county park districts are coterminous with the county, but exclude first class cities. Multicounty park districts may include all or part of two or more counties, exclusive of first class cities. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. The district may fix charges and issue bonds. The district may also determine the amount to be contributed by each participating government. Ramsey Health Care Corporation This corporation was established by 1986 legislation as the successor to the former St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center Commission. The directors are selected by a nominating committee; that committee must include a member of the Ramsey County board of commissioners. The corporation may fix charges, receive Federal, State, and local contributions, and issue revenue bonds. Regional Development Commissions These commissions, which coordinate State, Federal, and local planning and development programs, are established by the Governor following petition by a combination of the governing bodies of the cities and counties representing a majority of the population residing in the area of the proposed commission. Each commission consists of members chosen from local governing bodies, councils of governments, and public interest groups. The commission by-laws specify the method of selection of board members; in all cases, the other board members select the chairperson. Regional development commissions may receive State and Federal grants, and may levy property taxes. Regional Railroad Authorities Regional railroad authorities to preserve and improve local freight or passenger rail service may be established by resolution adopted by the governing body of one or more counties, after application to the secretary of state. A board of 5 or more commissioners governs each authority. The number of commissioners appointed by each member county is specified in the certificate of incorporation. The authority may charge fees and rentals and issue revenue bonds; with voter approval, it may levy ad valorem taxes. Authorities of this type that are governed by the county board of commissioners ex officio are not counted as separate special district governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. MN - p. 9 Regional Transit Board This board was established by 1984 legislation to direct and coordinate public transit in the Minneapolis- St. Paul area. Members of the board are appointed by the metropolitan council. The board may levy ad valorem taxes. The metropolitan council may issue bonds to finance projects for the benefit of the board. The regional transit board is separate from the metropolitan transit commission (see below). Rural Development Financing Authorities Authorities to acquire, construct, and improve agricultural development and improvement projects are established by resolution of one or more counties. A board of directors, appointed by the county governing bodies of the counties served, governs each authority. The authorities may fix charges for their services, levy special assessments, and receive State contributions (including proceeds from tax increment financing). Authorities governed by the county commissioners ex officio are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Rural Water User Districts Rural water user districts to conserve, store, and distribute water may be established under general law upon petition of at least 50 percent of the landowners to the State District Court. If the district includes an area within a city, then the petition must include a resolution of the city governing body. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may impose service charges and issue revenue bonds. Sanitary Disposal Authorities General law provides that two or more cities (except first class cities), if located within 25 miles of the Minneapolis city hall, may establish a sanitary disposal authority by resolution of the governing bodies. A board of directors consisting of one member from each member municipality, appointed by the mayor, governs each authority. The board may fix rates and charges for services, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue bonds. Sanitary Districts Sanitary districts may be established by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency on petition of the governing bodies of one or more county, municipal, or township governments. A board of managers, selected by the governing bodies of the constituent governments, governs each district. The district may fix service charges, accept gifts and grants, and issue bonds. Similar provisions apply to the Western Lake Superior Sanitary District, which was established by a special act. MN - p. 10 Regional sanitary districts are created by special acts, with substantially uniform provisions, that enumerate the cities and townships included therein. A board of directors, with one member appointed by the governing body of each participating city or township, governs the district. Each district may fix service charges, levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and issue bonds. Soil and Water Conservation Districts Soil and water conservation districts are created by the State Soil and Water Conservation Board on petition of landowners after referendum. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The board may require contributions from benefited landowners and accept State or Federal aid. In addition, the county may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds for the benefit of the district. Solid Waste Management Districts Solid waste management districts may be established to build and operate solid waste facilities of the State waste management board following petition from governing bodies of at least half the counties that lie wholly or in part within the proposed district. Each participating government appoints two members to the district board of directors. The district may charge fees and issue revenue bonds. Transit Commissions (Special Acts) The Metropolitan Transit Commission operates the transit system in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. It consists of 5 members appointed by the regional transit board. The commission may fix fares and charges. Since 1985, ad valorem taxes have been levied by the regional transit board, and general obligation bonds have been issued by the metropolitan council. However, the metropolitan transit commission continues to certify the amount of property taxes needed to service bonds issued by the metropolitan transit commission prior to 1985. The St. Cloud Metropolitan Transit Commission was established by a 1969 law. It consists of members appointed by the governing bodies of the participating municipalities. The commission may issue revenue bonds, impose charges, and levy ad valorem taxes. Watershed Districts General law authorizes the State water resources board to establish these districts to provide flood control, reclamation, water supply, sewerage, drainage, and soil and water conservation on petition of landowners and after public hearing. The governing body is a board of managers, appointed by the county boards of commissioners. The district board may levy special MN - p. 11 benefit assessments and issue revenue bonds. An ad valorem tax levy is authorized for organizational and administrative expenses only. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Minnesota that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics on governments as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Sustems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the areas served. Higher Education Coordinating Board (State). This board, authorized by act of the legislature, was created to oversee higher education in Minnesota and to administer student loans and scholarships. The board consists of 11 members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate. The board may receive appropriations and grants, make loans to lenders, receive income from charges and loan repayments, and issue revenue bonds. Minnesota Higher Education Facilities Authority (State). This authority was created by 1971 legislation to finance the construction of higher education facilities. A board consisting of the executive director of the Minnesota Higher Education Coordinating Board ex officio, and eight other members appointed by the Governor governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, rents, fees, and charges for its services, and may issue revenue bonds. Minnesota Housing Finance Agency (State). This agency, authorized by an act of the legislature, was created to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing and related improvements. A board of seven members governs the agency, including five members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate, plus the State auditor and the commissioner of trade and economic development, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The agency may set fees and charges, receive grants and appropriations, make mortgage loans, and issue revenue bonds. MN - p. 12 Port authorities (municipal). General law authorizes the establishment of these authorities in cities of the first class, and also elsewhere by special act. A port commission of three members appointed by the city council governs each authority. By unanimous resolution, however, a port commission may increase its membership to seven. Contiguous first class cities may establish joint port commissions. The port commission submits its annual budget to the city council which, at its discretion, may levy an ad valorem tax for port authority needs. Port authorities may also fix rates, fees, and charges. The port commission may issue revenue bonds. Industrial development districts within port authorities are classified as dependent agencies of the establishing authority, and are not counted as separate governments. Other examples include: State Greater Minnesota Corporation Lake Superior Center Authority Minnesota Agricultural and Economic Development Board (formerly Minnesota Energy and Economic Development Authority) Minnesota Educational Computing Corporation Minnesota Export Finance Authority Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Minnesota Project Outreach Corporation Minnesota Public Facilities Authority Minnesota World Trade Center Corporation Mississippi River Parkway Commission Rural Finance Authority St. Paul Landmark Authorty County Byllesby Park District Cook County and Grand Marais Joint Economic Development Authority County and judicial drainage systems County building commissions County water and sewer districts *Lake improvement districts Mississippi Headwaters Board Regional libraries Regional railroad authorities governed by the county board of commissioners *Road districts in unorganized territory Rural development financing authorities with ex officio boards *Subordinate service districts (Anoka County) MN - p. 13 Municipal City development districts Duluth Airport Authority Duluth Transit Authority Economic development authorities Economic development districts Housing and redevelopment authorities with ex officio boards Lake Minnetonka Conservation District (in Hennepin County) Minneapolis Community Development Agency Minneapolis Housing Finance Agency Municipal redevelopment agencies St. Paul Civic Center Authority St. Paul Public Housing Agency Special service districts Spirit Mountain Recreation Area Authority Storm sewer improvement districts Tax increment financing districts (may also be dependent on a special district) Urban and rural service (taxing) districts Township Road districts (in areas having organized township governments) Special fire protection districts Joint Municipal-Township Joint East Range Economic Development Authority White Bear Lake Conservation District Other The Metropolitan Parks and Open Space Commission is classified as a dependent activity of the Metropolitan Council. Minnesota laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. MS - p. 1 MISSISSIPPI Mississippi ranks 31st. among the States in number of local governments, with 869 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (82) There are no areas in Mississippi lacking county government. The county governing body is called the county board of supervisors. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (294) Municipal Governments (294) Municipal governments in Mississippi are the cities (municipalities having 2,000 inhabitants or more), towns (municipalities having 300 to 1,999 inhabitants), and villages (municipalities having 50 to 299 inhabitants). Villages can no longer be created except in special circumstances, but villages now in existence may retain their status so long as they have at least 50 inhabitants. Township Governments (0) Mississippi has no township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (177) School District Governments (173) Only the following types of school districts in Mississippi are counted as separate governments for census purposes: Countywide school districts Consolidated school districts Municipal separate school districts Special municipal separate school districts Junior colleges Countywide school districts comprise all of the territory of a county, exclusive of the territory included in a municipal separate school district. The elected county board of education governs the district. Such districts exist in 71 counties. Consolidated school districts are subdivisions of that territory of a county that are not included in a municipal separate school district or in a countywide district. An elected board of trustees governs the district. "Line" (intercounty) districts operate under similar provisions. Municipal separate school districts include the area of a municipality and may include added territory. A board of trustees appointed by the municipal governing body governs the district. If "added territory" includes 15 percent of pupils enrolled in a district, 1 member of the board is elected from that area, and if 30 percent or more, two trustees are elected from that area. MS - p. 2 Further provision is made for an elected board of trustees for any municipal separate school district in a county of fewer than 15,000 inhabitants that, with its "added territory," embraces the entire county. Although authorizing legislation for municipal separate school districts was repealed in 1987, existing districts may continue to operate until abolished by action of the county board of education or by petition of voters to the board of the district to be abolished. Special municipal separate school districts are municipal separate school districts having "added territory" that contains 25 percent or more of the total number of educable children of the the district. An elected board of trustees governs each special municipal separate school district. The county boards of education and the boards of trustees of the municipal separate and consolidated school districts determine the amount of local taxes to be levied for school purposes. Bonds for school purposes are also issued by the county or municipal government at the request of the school boards, but usually in the name of the school district. In addition, junior colleges in Mississippi are counted as governments. These junior colleges are administered by boards of trustees appointed by the respective boards of county supervisors. They are financed through local tax levies. Dependent Public School Systems (4) Mississippi statutes authorize the following types of dependent public school systems: Systems dependent on county governments (4): Agricultural high schools The agricultural high schools in Mississippi are classified as dependent agencies of county governments for census purposes, and are not counted as separate governments. A board of trustees appointed by the county supervisors, plus the county superintendent of schools ex officio, governs each agricultural high school. The county may levy taxes for the support of agricultural high schools, and may finance capital improvements through county bond issues. In January 1992, there were four such schools. