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Thistopicreportintegratesfindingsandprovidescontextandbackgroundforinterpretationof   resultsfromCensus2000evaluations,tests,andotherresearchundertakenbytheU.S.Census x! Bureau.Itispartofabroadprogram,theCensus2000Testing,Experimentation,andEvaluation d" program,designedtoassessCensus2000andtoinform2010Censusplanning. P#   XXPaulaSchneider *&%  AZ!) xdE+xA +&'&  (#(# R(#R(#  IndependentConsultant#XX# MXX +:''  R(#R(# R(#R(##XX M# MXXqrs=-)`~0,  `(*E.,  f,o )q-`((R(#R(# #XX Mv#    TheCensus2000Test,Experimentation,andEvaluationProgramprovidesmeasuresof  effectivenessfortheCensus2000design,operations,systems,andprocessesandprovides  informationonthevalueofnewordifferentmethodologies.Theresultsandrecommendations t fromtheseanalysesprovidevaluableinformationcrucialtoplanningthe2010Census.By ` providingmeasuresofhowwellCensus2000wasconducted,thisprogramfullysupportsthe L  CensusBureausstrategytointegratethe2010earlyplanningprocesswithongoingMaster 8  AddressFile/TopologicallyIntegratedGeographicEncodingandReferencing(_MAF_/TIGER) $ t enhancementsandtheannualAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thepurposeofthereportthat  ` followsistosynthesizeresultsfromCensus2000evaluations,experiments,andother  L  assessmentsandtomakerecommendationsforplanningthe2010Census.Census2000Testing,  8  Experimentation,andEvaluationreportsareavailableontheCensusBureausInternetsiteat: $  4+ YO  5  http://www.census.gov/pred/www/. 6R YOf   7           XX&  <( 4 <DLX<8XXdd8,  <( 4 <DLX<  M      ,  #XX Mr#%X XXXContents#XX X%X#%X XXX,  Ԍ  Ќ%:  X%X    XX   # 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%:Yw#%: %X X %:#XX X%Xx# 9012345678(03>&    <( 4 <DLX<.    <( 4 <DLX< pXX    .)z  %p#%: %y#.)zz 32 =Ѐ8.4 U2D,?3   2 U#%: %%&˂TU#Hispanic @   Origin =2,!iA2 =%&˂% %:   3.1 =2,!}C32 =  3.1 ^2M!}E32  @3.2 @^3.2 ~2mA}G3  @3.2  @2  @3.2 @~3.2 ~2mA}I3  @3.2  @2 @2.7@~2.7 ]2LA}K3 @2.7 @2 ]3.3 ^2M!}M32 @2.6@^2.6 ]2LA}O3 @2.6 @2 ]3.1 =2,!}Q32 =̀3.2 U2D,}S3   2 U#%: %%&˂X#  Race =2,!ZT2 =%&˂% %: 2.9 =2,!ZU32 =3.0 =2,!ZV32 =2.6 =2,!ZW32 =2.8 ^2M!ZX32  @3.2 @^3.2 ]2LAZY3  @3.2  @2 ]3.0 ^2M!ZZ32 @3.1@^3.1 ]2LAZ[3 @3.1 @2 ]2.3 =2,!Z\32 =Ѐ3.4 UZD,Z]3   2 U#%: %%&˂]#Tenure =Z,!7^Z =%&˂% %: 4.1 =Z,!7_3Z =3.1 =Z,!7`3Z =9.6 =Z,!7a3Z =2.6 =Z,!7b3Z =8.8 =Z,!7c3Z =2.1 ^ZM!7d3Z 333333@6.3333333@^6.3 ]ZLA7e3 333333@6.3 333333@Z ]5.7 _ZN!7f3Z 1@17.81@_17.8 ]SQ7g3 1@17.8    1@Z ]#%: %%&˂q`# # %:4F#%:  Source: EvaluationreportB.1.b,AnalysisofItemNonresponseRatesforthe100PercentHousingandPopulation 8h ItemsfromCensus2000# %:c#%:  . i # %:d#XX<( 4 <DLX<%X XXX7.2100PercentImputationRates `k  TherearethreecomponentsofimputationforCensus2000substitution,assignment,and 8m allocation.Theseareanalyzedinthereport,Census2000EvaluationB.1.a,Analysisof $ tn ImputationRatesforthe100PercentPersonandHousingUnitDataItemsfromCensus2000. !`o Theeffectsofsubstitution,whicharenotreflectedintheanalysisofindividualdataitemsinthe !Lp B.1.areport,occurswhenthecensusprocessobtainednousabledataforahousehold.Inthese "8q cases,anentiresetofcharacteristicsfromaneighboringhouseholdwas substitutedforthe #$r missingvalues.Thisoccurredfor1.5millionhouseholdsand3.4millionpeopleor1.3percent $ s ofthetotalhouseholdpopulationin2000.Bydefinition,thesubstitutionratedoesntvaryby % t itemsinceeachitemisimputedwhenasubstitutionoccurs.Fortheremainingportionofthis &!u report,imputationwillreferonlytoassignmentsandallocations. '"v   Asexpected,thepatternofimputationamongthe100percentquestions/itemsvariedinamanner \)$x similartononresponserates.Imputationratesandnonresponserates,however,arenotstrictly H*%y comparableforseveralreasons.First,someapparentresponsesarenotvalidanswersand, 4+&z therefore,aretreatedasblanksintheimputationprocess.Also,therearedifferencesinthe  ,p'{ universesusedtocalculatethetworates.Theuniversefornonresponseratesincludesonly data  definedpeople,thosepeoplewithatleasttwocharacteristicsreported.Theuniversefor  imputationratesincludes,inaddition,peopleinnonsubstitutedhouseholdswhohadnooronly  onereportedcharacteristic.Asaresultofthesedifferences,theimputationratesinTableBare t largerthantheitemnonresponseratesinTableA. ` Imputationrates(includingassignmentsandallocations)rangedfromalowof2.0percentforsex 8  to5.1percentforageand5.5percentfortenure.Assignmentsoccurwhenaresponseforanitem $ t ismissingbutthevaluecanbedeterminedbyotherinformationreportedforthatperson.  ` Assignmentswereanimportantcomponentoftheimputationrateforage(assignedfromdateof  L  birth)andforsex(assignedfromname.)  8  Shortformitemshadsomewhatlowerimputationratesthanthesameitemsoncensuslong   forms,exceptthattheraceitemhadslightlyhigherimputationonshortforms.Thebiggest   differencebetweenshortandlongformimputationrateswasforthetenureitem(3.7percentvs.   13.2percent).Asmentionedabove,itislikelythattheplacementofthishousingquestionafter   allthepersonquestionsonthelongformcontributedtotheratherhighrateofimputation. p ExceptforthequestiononHispanicorigin,selfresponsequestionnaireshadlowerimputation H ratesthanenumeratorfilledquestionnaires.Asmentionedintheanalysisofnonresponserates,it 4 ispossiblethatrespondentsoccasionallyleftblanktheHispanicoriginquestionwhentheydid  p notconsideritrelevanttothem.Thiswasthecasetoagreaterextentinthe1990Censuswhen  \ thequestiononHispanicoriginfollowedthequestiononrace.TheorderwasreversedinCensus H 2000toreducethelevelofnonresponseonHispanicorigin. 4 Notsurprisingly,imputationratesonEnglishlanguageformsingeneralwerelowerthantherates   ontheformsinotherlanguages.HouseholdscompletingthenonEnglishformswere  presumablyrecentimmigrantsorotherswithdifficultyinEnglishandpossiblydifficultywith  understandingthecensusitself.Itisnoteworthy,however,thatKoreanlanguageformshad  relativelylowimputationratesformostitems. l Householdswhoownedtheirhomeshadlowerimputationratesthanrenters.Forquestionnaires D! completedbyenumerators,thosewithahouseholdrespondenthadlowerimputationratesthan 0"  thosewithanonhouseholdproxyrespondent. #l! QuestionnairesreceivedviatheInternet(classifiedasselfresponse)orTelephoneQuestionnaire $D # Assistance(TQA)(classifiedasenumeratorresponse)hadquitelowimputationrates.These %0!$ typesofresponserequiredaproactiveeffortonthepartofthehouseholdand,therefore,arelikely &"% toreflectasegmentofthepopulationhighlymotivatedtoparticipateinthecensus.Ontheother '#& endofthescale,formscompletedinoperationsdesignedtoenumeratesomeofthemostdifficult (#' toreachhouseholdshadrelativelyhighimputationrates. )$(  h+&* TheseoperationsincludetheBeCountedcampaignandcoverageimprovementfollowup(CIFU)  operationsthatoccurredlaterinthecensusprocess.  Thissamepatternofrelativecooperationandlevelofimputationisseenwhenimputationrates t areviewedbythecheckindateofthequestionnaire.Theearlieramailreturnformwas ` received,thelowerthelevelofimputation. L  Overall,88.1percentofthenonsubstitutedhouseholdpopulationhadnoimputationinanyof $ t thefivepopulationitemsand97.3percenthadnoneoronlyoneitemimputed.  ` #XX X%XHe#  <( 4 <DLX<%X XXXTableB,100PercentItemImputation*RatesbyFormType,ResponseMode,and  8  Household/ProxyResponse:Census2000 $    *`ad dJJXJJXXJJXXJJX9JJ9JJJJ9JJ9JJ9JJ9\](#(#,eJJ,JJ,XJJ,XJJ,JJ,eJJ,JJ,eJJ+  8Z['   8%&˂% X%X  Item =Z[,! Z[ =Total =Z[,! Z[ =#%X X%%&˂̀#%:  X%X Short     Form =Z[,! Z[ = Long   Form =Z[,! Z[ = Self   Response =Z[,! Z[ = Enumerator   Response   (Enum)Filled =Z[,!I Z[ = Enum   Household   respondent =Z[,!I Z[ = EnumProxy   Respondent L2;,    Z[ L#%X X %:#%:  X%X  Relationship U2D"r2 @2.6@U#%X X %:휄#%&˂% X%X 2.6 ]2LA"r3 @2.6 @2 ]2.5 =2,!"r 32 =Ѐ3.2 =2,!"r!32 =2.0 =2,!"r"32 =Ѐ4.1 =2,!"r#32 =3.3 =2,!"r$32 =Ѐ9.1 L2;,"r%3   2 L#%X X%%&˂N#%:  X%XSex S2BO&2  @2@S#%X X %:툇#%&˂% X%X 2.0 [2J?O'3  @2 @2 [2.0 =2,!O(32 =Ѐ2.1 =2,!O)32 =1.7 =2,!O*32 =Ѐ2.8 =2,!O+32 =2.2 =2,!O,32 =Ѐ6.1 L2;,O-3   2 L#%X X%%&˂##%:  X%XAge 42#,.2 4#%X X %:[#%&˂% X%X 5.1 =2,!,/32 =5.0 =2,!,032 =Ѐ5.7 =2,!,132 =3.0 =2,!,232 =10.9 =2,!,332 =6.7 =2,!,432 =42.7 L2;,,53   2 L#%X X%%&˂׊#%:  X%XHispanic  6   Origin 42#}72 4#