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (320) Mississippi statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Air Ambulance Service Districts These districts may be established to provide air ambulance service by resolution of the board of supervisors of two or more counties having common MS - p. 3 boundaries with a State highway safety patrol district. A referendum is required if the voters so petition. The district board of directors consists of one member appointed by the Governor, plus one member from each participating county, appointed by its board of supervisors. The district board may fix rates and charges, and accept loans and grants. The participating counties may make appropriations to these districts. Bienville Recreational District This district was created by special act to provide recreational facilities in a four-county area. A board of directors governs the district; its members are appointed by the boards of supervisors of the participating counties, plus two members appointed by the Governor from the district at large. The district may, upon approval of the voters in each of the counties served, levy ad valorem taxes; in addition, the district may fix charges, rentals, tolls, and rates, and may issue bonds. This district was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Big Black River Basin District This district, which provides flood control, recreation, and navigation facilities in an 11-county area, was created by a special act. The district board of directors consists of representatives of the State board of water commissioners, game and fish commission, forestry commission, and board of health; four members at large from the district area, all appointed by the Governor; plus two members from each participating county appointed by the county board of supervisors. The district may receive appropriations from member counties, and may issue bonds. Cooperative Service Districts Districts to provide joint financing, construction, and administration of governmental facilities and services are established by action of the board of supervisors of each participating county. A board of commissioners, five of whom are appointed by the county supervisors of each participating county, governs each district. The districts may charge fees and tolls, and apportion costs to participating county and municipal governments. However, bonds may only be issued by the participating governments. Drainage Districts Drainage districts with local commissioners are created on petition to the chancery court and after public hearing. Consolidated drainage districts (combinations of three or more drainage districts) are also created by the chancery court on petition of the drainage districts involved and after public hearing. Governing bodies of both of these types of districts MS - p. 4 are appointed by the chancery court. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and may issue bonds. Similar provisions are made for drainage districts with county commissioners, except that their governing bodies are appointed by the county board of supervisors. Legislation for swampland districts has been repealed, with the provision that any in existence may continue to operate. Subdistricts of drainage districts are classified as activities of the main drainage district, and are not counted as separate governments. Flood Control Districts The chancery court, on petition of a county board of supervisors and after a public hearing, may establish flood control districts to provide and maintain flood control facilities. The district governing body is appointed by the chancery court. It may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Two flood control districts--the Mississippi River Levee District and the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta Levee District--were given permanent existence by the State constitution. Their governing bodies are elected boards of levee commissioners. These two districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Gas Districts A number of districts have been established in Mississippi by special acts to provide natural gas transmission systems. The provisions for the selection of the governing body of such districts vary. Where gas districts have separate elected or appointed governing bodies, they are counted as governments for census purposes. Gas districts may fix rates and charges, and issue revenue bonds. Districts governed by municipal officials in an ex officio capacity are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Gulf Regional District This district, to provide for the rehabilitation and redevelopment of areas devastated by Hurricane Camille in 1969, was authorized by a special act. Upon resolution of its governing body and after referendum, any county or city within the affected area may become a member of the district. The district governing body consists of the presidents of the boards of supervisors and the mayors of each participating county and city, three members appointed by the Governor, plus four members appointed by the above board members. The district board determines its fiscal requirements which are apportioned to the member governments on the basis of population. In addition, the district and the participat- ing governments may issue revenue bonds, and each city and county may also issue general obligation bonds. Although authorizing legislation for this district has never been repealed, it has never been reported in operation. MS - p. 5 Harrison County Wastewater Management District This district to provide water pollution abatement facilities was formed pursuant to a special act. A board of directors consisting of the mayors of each participating city plus the president of the Harrison County Board of Supervisors, or their designees, governs the district. The district may fix charges, receive the proceeds of county tax levies, and issue revenue bonds. Housing Authorities There are three types of housing authorities in Mississippi--county or city, consolidated, and regional. An individual county or municipality may establish a housing authority through resolution of its governing body; two or more municipalities may jointly establish a consolidated housing authority; and two or more contiguous counties may jointly establish a regional housing authority. The mayors of municipalities or the county governing bodies appoint the housing authority commissioners. The authorities may issue bonds, establish and collect charges for use of authority facilities, and accept grants or contributions from the Federal Government. Joint Municipal Electric Power Agencies These agencies may be established by joint agreement of municipalities that own electrical generation or distribution systems to provide facilities for generation or transmission of electric power. The composition of the agency governing body is determined by the agreement. These agencies may fix rents, rates, and fees, accept gifts, and issue bonds. The Municipal Energy Agency of Mississippi was organized under this law. Joint Water Management Districts Districts to provide for water supply and conservation and for wastewater management are created by joint resolutions of two or more counties, cities, or combination thereof, after public hearing. A referendum is required if voters so petititon. A board of commissioners, selected in the manner specified in the joint resolution creating the district, governs each district. The districts may fix rates and charges, levy special assessments, receive the proceeds of a county-imposed property tax, and issue revenue bonds. Lower Mississippi River Basin Development District This district is authorized by a special act and may be created by resolution of the board of supervisors of any county that is part of the lower Mississippi River basin. A referendum may be required. The purpose of this district is to develop the lower Mississippi River MS - p. 6 basin for flood control, navigation, irrigation, industrial, and related purposes. A board of directors appointed by the Governor administers this district. The district may fix rates and charges and sell or lease property. The directors may accept Federal grants and loans and issue bonds that may be subject to voter approval. This district was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Lower Yazoo River Basin Development District This district was established by special act to develop the lower Yazoo River basin for purposes of navigation and industrial development. The district board of directors consists of one representative from the State board of water commissioners, the State department of economic and community development, the Board of Levee Commissioners of the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta Levee District, and the Board of Levee Commissioners of the Mississippi Levee District, plus two directors appointed by the board of supervisors of each member county and one director appointed by the Governor. The district receives revenue from a special property tax levied by the county boards of supervisors. The directors may accept Federal grants and loans, fix and collect rates and charges, sell or lease property, and issue bonds. Master Water Management Districts These districts may be established to provide for drainage, flood control, and water conservation by the chancery court on petition of landowners after public hearing. The governing body consists of five commissioners appointed by the chancery court. The district may accept gifts and grants, levy benefit assessments, and issue bonds with the approval of the chancery court. The Tombigbee River Valley Water Management District, which in addition to water conservation and flood control services may also provide navigation and recreational facilities, was established by a special act. Its board of directors consists of those members of the Tombigbee Valley Authority whose counties become members of the district, each State-at-large member of the Tombigbee Valley Authority, one director appointed by the board of supervisors of each county in the district, one director appointed by the Governor from each county in the district that is not a member of the Tombigbee Valley Authority, plus four representatives of specified State agencies. The district may fix charges, and receive the proceeds of a special ad valorem tax levied and collected by the participating counties after voter approval. The district may also issue revenue bonds. MS - p. 7 Mississippi Coast Transportation Authority This authority was established to provide transit service by agreement between participating local governments. A board consisting of representatives of member governments governs the authority. The authority may fix fares and other charges, receive grants, and issue bonds. Mississippi Gulf Coast Regional Wastewater Authority This authority to construct, finance, operate, and maintain wastewater collection and treatment facilities was organized under 1980 legislation. A board of commissioners appointed by the governing bodies of participating cities and counties governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, fees, and charges, receive the proceeds of property taxes levied by county or municipal governments under contract, and issue revenue bonds. Municipal Gas Authority of Mississippi This authority to provide for the distribution of gas is created by joint resolution of the participating municipalities. A board of commissioners appointed by the member municipalities governs the authority. The authority may fix rents, rates, fees, and charges, and, after approval of the participating municipalities, may issue revenue bonds. Northeast Mississippi Regional Water Supply District This district was created by intergovernmental agreement to manage the water supply in the vicinity of Tupelo. A board consisting of representatives of the participating governments governs the district. The district may fix service charges. Under terms of the agreement creating the district, the city of Tupelo issues bonds for facilities operated by the district. Pat Harrison Waterway District This district was established by petition of eligible counties to the chancellor of the chancery court, after referendum. The purpose of this district is to develop the Chicksawhay, Leaf, and Pascagoula Rivers, the Tallahala Creek, and their tributaries for flood control and navigation purposes. The district board of directors is appointed by the Governor, one from each member county and three from the State at large. The district may fix charges, and receive the proceeds of a special county- imposed ad valorem tax. The district may also issue revenue bonds. MS - p. 8 Pearl River Basin Development District This district, to provide flood control, irrigation, navigation, timber development, and pollution control, was created by a special act. The district board of directors consists of representatives of the Mississippi Commission on Environmental Quality, the Mississippi Commission on Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks, the forestry commission, and the board of health; one member appointed at large from the district area appointed by the Governor; plus two members from each participating county appointed by the county board of supervisors. The district may fix charges, receive the proceeds of a special county ad valorem tax, and issue bonds. Pearl River Valley Water Supply District A 1958 special act provides for the establishment of this district by the chancery court on petition of the Pearl River Industrial Commission after hearing and referendum. The district distributes water for domestic, commercial, and irrigation purposes, and may also provide public parks and recreational facilities. The district board of directors consists of one member appointed by and from each of the following State agencies--Mississippi Commission on Environmental Quality, Mississippi Commission on Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks, forestry commission, and State board of health--plus each member of the Pearl River Industrial Commission whose county is located in the district, and 1 additional member appointed by the board of supervisors of each participating county. The district may fix charges, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue bonds. Port Commissions A Mississippi statute authorizes the creation of a port commission to provide and operate port facilities in any city having a seaport or harbor designated as a port of entry by the Federal Government. A five-member board of commissioners governs each port commission, and consists of two members appointed by the Governor, one by the county board of supervisors, and two by the municipal governing body. The commissioners may levy privilege taxes or receive the proceeds of a special property tax levy, collect fees and charges, and receive municipal and county aid. The Biloxi Port Commission operates under this law. For port commissions and authorities that are not counted as separate governments, see "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. MS - p. 9 Power Districts Power districts may be created to operate an electric utility by resolution of a municipal or county governing body or on petition to the clerks of the county boards of supervisors, and after election. The members of the governing body are appointed by the chief executive officers of the participating governments acting jointly. The districts may fix and collect rates and charges for services and may issue bonds. No power districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Railroad Authorities Railroad authorities to preserve, develop, and maintain rail freight service may be formed by the county board of supervisors after a public hearing. Two or more counties may form a regional railroad authority. The authority commissioners are appointed by the county governing body; in the case of a regional railroad authority, the Governor appoints a member if there is an even number of counties participating. The authorities may accept grants and contributions; establish fees, rentals, and charges; and issue bonds. The authorities may also certify an ad valorem tax levy upon voter approval. No railroad authorities were reported in operation as of January 1992. Regional Airport Authorities These authorities may be established to provide, operate, and maintain airport facilities on resolution of each participating governing body and after public hearing. A regional airport authority has one commissioner appointed from each participating municipality and, if there is an even number, the Governor appoints an additional member. The authorities may issue revenue bonds, accept Federal, State, and municipal aid, and fix fees and charges. Regional Solid Waste Management Authorities Authorities to manage disposal of solid waste are created by ordinance or resolution of two or more local governments. The authority governing body includes at least one appointed representative of each participating government, as specified in the articles of incorporation creating the authority. The authorities may fix rates, fees, and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Sixteenth Section Development Authorities These authorities may be created in counties of 200,000 or more population by the county board of supervisors after the municipal separate school district submits the request. The purpose of these authorities is to lease land for the development of commercial, MS - p. 10 industrial, or recreational uses. A board of five trustees governs the authority, with two trustees appointed by the county board of education, two by the municipal separate school district, and one by the county board of supervisors. The superintendent of the Hinds County school board is an ex officio member. These authorities may fix charges, accept grants, and issue revenue bonds. No sixteenth section development authorities were reported in operation as of January 1992. Soil and Water Conservation Districts The State soil and water conservation commission may create these districts on petition and after local referendum. A board of commissioners governs each district, with two members appointed by the State commission and three elected. The commissioners may require contributions from landowners for benefits, and may accept contributions from Federal, State, or private agencies. Urban Flood and Drainage Control Districts These districts are established to provide flood control facilities in or adjacent to municipalities of 100,000 population or more, upon resolution of the city governing body and petition to the chancery court. A board of directors appointed by the city and county governing bodies governs the district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes, and issue bonds upon voter approval. Waveland Regional Wastewater Management District This district was created by special act to alleviate pollution in the waters of the Mississippi Sound. Its governing body consists of the mayors of the participating municipalities and the president of the board of supervisors of Hancock County. The district may fix rates and charges, accept gifts, and issue bonds. Yellow Creek Watershed Authority This authority was established by special act and serves Alcorn, Prentiss, and Tishomingo Counties. The purpose of the authority is to develop the Yellow Creek watershed; it may engage in drainage, flood control, irrigation, water conservation, electric power, and MS - p. 11 related projects. The authority has nine directors, of whom three are appointed by the Governor, one each by the county boards of supervisors of Alcorn, Prentiss, and Tishomingo Counties, and one from each of those three counties selected by the mayors of incorporated municipalities in that county. The authority may receive contributions from member counties. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Mississippi that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. Mississippi Coast Coliseum Commission (State). This commission was established by special act to provide and operate a multi-purpose coliseum in Harrison County. Three members are appointed by the Governor, one member by the Harrison County Board of Supervisors, and one member by the Harrison County Municipal Association. The commission receives revenue from rentals and other service charges, from grants, from taxes on the gross receipts of restaurants, hotels, and motels in Harrison County, and from taxes on the sale of beer and alcoholic beverages in Harrison County. Capital expenditures are financed through the issue of State general-obligation bonds. Mississippi Home Corporation (State). This corporation, formerly named the Mississippi Housing Finance Corporation, was formed to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. A 13-member board appointed by the Governor governs the corporation. The corporation may fix fees and charges in connection with its loans, receive grants and loans, and issue revenue bonds. MS - p. 12 Port commissions and authorities (county or municipal). The following port commissions and authorities, which provide and operate port facilities, are not counted as separate governments for census purposes: City port commissions in Greenville, Natchez, and Vicksburg County port authorities Pascagoula Port Commission Port commissions in counties adjoining the Mississippi River In the cities of Greenville, Natchez, and Vicksburg, the city governing body serves ex officio as the city port commission. County port authorities are governed by a seven-member board; two members are appointed by the Governor and five members by the county board of supervisors. The Pascagoula Port Commission operates jointly with the Jackson County Port Authority and is classified for census purposes as part of that authority; the Jackson County Port Authority, in turn, is classified as an agency of Jackson County for census purposes. Port commissions in counties adjoining the Mississippi River consist of seven members, all appointed by the county board of supervisors. The county board of supervisors, at its discretion, may levy an ad valorem tax for the support of county port authorities and of port commissions in counties adjoining the Mississippi River. Other examples include: State Central Data Processing Authority Educational building corporations Major Economic Impact Authority Mississippi Business Finance Corporation (formerly Mississippi Economic Development Corporation) Mississippi Commission on Environmental Quality (formerly Mississippi Commission on Natural Resources) Mississippi Development Bank Mississippi Educational Facilities Authority for Private, Nonprofit Institutions of Higher Learning Mississippi Hospital Equipment and Facilities Authority (formerly Mississippi Hospital Equipment Financing Authority) Mississippi Seed Capital Corporation Mississippi Superconductor Super Collider Authority Mississippi Wayport Authority State port authorities (Port of Gulfport and Yellow Creek Inland Port) MS - p. 13 County Adams County water and sewer districts Community hospitals (county) Convention bureaus (county) County airport authorities County development commissions County industrial development authorities County mosquito control commissions County rice field mosquito control commissions County recreational districts (certain counties) Economic development districts Emergency communiciations districts (county) Historic preservation districts Hospital districts (county) Jackson County Fair Board Mississippi Gulf Coast Fairgrounds Commission Rankin County Industrial Services District Regional libraries Sanitary districts in Harrison County *Separate road districts Southeast Mississippi Industrial Council *Special service districts Supervisor districts Tombigbee Valley Authority (joint county) Water, sewer, garbage collection, and fire protection districts (certain counties) Municipal Consolidated fire districts Convention bureaus (municipal) Emergency communiciations districts (municipal) Fire districts Gas districts governed by city governing body (special acts) Historic preservation districts Hospital districts (municipal) Landscape improvement districts in Jackson Municipal airport authorities Municipal development commissions Municipal recreational districts (certain cities) Redevelopment authorities Joint City-County Alcorn-Corinth Recreation Commission Franklin County Economic Development Authority Harrison County Solid Waste Management District Highway and street revenue bond authorities Mississippi Zoological Park and Garden District West Central Mississippi Waterway Commission Mississippi laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. MO - p. 1 MISSOURI Missouri ranks 8th. among the States in number of local governments, with 3,309 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (114) The entire area of the State is encompassed by county government with the exception of the city of St. Louis, which is an independent city outside the area of any county, and is counted for census purposes as a municipal rather than a county government. St. Louis County is a county government, but excludes the area of the city of St. Louis. The county governing body is called the county commission except in St. Louis County, where the charter adopted in 1968 provides for an elected county supervisor and county council, and in Jackson County, where the charter effective January 1, 1973 provides for an elected county executive and county legislature. Counties are generally divided into four classes on the basis of their total assessed valuation, as follows: Classification 1--$450,000,000 or more Classification 2--$300,000,000 to $449,999,999 Classification 3--less than $300,000,000, except for 5 Classification 4 counties Classification 4--counties that had attained Classification 2 prior to August 13, 1988 and would otherwise revert to Classification 3 because of changes in assessed valuation SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (1,257) The 1,257 subcounty general purpose governments in Missouri comprise the 933 municipal (city, town, and village) governments, and the 324 township governments. Municipal Governments (933) Municipal governments in Missouri are the cities, towns, and villages. Cities having 5,000 inhabitants or more, as well as cities having legislative charters granted prior to 1875, may adopt charters for their own government and become "constitutional charter" cities. Currently, 29 cities have done so. In addition, prior to the adoption of the Constitution of 1875, several special legislative charters were enacted; currently, six cities still operate under such charters. The other cities and towns in Missouri are divided into the following classes, based on their population at the time of incorporation: Third class--3,000 or more inhabitants Fourth class--500 to 2,999 inhabitants Towns created by special law and having fewer than 500 inhabitants and villages having more than 200 inhabitants may become cities of the fourth class. MO - p. 2 Villages are incorporated places with no minimum population. Municipal governments maintain their existing city classification or their status as a town or village unless they elect to become a city of the class to which their population entitles them. Cities, towns, and villages in Missouri exist within township areas (see "Township Governments," below), except for the city of St. Louis. Township Governments (324) Only Classification 3 counties in Missouri may have township governments. Township governments exist in 23 of the 114 Missouri counties. Townships in the other 91 Missouri counties are geographical areas only, and are not counted as governments. Within the 23 counties with township governments, the entire area of such counties is encompassed by township governments. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (552) School District Governments (552) The following types of school districts in Missouri are counted as separate governments for census purposes: Districts operating elementary and secondary schools: Six-director school districts Urban school districts Metropolitan school districts Junior college districts Special school districts for handicapped children An elected board of directors governs each six- director, urban, or metropolitan school district. These districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Junior college districts, as authorized by 1961 legislation, are also counted as governments. Such a district is established on petition of voters or of a school district operating a college, after referendum. An elected board of trustees governs each junior college district. Junior college districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Legislation also provides that special school districts for handicapped children may be established by petition to the State board of education after referendum. Vocational training may also be provided by these special schools. Such a district, administered by an elected board, is counted as a school district government for census reporting. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Missouri has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities School districts that operate an accredited high school may also operate a junior college. MO - p. 3 SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (1,386) Missouri statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Ambulance Districts Districts to provide ambulance service in rural areas may be established by the county commission on petition of voters and after public hearing and local referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may impose charges, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue bonds. Bi-State Metropolitan Development District This district was authorized by a compact between Illinois and Missouri to plan, construct, and operate passenger transportation facilities, bridges, tunnels, industrial parks, airports, and terminal facilities and to plan and establish policies for sewage and drainage facilities and coordination of streets and highways, recreation facilities, parking facilities, etc. in municipalities served. The governing body is a board of commissioners (five commissioners appointed by the Governor of each State). The district may issue bonds, fix and collect fees for use of facilities, and receive contributions from any political subdivision or the Federal Government. This district operates the Bi-State Transit System in the St. Louis area, and the Bi-State Parks Airport in Illinois. County Airport Authorities Authorities to provide airports are established by resolution of the county governing body. An elected board of directors governs each authority. The authority may fix fees and rents for its services, and may issue revenue bonds. County Joint Recreational Lake Authority This authority to construct, operate, and maintain recreational lakes and related facilities in Cape Girardeau and Bollinger Counties was established by a 1990 special act. An elected board governs the authority. The authority may charge fees and rents, receive State and local appropriations, use tax increment financing, issue revenue bonds, and, after voter approval, may levy a sales tax. County Land Trusts This trust to administer and sell tax delinquent lands in St. Louis city and St. Louis County was created by an act of the legislature. A board of three trustees governs the trust, of whom one each represents St. Louis County, St. Louis city, and the largest school district MO - p. 4 in the St. Louis area. The trust may receive revenue from land rentals, leases, and sales. County Library Districts Districts of this type are now listed below under "Library Districts." Drainage Districts Missouri statutes authorize the following types of drainage districts: Drainage districts. Drainage districts are created by the circuit court on petition of landowners. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The district may levy taxes based on benefits and issue bonds. Drainage districts administered by the county court, however, are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Mine drainage districts. The circuit court, on petition of landowners, may create districts to drain lands for mining. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The district may impose special taxes based on minerals produced or processed and may issue bonds. Sanitary drainage districts. The provisions of this law apply to cities having 300,000 inhabitants or more and to counties adjoining such cities. The districts are established by the circuit court on petition of the mayor and the legislative body of the city and/or the county commission, after referendum. A board of trustees governs each district; the county commission, the circuit court, and the mayor each appoint one trustee. The district board fixes the amount of special drainage taxes to be collected and may issue bonds upon approval of the circuit court. Economic Development Districts Districts to encourage economic development may be established by agreement of the governing bodies of adjacent counties (including cities not within a county). The district board consists of representatives of each participating government, as specified in the agreement creating the district. The district may receive revenue from rentals and service charges. MO - p. 5 Fire Protection Districts These districts are established by the circuit court after petition of voters and local referendum. They also provide ambulance service with voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy property taxes and issue bonds with voter approval. Greater Kansas City Port District and Authority This authority is described under "Kansas--Special District Governments." Hospital Districts These districts are established in counties of under 400,000 inhabitants by the county commission on petition of voters and after public hearing and local referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may fix, charge, and collect fees, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. Housing Authorities Housing authorities may be created by resolution of municipal or county governing bodies. A board of commissioners, appointed by the mayor or the county commission, governs each authority. Housing authorities may issue bonds, collect rentals for the use of their facilities, and accept Federal grants. Interstate Bridge Commissions Interstate bridge commissions are established by interstate compact subject to Congressional approval. A board of 10 commissioners (5 appointed by the Governor of each State) governs each commission. The commission may fix and charge tolls and issue revenue bonds. To date, the following commissions of this type have been authorized: Missouri-Illinois Bridge Commission Missouri-Illinois Jefferson-Monroe Bridge Commission Tennessee-Missouri Bridge Commission None of these was reported in operation as of January 1992. Jackson County Sports Complex Authority This authority was authorized under a 1965 law. A board of five commissioners appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the senate from a panel of names submitted by the county legislature, governs the authority. The authority may collect fees and grants, receive contributions and appropriations, and issue bonds. MO - p. 6 Joint Municipal Utility Commissions These commissions are created by contract between municipal governments to develop and operate public utilities. The governing body is a board of directors whose composition is determined by the contract. The district may fix charges, and issue revenue bonds after approval by referendum in each contracting municipality. Kansas City Area Transportation Authority This authority was authorized by interstate compact between Kansas and Missouri to provide transit service in the Kansas City area. A board of commissioners--five from each State--administers the authority. The authority may collect fares and other charges, accept appropriations and grants, and issue revenue bonds. In addition, a termporary city sales tax has been authorized for public transportation purposes. Levee Districts Missouri statutes provide two alternative methods of establishing levee districts: by petition to the circuit court; or by resolution of the county commission. A board of five elected supervisors governs each district established by the circuit court. A board of directors appointed by the county commission governs each district established by the county commission. Both types of levee districts may issue bonds and may levy benefit assessments. Library Districts Missouri statutes provide for the following types of library districts: City-county libraries County library districts Municipal library districts Urban public library districts City-county libraries are established by petition of a city library meeting specified population and tax rate requirements to the county governing body. County library districts are created by the county commission on petition of taxpayers after local referendum. Municipal library districts are established by petition of voters to the city governing body, after voter approval. Urban public library districts are established by resolution of a nine-member school district board, after voter approval. When two or more library districts join to form a consolidated library, the consolidated library is counted as one government. A board appointed by the governing bodies of the cities or counties served governs each of these types of library districts. These districts may levy ad valorem taxes with voter approval, accept State and Federal contributions, and issue bonds. MO - p. 7 Metropolitan Zoo District (Springfield) This district was authorized by an act of the legislature, subject to local referendum. The district board consists of 9 members appointed by the Mayor with the consent of the city council. If the district serves adjoining areas outside the city, the county commission appoints an additional member. The district may charge fees and, after voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Metropolitan Zoological Park and Museum District This district, authorized by general law applicable to St. Louis city and St. Louis County, is established by elected officials of the two governments upon petition of voters and following referendum. A board of eight commissioners, four of whom are appointed by the mayor of St. Louis city and four are appointed by the chief executive officer of St. Louis County, governs the district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. The district is divided into subdistricts that are classified as adjuncts of the parent district for census reporting, and are not counted as separate governments. Missouri and Kansas Culture and Recreation District This district to provide cultural and recreational facilities is established by ratification of a compact by Missouri and Kansas and after petition by voters or resolution of the governing body of the county or counties to be served. A board of commissioners appointed by the counties to be served governs the district. The district may impose fees and rents, issue revenue bonds, and, after voter approval, may levy sales taxes. This district was not reported in operation as of January 1992. Missouri-Kansas Development District and Agency This district is described under "Kansas--Special District Governments." Nursing Home Districts These districts are established in counties of 400,000 or fewer inhabitants by the county commission on petition of voters, followed by a public hearing and local referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may fix charges for services, levy ad valorem taxes, and, with the approval of the voters, issue bonds. MO - p. 8 Port Authorities Regional port authorities serving two or more counties or cities are formed by application of participating counties or cities to the State transportation commission. A board of directors governs each port authority; the number of directors and the method of selecting them is specified in the agreement among participating counties or cities. An authority may accept grants and issue bonds. Authorities serving a single county or city are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Regional Convention and Visitors Commission This commission to promote conventions and tourism in St. Louis city and St. Louis County was established by a 1984 special act. The commission is appointed by the governing bodies of St. Louis city and St. Louis County. The commission may collect fees and charges for its services and, after voter approval, may levy a hotel- motel sales tax. Regional Cultural and Performing Arts Development District This district to encourage cultural institutions in St. Louis city and St. Louis County was established by a 1984 special act. A board of commissioners appointed by the governing bodies of St. Louis city and St. Louis County governs the district. The district may, after voter approval, levy a hotel-motel sales tax. Road Districts Missouri statutes authorize the following types of road districts: Benefit assessment special road districts. There are two laws in Missouri (one applicable to counties with township organization, the other to counties not having township organization) authorizing this type of road district. Both laws provide for creation of these districts by the county commission on petition. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. The district may levy special benefit assessments and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. Districts located in counties without township governments receive a portion of the county road and bridge tax. MO - p. 9 Special road districts. These districts may be created by the county commission after referendum. Counties having organized township governments and most class 1 counties are excluded from the provisions of this law. The district must have a city, town, or village of less than 100,000 population within its area. A board of commissioners, appointed by the mayor and city council and the county commission, governs each district. The county and the municipalities within the districts are required to give the districts a portion of fees collected for certain business licenses as well as a portion of the county road and bridge tax. The district may issue bonds with voter approval. Special road subdistricts. Subdistricts of this type are established by county ordinance, after petition of landowners and a public hearing. A board of commissioners, initially appointed by the county commission, but thereafter elected, governs each subdistrict. The subdistricts may, upon voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. St. Charles County Convention and Sports Facility Authority This authority to provide convention, visitor, and sports facilities in St. Charles County is established pursuant to special act by order of the county governing body. A board of commissioners appointed by the Governor governs the authority. The authority may impose fees and rents, receive Federal, State, and local contributions, and issue revenue bonds. St. Louis Regional Convention Center and Sports Complex Authority This authority was authorized by act of the legislature to provide convention centers, stadiums, field houses, and related facilities. A board of commissioners, consisting of up to three appointed by the mayor of St. Louis, up to three appointed by the chief executive of St. Louis County, and up to five appointed by the Governor, governs the authority. The authority may impose fees and rates, receive State and local appropriations (including the proceeds of county and city hotel-motel taxes), and issue bonds. Sewer Districts A 1961 law provides that sewer districts may be established in class two counties by the circuit court on petition of landowners and after public hearing. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes, fix rates and charges, and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. MO - p. 10 In addition, sewer districts may be established in counties having a population of 700,000 to 1,000,000 (St. Louis County) by the circuit court upon petition of resident landowners and hearing. An elected board of three trustees governs each district. The district may fix the amount of sewer taxes and issue bonds with voter approval. The Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District operates under an authorization in the Missouri constitution that authorizes the establishment of metropolitan districts in St. Louis city and St. Louis County to provide services common to the area after approval of the voters. Creation of this district, which provides sewer services, received voter approval in 1954. A board of trustees consisting of three members appointed by the mayor and three by the county supervisor with the approval of a majority of the judges of the circuit courts of the city and the county, respectively, governs the district. The district may levy property taxes and special benefit assessments, and fix rates and charges for services. Bond issues must be approved by the voters. Street Light Maintenance Districts These districts may be created in class one counties by the county commission on petition of taxpayers and after local referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes. Transportation Development Districts Districts to develop highway, water, air, railroad, and transit facilities are established by petition of voters or resolution of the governing body of a local transportation-related agency, after voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy special assessments, ad valorem taxes, retail sales taxes, and tolls and fees after voter approval, and may issue bonds. Water Conservancy Districts These districts may be created by the circuit court after petition and referendum. A board of trustees, with six members elected and two appointed by the Governor, governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and issue general obligation bonds. Water Supply Districts Metropolitan water supply districts or public water supply districts are created by the circuit court on petition of taxpayers after hearing and local referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may issue bonds, fix rates and charges for services, and determine the amount of ad valorem taxes to be levied. MO - p. 11 SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Missouri that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below. Health and Education Facilities Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the general assembly to finance the construction of buildings for health and higher educational institutions. A board of seven members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate governs the authority. The authority may lease facilities to participating institutions, fix rates, rents, fees, and charges, make mortgage loans, and issue revenue bonds. Higher Education Loan Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the general assembly to finance student loans. A board of seven members, five of whom are appointed by the Governor, plus a member of the coordinating board for higher education and the State commissioner of higher education ex officio governs the authority. The authority may fix fees and charges in connection with its loans and may issue revenue bonds. Land clearance for redevelopment authorities (municipal and county). These authorities are established by resolution of the municipal or county governing body. A board of commissioners appointed by the mayor (in the case of municipal authorities) or the county governing body (in the case of county authorities) governs each authority. An authority may accept advances, loans, grants, and other financial assistance from any public source and may issue revenue bonds. Regional authorities may be created by two or more municipal and/or county governments. Missouri Housing Development Commission (State). This commission was established by act of the general assembly to provide mortgage credit for low and moderate income housing. The commission consists of nine members, six of whom are appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate, plus the Governor, the State treasurer, and the attorney general, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The commission may fix fees and charges, receive appropriations and grants, make mortgage loans, and issue revenue bonds. MO - p. 12 Soil and water conservation districts (State). These districts are established by the State soil and water districts commission on petition of landowners and after public hearing and local referendum. A board of four elected supervisors, plus the county agricultural extension agent ex officio, administers each district. The district may receive appropriations and gifts, grants, and contributions. Soil conservation subdistricts to provide watershed protection and flood control may be established on petition to the supervisors of the soil conservation district, after hearing and referendum. The supervisors of the parent soil and water conservation district govern each subdistrict. Soil and water conservation districts may levy an annual tax to finance the subdistricts. For census purposes, soil conservation subdistricts are classified as dependent activities of the parent district, and are not counted as separate governments. Other examples include: State Area revitalization authorities Forest cropland districts Missouri Access to Higher Education Trust Missouri Agricultural Small Business Development Authority Missouri Board of Public Buildings Missouri Coordinating Board for Higher Education Missouri Economic Development, Export, and Infrastructure Board (formerly Missouri Industrial Development Board) Missouri Family Trust Missouri Public Entity Risk Management Fund Missouri Rail Facility Improvement Authority State Environmental Improvement and Energy Resources Authority (formerly Environmental Improvement Authority) County Common road districts (county) Common sewer districts County health centers Drainage districts under county court Homeless assistance programs (Jackson, St. Charles, and St. Louis Counties) Industrial development corporations and authorities Neighborhood improvement districts (county) Port authorities (single county) Senior citizens' services boards Sewer districts in counties having 500,000 to 700,000 population (Jackson County) Sheltered workshop boards Solid waste management districts MO - p. 13 Municipal Business districts City redevelopment authorities--1988 law Homeless assistance program (St. Louis city) Industrial development corporations and authorities Kansas City Public Building Authority Land reutilization authorities (St. Louis city) Neighborhood improvement districts (municipal) Planned industrial expansion authorities--cities over 400,000 population Port authorities (single-city) Sheltered workshop boards (St. Louis city) Tax increment financing commissions Township Common road districts (township) Missouri laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. MT - p. 1 MONTANA Montana ranks 25th. among the States in number of local governments, with 1,275 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (54) The entire areas of the State is encompassed by county government, except for the following areas: The former counties of Deer Lodge and Silver Bow, which were consolidated in 1977 with the cities of Anaconda and Butte, respectively. The area occupied by that portion of Yellowstone National Park which lies in Montana. In 1977, the former county of Deer Lodge consolidated with the city of Anaconda to operate as one government, designated Anaconda-Deer Lodge County. Also in 1977, the former county of Silver Bow consolidated with the city of Butte to operate as one government, designated Butte-Silver Bow. Anaconda-Deer Lodge County and Butte- Silver Bow are classified under Montana law both as counties and as municipalities. However, Anaconda-Deer Lodge and Butte-Silver Bow are each counted only once for census purposes--as municipal governments rather than as county governments. The area occupied by that portion of Yellowstone National Park which lies in Montana is under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government, and is not counted as a government. In Montana counties with county government, the governing body is called the county board of commissioners. Counties are divided into seven classes according to assessed valuation. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (128) Municipal Governments (128) Municipal governments in Montana are the cities and towns. They are divided into the following classes according to population size: First class--with 10,000 inhabitants or more Second class--with 5,000 to 9,999 inhabitants Third class--with 1,000 to 4,999 inhabitants Towns--with 300 to 999 inhabitants Cities between 5,000 and 7,500 population may remain a second-class or become a third-class city, and cities between 1,000 and 2,500 poopulation may retain town status. Township Governments (0) Montana has no township governments, although the term "township" is applied to certain geographic subdivisions for election of some county government officers. MT - p. 2 PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (537) School District Governments (537) The following types of school districts in Montana are counted as separate governments for census purposes: First class--6,500 inhabitants or more Second class--1,000 to 6,499 inhabitants Third class--fewer than 1,000 inhabitants County high school districts Joint (intercounty) school districts Joint high school districts Consolidated school districts Community college districts An elected board of trustees governs each school district of the above types. Montana school districts may levy taxes and issue bonds. In cases where an elementary school district and an overlying high school district are both governed by the same board of trustees, the two districts, which are separate legal entities under Montana law, are counted as separate school district governments. Tax levies and budgets of high school districts are separate from those of elementary school districts. Furthermore, high school districts frequently do not have the same boundaries as the elementary school districts they serve. In such cases, high school district boards may include representatives from more than one elementary school district. Legislation enacted in 1991 permits creation of K-12 school districts, with elected boards and powers similar to those of high school districts. However, no K-12 school districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Community colleges in Montana are operated by community college districts. These districts are established by petition to the State board of regents. An elected board of trustees governs each district. Community college districts may levy taxes and may issue bonds. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Montana has no dependent public school systems. Other Educational Activities The full service education cooperatives in Montana (formerly called special education cooperatives) are created by contract between participating school districts to provide special education services. A joint board consisting of appointed representatives of each participating school district governs each cooperative. These cooperatives receive contributions from the State and the participating school districts. Special education cooperatives are classified as joint educational service agencies of the participating school districts for census purposes. They are not counted as MT - p. 3 separate governments. As of January 1992, there were 25 special education cooperatives reported in operation. School districts or community college districts designated by the State superintendent of public instruction, upon direction of the legislature, may administer vocational or technical education programs. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (556) Montana statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Conservation Districts These districts are established by the State department of natural resources and conservation, after petition of residents and local referendum. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The districts may levy special assessments, require contributions from landowners benefited by district activities, and accept State and Federal contributions. Conservancy Districts Conservancy districts to provide water conservation and flood control facilities are established by the district court on petition of landowners, after public hearing and local referendum. A board of directors, appointed by the district court, governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes, collect service charges, and issue bonds upon voter approval. These districts may also be called "flood control districts" or "dike districts." County Water and Sewer Districts County water and/or sewer districts may be created by the board of county commissioners on petition of the voters, after referendum. The district governing body is a board of directors of three or five members elected at large plus one additional member from each municipality included in the district apppointed by the mayor of the municipality, and one member from any unincorporated territory within the district appointed by the board of county commissioners. The districts may issue bonds, fix rates and charges for services, and levy assessments on lands benefited by the district. Drainage Districts Drainage districts are created by the district court on petition of landowners and after hearing. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. The districts may issue bonds and levy assessments. MT - p. 4 Fire Districts These districts are created by the board of county commissioners after petition and hearing. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The county commissioners set the property tax rate needed to raise the revenues required by the district. Fire Service Areas Areas to provide fire protection are created by petition of property owners, after resolution of the county commissioners and a public hearing. A board of trustees, either elected by the property owners or appointed by the county commissioners, governs each fire service area. The service area board may levy special assessments and issue special obligation bonds. Fire service areas that are governed by the county board of commissioners are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Housing Authorities Montana statutes provide that city or county governing bodies may establish housing authorities by resolution on petition of residents and after a public hearing. A board of commissioners, appointed by the mayor (in the case of city housing authorities) or the county commissioners (in the case of county housing authorities) governs each authority. Housing authorities may issue bonds, fix rents and charges, and accept grants from other governments. Irrigation Districts Irrigation districts are established by the district court on petition of landowners and after hearing. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Two or more irrigation districts may operate under a joint board of control. Local and Regional Port Authorities These authorities to provide transportation terminals are established by resolution of the governing body of a county or municipal government. A board of commissioners appointed by the governing body of the establishing government governs each authority. The authorities may fix fees and rentals, levy ad valorem taxes, issue revenue bonds and, after voter approval, issue general obligation bonds. Similar provisions apply to regional port authorities, which serve two or more governments. MT - p. 5 Montana Municipal Insurance Authority This authority to provide an insurance pool for participating municipalities was established under a general law authorizing agreements between local governments. A board consisting of representatives appointed by participating cities governs the authority. The authority may assess premiums on participating cities, and may issue revenue bonds. Public Cemetery Districts Public cemetery districts may be created by the board of county commissioners on petition of landowners after hearing and referendum. A board of trustees, appointed by the board of county commissioners, governs each district. The district may determine the amount of revenue to be raised from ad valorem tax levies. Public Hospital Districts These districts are established by the board of county commissioners on petition of property owners, after public hearing and referendum. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The districts may collect rates for services and determine the amount of revenue to be raised from ad valorem taxes. Regional Airport Authorities and Joint Airport Boards These authorities may be created by joint resolution of two or more municipal or county governing bodies after a public hearing. A board of commissioners, appointed by the governing bodies of the member municipalities, governs each authority. An authority may issue revenue bonds, impose service charges, and accept Federal and State aid and grants. In addition, participating municipalities may levy ad valorem taxes to meet fiscal needs as certified by an authority. Joint airport boards are similarly established. An airport authority or airport board established by a single municipal or county government is not counted as a separate government. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Solid Waste Management Districts (formerly listed as Refuse Disposal Districts) Solid waste management districts may be created by resolution of the board of county commissioners. Cities and towns may be included in the district on resolution of their respective governing bodies. A board of directors of no fewer than five members, appointed by the county commissioners, governs each district; the board includes one county commissioner, and one member from the county board of health, along with other appointed members. The districts may fix service charges, receive MT - p. 6 grants, and borrow money. In addition, joint solid waste management districts may be formed which cover portions of two or more counties and which have similar provisions to solid waste management districts generally. Solid waste management districts that serve only one county or municipal government are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Television Districts Television districts to construct, operate, and maintain television translator stations are created by the board of county commissioners on petition of voters and after public hearing and referendum. A board of trustees, appointed by the county commissioners, governs each district. The districts may impose a special tax on persons owning a television set. Urban Transportation Districts Urban transportation districts are established by petition to the county clerk, after hearing and referendum. A three-member transportation board governs each district; initial members are appointed by a selection board consisting of the county commissioners and representatives of each incorporated city in the district, but their successors are elected. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Montana that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are treated in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-releated agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. Montana Board of Housing (State). This board was established to provide mortgage credit for lower income housing. The board consists of seven members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the senate. The board may receive appropriations and grants, collect interest, fees, and charges, make mortgage loans, and issue revenue bonds. MT - p. 7 Other examples include: State Forest fire protection districts Montana Board of Investment Montana Health Facility Authority Montana Higher Education Student Assistance Corporation County Business improvement districts (county) County airport authorities County health units County planning districts District health units Fair districts Fire service areas governed by county commissioners Herd districts Horse herd districts Joint fair and civic center commissions Livestock protective districts Local improvement districts Local water quality districts (county) *Metropolitan sanitary and storm sewer districts Mosquito control districts Multijurisdictional service districts (county) Public libraries Road districts Road improvement districts--1989 law Rodent control districts Rural improvement districts *Weed control and weed extermination districts Zoning districts Municipal Business improvement districts (municipal) City parking commissions Fire hydrant maintenance districts Industrial districts Local water quality districts (municipal) Multijurisdictional service districts (municipal) Municipal airport authorities Public libraries Special improvement districts Urban renewal agencies Private associations The agricultural cooperative districts and Montana State grazing districts are classified, for census purposes, as private associations, and are not counted as governments. Montana laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. NE - p. 1 NEBRASKA Nebraska ranks 10th. among the States in number of local governments, with 2,923 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (93) There are no areas in Nebraska lacking county government. The county governing body is called the board of commissioners, except in counties having township government, where it is called the board of supervisors. There are 65 counties administered by a board of commissioners and 28 administered by a board of supervisors. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (986) The 986 subcounty general purpose governments in Nebraska comprise the 534 municipal (city and village) governments, and the 452 township governments. Municipal Governments (534) Municipal governments in Nebraska are the cities and the villages. In Nebraska counties with township governments, all villages and some, but not all, cities exist within township areas. Cities are divided into the following four classes according to population size: Metropolitan--300,000 inhabitants or more (Omaha) Primary--100,000 to 300,000 inhabitants (Lincoln) First class--5,000 to 99,999 inhabitants Second class--800 to 4,999 inhabitants Villages are municipal governments with 100 to 800 inhabitants. Second class cities may elect to return to the village class. The minimum population required for incorporation is 100. Township Governments (452) Township governments exist in 28 of the 93 Nebraska counties. Within the 28 counties with township governments, township governments do not cover the entire area of such counties; some cities, but not all, exist outside the area of any township. Three elected officials--the assessor, the chairperson of the board, and the treasurer--comprise the township board. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (797) School District Governments (797) The following types of school districts in Nebraska are counted as separate governments for census purposes: School districts providing elementary grades only: Class I districts NE - p. 2 School districts providing secondary grades only: Class VI districts Federated school districts School districts providing both elementary and secondary grades: Class II--population of less than 1,000 Class III--population of 1,000 to 99,999 Class IV--population of 100,000 to 200,000 Class V--population over 200,000 Technical community colleges Educational service units An elected board governs each school district except federated school districts. Nebraska school districts may levy local ad valorem school taxes and borrow money. The federated school districts provide secondary schools in areas served solely by Class I school districts. A board consisting of representatives selected from each participating school district governs each federated school district. Federated school districts have the same taxing and bonding powers as the school districts they serve. Legislation in 1971, as amended in 1975, provided for a system of six technical community colleges to encompass the State. An elected board administers each college. The college board may levy local ad valorem taxes, impose charges and fees, and issue bonds. These technical community colleges may also operate vocational- technical schools. In addition, Nebraska statutes provide for "educational service units" that provide special services (i.e., education for handicapped children, etc.) to school districts. An elected board governs each of these service units. The board may levy ad valorem taxes and receive grants. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Nebraska has no dependent public school systems. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (1,047) Nebraska statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Airport Authorities General law provides for three types of airport authorities--city, county, and joint. An airport authority becomes operative upon appointment of a board by officials of the sponsoring government. However, succeeding members of the board are elected, except for the board of an authority located in a city of the metropolitan class (Omaha). An airport authority may issue bonds, fix fees, rentals, and charges, accept grants from the Federal Government and other sources, and determine the amount of an annual ad valorem tax NE - p. 3 to be levied by the sponsoring government for airport purposes. Cemetery Districts Cemetery districts may be established by the county governing body on petition of taxpayers. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes. Community Building Districts Districts to provide buildings for various community enterprises and activities are established by petititon of residents of the area to be served, after public hearing and referendum. A board of five or more trustees appointed by the county governing body governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes and borrow money. Drainage Districts Nebraska statutes authorize the following types of drainage districts: Drainage districts may be created by two alternate methods--by the district court on petition and after hearing, or by the county clerk on petition and after referendum. An elected board of supervisors governs each district. The district may issue bonds and levy special benefit assessments. After 1972, new districts may not be established under the above laws, but districts then in existence may continue to operate. Sanitary drainage districts for drainage of lands in municipalities are created by the county board on petition of resident landowners after referendum. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The district may levy an annual tax, issue bonds, and make special benefit assessments. Groundwater Conservation Districts These districts to provide domestic and irrigation water are created by petition to the county clerk, after public hearing and voter approval. An elected board of directors governs each district. The districts may levy ad valorem taxes. After 1972, no new districts of this type may be created. However, one groundwater conservation district was still reported in operation as of January 1992. Health Districts Health districts may be created in counties having over 200,000 inhabitants by the county board on petition of voters and after referendum. An elected board governs each district. The district may levy taxes and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. No health districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. NE - p. 4 Hospital Districts and Authorities Nebraska statutes authorize the following types of hospital districts and authorities: Hospital districts authorized under 1959 law are established by the county governing body on petition of landowners and after a hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may fix and collect rates and levy an annual ad valorem tax which the county collects. Hospital districts authorized under a 1971 law are established by the board of county commissioners after petition of voters and public hearing. A board of trustees, initially appointed by the county governing body, but with succeeding trustees elected, governs each district. The district may fix rates and charges for rates and services and may issue revenue bonds. Housing Authorities Nebraska law provides for the establishment of housing authorities by resolution of a city, village, or county governing body on its own motion or on petition of residents. Housing authority commissioners are appointed by the mayor or by the village or county governing body. The authorities may issue revenue bonds and establish rents and charges as well as accept Federal grants. Nebraska laws provide that the chief administrative officer and governing body of a first or second class city or village having a military installation within its boundaries, or within 3 miles thereof, may constitute the authority board if it takes over the installation as a housing project. Such a housing authority would not be counted as a separate government. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Irrigation Districts The county board, on petition of landowners, may create irrigation districts. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy property taxes and special benefit assessments, issue bonds, and fix rates and charges for water. Irrigation districts are also authorized under the public power and irrigation district law discussed below. Joint Electric Power, Sewerage, and Solid Waste Disposal, and Water Distribution Agencies--1981 Law Agencies of this type may be established by ordinance of the participating municipal governments, to provide electric power, sewerage and solid waste disposal, and water distribution services. Agencies that provide water distribution services may be established only after approval of the State department NE - p. 5 of water resources. A board of directors appointed by the participating governments governs the agency; the number of directors representing each member municipality is determined by agreement. The agency may fix rates, rents, fees, and charges, and issue revenue bonds. The Municipal Energy Agency of Nebraska was organized under this law. Joint Public Power Authorities--1982 Law Authorities to enable public power districts to issue bonds at lower cost are established by resolution of two or more public power or rural public power districts, after approval by the Nebraska Power Review Board. A board of directors governs each authority; it consists of one director appointed by each particpating public power district. The authority may fix and collect rents, charges, rates, and fees for its services, and may issue revenue bonds with the approval of the participating public power districts. The Nebraska Electric Power Authority was established under this law. Metropolitan Transit Authority This authority was authorized by a 1957 general law to provide transit facilities in cities of the metropolitan class (Omaha). A board appointed by the mayor with the approval of the city council governs the authority. The board may issue revenue bonds, fix rates, fares, and charges, accept grants, and determine the amount of taxes to be levied for its purposes. The Omaha Metropolitan Transit Authority was established under this law. Mosquito Abatement Districts Legislation authorizing mosquito abatement districts was repealed in 1983. No mosquito abatement districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. Natural Resources Districts On July 1, 1972, the natural resources districts were created by combining the following types of districts: soil and water conservation districts, watershed conservancy districts, watershed districts, advisory watershed improvement boards, and watershed planning boards. An elected board of directors governs each natural resources district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes, fix charges, accept grants, and issue revenue bonds. In addition, the district may issue general obligation bonds with the approval of the voters. Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District This district was originally established under 1903 law as the Omaha Water Board. That board was succeeded in 1913 by the Metropolitan Water District, which in turn was succeeded in 1921 by the present Omaha NE - p. 6 Metropolitan Utilities District. The Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District assumed control and operation of the Omaha gas utility in addition to control of the Omaha water utility operated by the predecessor districts. An elected board of directors governs the district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes, fix rates, and issue bonds. Public utility districts established by the Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District are classified as dependent activities of the district, and are not counted as separate governments. Public Power Districts Nebraska statutes authorize the following types of power districts: Public power and irrigation districts--Districts to provide public power, irrigation, or both are established by the Nebraska power review board on petition of voters and after investigation. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may sell water and/or electric power, and may issue bonds. Districts created under this act but to provide only irrigation facilities are included under irrigation districts, above. Rural power districts--Nebraska law provides that any electric cooperative corporation may petition the State department of water resources to become a rural power district. When established, they operate under the same provisions as public power and irrigation districts above. Reclamation Districts Reclamation districts may be created by the State department of water resources on petition of landowners. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy benefit assessments and ad valorem taxes and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. Road and Street Improvement Districts--1957 and 1961 Laws These districts are established by the county governing body on petition of landowners and after public hearing and referendum. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments and issue bonds. These districts may provide road lighting as well as road improvement services. In the 1987 Census of Governments, these districts were listed as "Road Improvement Districts." These districts are to be distinguished from street improvement districts formed under 1901 and 1879 laws. Districts formed under those two laws are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. NE - p. 7 Rural and Suburban Fire Protection Districts These districts are established by the county clerk on petition of landowners after majority approval at a public meeting. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and issue bonds. Rural Water Districts Rural water districts are created by the county governing body following petition of landowners and public hearing. A board of directors elected by the landowners governs the district. The district may fix charges on benefits received, and may issue revenue bonds. After 1972, new districts may not be established under this law, but districts then in existence may continue to operate. As of January 1, 1992, no rural water districts were reported in operation. Sanitary and Improvement Districts Districts to provide sewerage or water systems, street and highway facilities, street lighting, park and recreation facilities, and certain other services are created by the clerk of the district court on petition of voters after referendum. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The district may issue bonds, levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and fix rates for services. Weather Control Districts The State department of agriculture, on petition of landowners and after hearing and referendum, may establish weather control districts to seed cloud formations within the district area. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy ad valorem taxes and accept grants. No weather control districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Nebraska that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the area of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing NE - p. 8 below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. Nebraska Investment Finance Authority (State). This authority was established by act of the legislature to provide credit for agricultural, economic development, energy conservation, and housing purposes. The authority is governed by a board of nine members, six of whom are appointed by the Governor, plus the director of economic development, the chairperson of the Nebraska Investment Council, and the director of agriculture, who serve in an ex officio capacity. The authority may receive grants and contributions, fix fees and charges, make mortgage loans, and issue bonds. It is the successor agency to the Nebraska Agricultural Development Corporation, the Nebraska Development Finance Fund, and the Nebraska Mortgage Finance Fund. Other examples include: State Agricultural Revitalization Authority Area agencies on aging Ethanol Authority and Development Board Fort preservation, restoration, and development boards (joint State-county) Nebraska Conservation Corporation Nebraska Educational Facilities Authority Nebraska Educational Telecommunications Commission (formerly Education Television Commission) Nebraska Investment Finance Authority Nebraska Railway Council (formerly Nebraska Branch Rail Revitalization Council) Nebraska State Airline Authority Pest eradication districts Regional mental health authorities Research and Development Authority Small Business Development Authority Wyuka Cemetery Corporation County Boards of public docks (county) City-county buildings (county portion) City-county health agencies County and regional libraries County hospital boards County land reutilization authorities Fort preservation, restoration, and development boards (joint State-county) Interstate county bridge commissions Interstate conservation or recreational improvement districts Omaha-Douglas Public Building Commission (joint city-county) Railroad transportation safety districts *Road districts NE - p. 9 *Rural road improvement districts Weed control authorities Municipal Boards of public docks (county) Boards of public trust Business improvement districts City-county buildings (city portion) Fire districts (Lincoln) Housing authorities governed by municipal governing body Industrial development corporations (Omaha) Improvement districts (Omaha) Interstate city bridge commissions (Omaha) Interstate conservation or recreational improvement districts Joint airport board Joint city-school district building commissions Landmark heritage preservation districts (Omaha) Off-street parking districts (primary, first-, and second-class cities) Omaha-Douglas Public Building Commission (joint city-county) Omaha Parking Authority Ornamental lighting districts (Lincoln) Public improvement districts (Lincoln) Public utility districts Sewerage and drainage districts Sewer and water extension districts Sewer and water main connection districts (first-class cities) Special improvement districts Storm sewer districts (first-class cities) Street improvement districts--1901 and 1879 laws Street sprinkling districts (Omaha) Urban renewal or community redevelopment authorities Water districts (Lincoln) Water service districts (second-class cities and villages) Water and sewer districts (first-class cities) Zoning districts Nebraska laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. NV - p. 1 NEVADA Nevada ranks 47th. among the States in number of local governments, with 207 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (16) The entire area of the State is encompassed by county government except for the area of the former Ormsby County which, effective July 1, 1969, was consolidated with Carson City to form a single entity named Carson City. Carson City is outside the area of any county, and is counted as a municipal rather than a county government in census statistics on governments. In Nevada, the county governing body is called the board of county commissioners. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (18) Municipal Governments (18) Municipal governments in Nevada are the incorporated cities and towns which may be incorporated under special charters or general law. Cities formed under general law are divided into three classes: First class--20,000 inhabitants or more Second class--more than 5,000 but fewer than 20,000 inhabitants Third class--5,000 inhabitants or fewer The minimum population for incorporation is 250. The "unincorporated towns" in Nevada are adjuncts of the county governments, and are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Township Governments (0) There are no township governments in Nevada. However, most of the counties are divided into "township" areas for local court and police power purposes. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (17) School District Governments (17) Each of the 16 counties and Carson City constitutes a school district government. An elected board of trustees administers each school district. The board of county commissioners, after voter approval, may levy school taxes in accordance with State law. The district trustees may levy general obligation bonds upon voter approval. Dependent Public School Systems (0) Nevada has no dependent public school systems. NV - p. 2 Other Educational Activities Educational supervision "districts" in Nevada are election areas for members of the State Board of Education, and are not counted as governments. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (156) Nevada statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Airport Authorities (Special Acts) These authorities were established by special acts. The governing body is a board of trustees, appointed by local officials or elected at large, in accordance with the special legislation applying to a particular authority. The trustees may collect fees and rentals, and the county levies a property tax for the authority. General obligation bonds require voter approval, but revenue bonds may be issued without voter approval. To date, authorities of this type have been created in Lander and Washoe Counties. The Airport Authority of Carson City is not counted as a separate government, because its actions are subject to review by the Carson City government. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Conservation Districts These districts are established by the State conservation commission on petition and after hearing and referendum. A board of five elected supervisors governs the district. The districts may require contributions from landowners for services and may accept donations from the State or the Federal Government. County Fire Protection Districts--1937 Law A 1937 law provides for the creation of county fire protection districts by the county board of commissioners on petition of landowners and after hearing and special election. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may levy taxes and issue general obligation bonds. These districts are distinct from the county fire protection districts authorized in 1945 and 1963. Districts under the 1945 and 1963 laws are not counted as governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. County Hospital Districts These districts are created by the board of county commissioners on its own motion or on petition of property owners and after public hearing. An elected board of trustees governs each district. The board may fix charges, levy taxes, accept donations, and issue bonds after local referendum. NV - p. 3 County Library Districts These districts are created by the county commissioners on petition of the taxpayers. A board of five trustees appointed by the county commissioners governs each district. The district board determines its annual needs, which are met from tax levies and from grants. Similar provisions apply to consolidated library districts (consolidations of a city and county library in counties over 500,000 population) and to regional libraries, except that financial requirements of regional libraries are met by contributions from participating local governments in accordance with the agreement creating the regional library. Elko Convention and Visitors Authority This authority was created by special act to provide convention facilities in Elko. A board of five members, of whom three are elected, one is appointed by Elko County, and one is appointed by the city of Elko, governs the authority. The authority may fix rates, tolls, rents, and charges, levy ad valorem taxes, and issue bonds. This authority is the successor to the former Elko City-County Civic Auditorium Authority. General Improvement Districts These districts are established by ordinance of the county board of commissioners, on its own motion or on petition of landowners, after public hearing, to provide one or more of the following services: electric light and power, cemetery, swimming pool, television, space heating, street, street lighting, sidewalks, storm drainage, sanitary sewer, garbage and refuse disposal, recreation, fencing, emergency medical services, fire protection, water supply facilities, and mosquito and other pest abatement and extermination. An elected board of trustees governs each district. General improvement districts may levy taxes or special assessments, or fix charges, as appropriate. However, districts providing television facilities may not levy property taxes, and those providing for pest abatement, swimming pools, or cemeteries may not levy special assessments. Pest abatement districts may not borrow money, but other general improvement districts may issue revenue, special assessment, or general obligation bonds in accordance with their financing powers. General obligation bonds must be approved by the voters. General improvement districts providing sanitary sewer facilities in counties having a population of 250,000 or more are administered by the board of county commissioners serving in an ex officio capacity. General improvement districts providing sanitary sewer facilities in counties having a population of less than 250,000 and districts furnishing water facilities may be administered by the board of county commissioners serving in an ex NV - p. 4 officio capacity. Such districts are not counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. Housing Authorities Housing authorities are established by resolution of the governing bodies of cities, towns, or counties. A board of commissioners, appointed by the chief executive of the municipality or by the county commissioners, governs each authority. These boards may issue revenue bonds, fix rentals, and accept grants or borrow money from the Federal Government. Irrigation Districts The county commissioners, on petition of landowners and after referendum, may establish irrigation districts that may also provide drainage facilities and generate and sell electricity. These districts may also be designated water conservation, water conservancy, or water improvement districts. An elected board of directors governs each district. The district may issue revenue and general obligation bonds with voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and fix tolls and charges. Local Improvement Districts Local improvement districts to construct and operate electric power, sewerage, or water supply systems may be established by the county commissioners on petition of landowners and after hearing and referendum. An elected board of directors governs the district. The district may issue bonds after voter approval, levy ad valorem taxes and special assessments, and fix tolls and charges for facilities. After May 1, 1967, no districts of this type may be established, but those then in existence may continue to operate under the above provisions. Tahoe Transportation District This district is counted under "California--Special District Governments." Water Conservancy Districts and Subdistricts Water conservancy districts are established by the district court on petition of landowners after public hearing. The districts are divided into divisions in the initiating petition; a division is an irrigation or other special district, an incorporated city or town, or other political subdivision or combination thereof. The district board of directors is appointed by the district court on recommendations made by these divisions or subcontracting agencies. District boards may charge rates for water and electric power, levy ad valorem taxes and special benefit assessments, and issue bonds upon voter approval. NV - p. 5 Water conservancy subdistricts are also counted, for census purposes, as separate governments. They have the same general powers as water conservancy districts. SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in Nevada that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provision for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Among the subordinate agencies and areas listed below, some represent "special taxing areas" within the territory of an established government. This method of financing additional services in limited areas by property taxation, while also used by some municipal and township governments in a few States, is more widely utilized by county governments. In the listing below of authorized county-related agencies, a bullet (*) appears for each entity of this kind--i.e., any that may individually serve a portion rather than all of a county and for which a tax may be levied against the assessed value of property in the area served. Nevada Housing Division (State). This agency was created as a division of the Nevada department of commerce by 1975 legislation. An administrator appointed by the State director of commerce administers the division. The division may fix fees and charges, and may issue revenue bonds. Other examples include: State Agricultural districts Comstock Historic District Commission Nevada Rural Housing Authority Nonprofit corporations for the acquisition of real property for future development and expansion of the University of Nevada (Reno or Las Vegas) Taxicab authorities (counties of 400,000 or more population) Water districts County Agricultural associations County fair and recreation boards County fire department districts *Fire protection districts--1945 law *Fire protection districts--1963 law *Flood control districts Health districts Historic districts (county) Improvement districts (county) Joint airport boards NV - p. 6 *Las Vegas Valley Water District Library boards Redevelopment agencies (county) Regional planning districts Regional transportation commissions Road districts Rodent control districts *Sanitary sewer districts (counties of 400,000 or more population) Taxing districts to provide emergency (911) telephone service *Unincorporated towns Weed control districts Municipal Airport Authority of Carson City Carson City Fair and Recreation Board City library boards Historic districts (municipal) Improvement districts (municipal) Joint airport boards Redevelopment agencies (municipal) Taxing districts to provide emergency (911) telephone service Taxing districts for police protection Taxing districts for maintenance of improvements Transportation districts (city) Nevada laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and adminstration of justice. NH - p. 1 NEW HAMPSHIRE New Hampshire ranks 41st. among the States in number of local governments, with 527 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (10) There are no areas in New Hampshire lacking county government. New Hampshire county governments have relatively few responsibilities. Most of the functions of local governments are performed by the towns and cities. The county governing body is a board of commissioners. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (234) The 234 subcounty general purpose governments in New Hampshire comprise 13 municipal (city) governments and 221 town governments. These two types of governments are distinguished primarily by the historical circumstances surrounding their incorporation. In New Hampshire, city and town governments have similar powers and perform similar functions. Municipal Governments (13) The term "municipality," as defined for census statistics on governments, applies in New Hampshire only to the cities. Cities are established by special acts of the general court; in addition to usual city functions, they have responsibility for services performed in other parts of the State by town governments. Cities exist outside the area of any town. Cities in New Hampshire may now adopt home rule charters. Town or Township Governments (221) Although not differing in legally authorized powers from cities, units in New Hampshire locally designated as "towns" are counted in census statistics as a separate type of government. Although town governments exist in each county in New Hampshire, they do not cover the entire area of each county. Cities, gores, grants, purchases, unorganized locations, and unorganized townships exist outside the area of any town. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (176) School District Governments (167) Only the following types of school districts in New Hampshire are counted as separate governments for census purposes: Cooperative school districts Interstate school districts Regular school districts Special school districts NH - p. 2 The composition and the method of selection of the boards of cooperative school districts is determined by the agreement establishing the district. Regular and special school districts are governed by elected boards. All three types of districts may issue bonds and determine their own fiscal requirements. Similar provisions also apply to interstate school districts. Dependent Public School Systems (9) New Hampshire statutes provide for the following types of dependent public school systems: Systems dependent on municipal governments (9): City school systems (in 9 cities) The public school systems serving the 9 cities of Berlin, Dover, Franklin, Laconia, Manchester, Nashua, Portsmouth, Rochester, and Somersworth are governed by separate school "district" boards that are either appointed by the city council or, as an alternative, elected by the voters. However, the public school systems serving these 9 cities are subject to municipal fiscal control. They are classified for census purposes as dependent agencies of the cities they serve, and are not counted as separate governments. Other Educational Activities School administrative units, formerly called supervisory unions, are entities for the supervision of school affairs in two or more school districts. Expenses are met by the participating districts. School administrative units are classified as joint educational service agencies of participating school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. As of January 1992, 38 school administrative units were reported in operation. Area vocational high schools and authorized regional enrollment area (AREA) schools are maintained and operated by the school districts in which the facilities are located. Such schools are classified as joint activities of the participating school districts, and are not counted as separate governments. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (116) New Hampshire statutes authorize the creation of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Conservation Districts Under New Hampshire law, each county constitutes a conservation district. A board of supervisors appointed by the State conservation committee governs the district. The district board may accept gifts and grants and require contributions from landowners for benefits extended. NH - p. 3 Cooperative Alliance for Seacoast Transportation This alliance was created by act of the general court to acquire, own, and operate a regional transit system. A board of directors including representatives of various State, local, and private agencies governs the alliance. The alliance may fix rates, fares, tolls, rents, and other charges, and receive Federal, State, and local contributions. Housing Authorities Housing authorities may be established in any city or town after local referendum. The housing authority commissioners are appointed by the mayor or the town selectmen. Authorities may issue bonds, collect rentals for facilities, and accept appropriations. Maine-New Hampshire Interstate Bridge Authority This authority was created by a special act to operate the Kittery-Portsmouth Bridge. The governing body consists of thre members from each State. In New Hampshire, the members are appointed by the Governor and include the State Highway Commissioner. The authority may issue bonds, fix rates and tolls, and accept grants. Regional Refuse Disposal Districts These districts may be established by two or more cities or towns after vote by the governing bodies of the municipalities to be served. The district governing body is a regional refuse disposal committee selected in a manner determined in the organizational agreement. The district may issue bonds with the approval of the participating governments. Fiscal needs are determined by the district governing body and are apportioned to the participating cities and towns, which levy taxes to meet their proportionate share. Some districts of this type are named "solid waste management districts." Village Districts or Precincts These districts or precincts, created by the town selectmen on petition and after local referendum, provide one or more of the following functions: Fire or police protection, park or recreation facilities, street lighting or sprinkling, water supply and electricity, and construction and maintenance of sidewalks, sewers, and drains. The district or precinct governing body is elected. After vote at a district meeting, the district or precinct may issue bonds and levy taxes. These units may also charge rates for services. NH - p. 4 SUBORDINATE AGENCIES AND AREAS Shown below are various governmental designations in New Hampshire that have certain characteristics of governmental units but that are classified in census statistics as subordinate agencies of the State or local governments and are not counted as separate governments. Legal provisions for some of the larger of these are discussed below (see "Public School Systems," above, regarding educational agencies of this nature). Industrial Development Authority (State). This authority was created by act of the general court to develop, operate, finance, and maintain commercial, industrial, railroad, and recreational facilities. A board of nine directors, appointed by the Governor, governs the authority. The authority may charge fees and rents, accept grants, make mortgage loans, and issue revenue bonds. With the approval of the Governor, State general obligation bonds may be issued to finance authority projects. New Hampshire Higher Educational and Health Facilities Authority (State). This authority was established to construct educational and health facilities. The authority is governed by a board of seven members appointed by the Governor's council. The authority may fix, revise, and collect rates, rents, fees, and charges for the use of facilities and services, and may issue revenue bonds. New Hampshire Housing Finance Authority (State). This authority was established to provide mortgage credit for housing; to provide housing subsidies to low income persons; and to construct housing. The authority is governed by a nine-member board appointed by the Governor. The authority may receive appropriations, contributions, and charges, make mortgage loans, and issue revenue bonds. Other examples include: State Community Development Finance Authority Emergency medical services districts Fire districts (for forest fire control) Forest districts New Hampshire Energy Authority New Hampshire Municipal Bond Bank New Hampshire School Building Authority New Hampshire State Port Authority Pease Air Force Base Development Authority Sweepstakes Commission NH - p. 5 Municipal Airport authorities and districts (special acts) Central business service districts Economic development and revitalization districts Health districts Historic districts Local industrial development authorities Transit authorities Zoning districts Town Airport authorities and districts (special acts) Central business service districts Economic development and revitalization districts Health districts Highway districts Historic districts Transit authorities Zoning districts Other Gores, grants, locations, purchases, and unorganized townships are geographical areas outside the area of any city or town, and are not counted as governments. New Hampshire laws also provide for various types of local areas for election purposes and administration of justice. NJ - p. 1 NEW JERSEY New Jersey ranks 20th. among the States in number of local governments, with 1,512 as of January 1992. COUNTY GOVERNMENTS (21) There are no areas in New Jersey lacking county government. The counties are divided into the following six classes: Counties not bordering on the Atlantic Ocean: First class--550,000 inhabitants or more and a population density of more than 3,000 persons per square mile (Bergen, Hudson, Essex) Second class--all other counties with 200,000 inhabitants or more Third class--50,000 to 199,999 inhabitants Fourth class--fewer than 50,000 inhabitants Counties bordering the Atlantic Ocean: Fifth class--100,000 inhabitants or more Sixth class--fewer than 100,000 inhabitants The county governing body is called the board of chosen freeholders. SUBCOUNTY GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS (567) The 567 subcounty general purpose governments in New Jersey comprise 320 municipal (borough, city, town, and village) governments and 247 township governments. These two types of governments are distinguished primarily by the historical circumstances surrounding their incorporation. In New Jersey, borough, city, town, village, and township governments have similar powers and perform similar functions. Municipal Governments (320) The term "municipality," as defined for census statistics on governments, applies only to the boroughs, cities, towns, and villages in New Jersey. Townships, to which the term "municipalities" is applied by New Jersey statutes, are counted for census purposes as township rather than municipal governments (see below). Cities are divided according to population size and location as follows: First class--150,000 inhabitants or more Second class--12,000 to 149,999 inhabitants Third class--fewer than 12,000 inhabitants, excluding seaside resorts bordering on the Atlantic Ocean. Fourth class--resort cities bordering on the Atlantic Ocean. NJ - p. 2 There is no standing classification for other municipalities. All cities, towns, boroughs, and villages exist outside the area of any governmentally active township. Township Governments (247) Townships, although not differing in legally authorized powers from the types of municipal governments described above, are classified for census purposes as a separate type of government. All areas of the State are encompassed by township governments except areas within the boundaries of a borough, city, town, or village. Most of the townships in New Jersey are governed by a township committee. However, several townships have adopted either the commission, the council-manager, or the strong mayor-council form of government. PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS (626) School District Governments (550) Only the Type 2 school districts in New Jersey are counted a separate governments for census purposes. Type 1 school districts (see "Dependent Public School Systems," below) are not counted as separate governments in census statistics on governments. Conversion from a Type 1 to a Type 2 school district, or vice versa, requires voter approval. Type 2 school districts now include regional school districts. Regional school districts are further classified as "all purpose regional districts" that may provide all school services within their area and, thus, replace the basic school districts, and "limited purpose regional districts" that provide only one or a limited number of school services for their constituent districts. An elected board of education governs each Type 2 school district. Each district may determine the amount of local school tax levies and issue bonds with the approval of the voters. Consolidated school districts are special types of Type 2 school districts. NJ - p. 3 Dependent Public School Systems (76) New Jersey statutes provide for the following types of dependent public school systems: Systems dependent on county governments (47): County vocational school systems County special services school districts County junior colleges or community colleges Community college agencies Jointure commissions Systems dependent on municipal governments (24): Type 1 school districts in boroughs, cities, towns, or villages Systems dependent on township governments (3): Type 1 school districts in townships Systems dependent on the State government (2): State-operated school districts County vocational school systems are authorized by New Jersey law. In some first, second, third, and fifth class counties, the vocational school board is appointed by the chief elected executive officer of the county, or by the director of the board of chosen freeholders, or by a judge of the Superior Court (in all other counties). The county superintendent of schools serves as an ex officio member. The fiscal needs of county vocational school systems are determined and provided for by the county governments. County vocational schools are classified as dependent agencies of the county government in census reporting, and are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, 20 county vocational schools were reported in operation. County special services school districts are established by resolution of the county board of chosen freeholders for the education and treatment of handicapped children. Each district is governed by a board of education, consisting of the county superintendent of schools, ex officio, plus six members appointed by the director of the board of chosen freeholders with the consent of the board. Fiscal requirements are determined by a board of school estimate and are provided by the county and State governments. For census reporting, county special services school districts are classified as dependent agencies of the establishing county government. They are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, eight county special services school districts were reported in operation. NJ - p. 4 County junior colleges or community colleges are classified as dependent agencies of the county government for census purposes, and are not counted as separate governments. Each junior college is governed by a board of trustees consisting of the county superintendent of schools and 10 persons, 8 of whom are appointed by the appointing authority of the county with the consent of the board of chosen freeholders, and 2 of whom are appointed by the State board of higher education subject to approval of the Governor. In addition, the student body elects one representative from the graduating class to serve as a non-voting member for one year. When a junior college is established in more than one county, two additional members are appointed for each additional participating county. The membership of the board of trustees is apportioned by the chancellor according to the latest United States census. Each county must have at least two members and the county superintendent of schools on the board. The county government may appropriate funds and issue bonds for the benefit of county junior colleges. In January 1992, 16 county junior colleges were reported in operation. County colleges may also be formed by petition of any private institution of higher education and any postsecondary institute of a county board of vocational education to the State board of higher education. Such colleges are otherwise under provisions similar to those governing county junior colleges. The Union County College was established under this law. Community college agencies may be established in any county that had not established a junior college prior to 1974, by the board of chosen freeholders with the consent of the State board of higher education. Such an agency is governed by a community college commission composed of nine members, seven of whom are appointed by the county appointing authority with the consent of the board of chosen freeholders, and two of whom are appointed by the State board of higher education, subject to the approval of the Governor, plus the county superintendent of schools ex officio. These commissions have the same powers as the trustees of county junior colleges except the power to condemn property. For census purposes, they are classified as dependent agencies of county governments, and are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, one community college commission (in Hudson County) was reported in operation. Jointure commissions are established by two or more school districts to provide for education of the handicapped. The commissions consist of representatives from the constituent school district boards. Their fiscal needs are apportioned to the establishing districts. These commissions are classified, for census reporting, as dependent agencies of county governments. They are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, one jointure commission (in Union County) was reported in operation. NJ - p. 5 Each Type 1 school district is governed by a board of education appointed by the mayor or other chief executive officer of the borough, city, town, township, or village it serves. Its fiscal requirements are subject to review and final determination by a board of school estimate composed of two members appointed by the board of education from its own membership, two appointed by the municipal governing body from its own membership, plus the chief executive of the municipality. If the municipality has no chief executive, the governing body of the municipality appoints a third member. Funds of Type 1 school districts, however, are separate from other funds of the borough, city, town, township, or village governments they serve. Type 1 school districts are classified for census purposes as dependent agencies of borough, city, town, township, or village governments, and are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, there were 24 borough, city, town, or village school systems, and 3 township school systems reported in operation. State-operated school districts are established by administrative order of the State board of education upon a finding by the commissioner of education that a local public school system is in need of reorganization in order to provide efficient schools. A district board of education, appointed by the State board of education, administers each State-operated school district. The amount of property taxes levied by the borough, city, town, township, or village governments served shall be sufficient to meet the amount the State- appointed district superintendent certifies as necessary for support of the district. Once the State commissioner of education is satisfied that reorganization of the district is successful, local control of the school district may be reestablished. In that event, the voters decide whether the reorganized district is to be a Type 1 school district or a Type 2 school district. In January 1992, two State-operated school districts were reported in operation. Other Educational Activities Educational services commissions are created by the State board of education upon petition of two or more boards of education to carry on programs of education research and to provide educational and administrative services to the establishing districts. The establishing districts contribute to the support of educational services commissions. For census reporting, these commissions are classified as joint educational service agencies of the participating school districts. They are not counted as separate governments. In January 1992, nine such commissions were reported in operation. NJ - p. 6 County parental schools for juvenile delinquents are also authorized, but none is now in existence. SPECIAL DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS (374) New Jersey statutes authorize the creation of a variety of special districts or authorities that are counted as governments. These are discussed in detail below. Beach Erosion Control Districts These districts may be created to control tidal erosion in any municipality bordering on tidal waters and threatened by flooding. They are established by ordinance of the municipal governing body and after referendum. An elected board of commissioners governs each district. Each district may issue bonds, levy ad valorem taxes, and accept municipal contributions or appropriations. No beach erosion control districts were reported in operation as of January 1992. County Bridge Commissions County bridge commissions may be established to build, improve, and maintain highway bridges by the county board of chosen freeholders. A board of commissioners, appointed by the county board, governs each district. The district may fix tolls and issue bonds. Joint county bridge commissions may also be created; each participating county appoints three commissioners to the governing board. County Improvement Authorities These authorities, which finance, construct, and operate public buildings and facilities for various purposes including public transportation, aviation, solid waste disposal, financing of low income housing, and redevelopment projects, may be established by resolution of the county governing body. A board of five members appointed by the county governing body governs the authority; in some counties, by ordinance, the county executive or a county supervisor serves ex officio as a sixth non-voting board member. The authority may fix and collect rents, fares, tolls, and charges, accept county and municipal appropriations, make loans, and issue revenue bonds. County Industrial Pollution Control Financing Authorities These authorities are no longer counted as separate governments. See "Subordinate Agencies and Areas," below. NJ - p. 7 County Recreation Authorities Authorities to develop, operate, and maintain recreational facilities may be created in any first-class county by resolution of the county governing body. A five-member board appointed by the county governing body governs each authority. The authority may fix rentals and charges, receive appropriations, and issue revenue bonds. No county recreation authorities were reported in operation as of January 1992. Delaware River and Bay Authority This authority is counted under "Delaware--Special District Governments." Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission This commission is counted under "Pennsylvania-- Special District Governments." Delaware River Port Authority This authority was established by speci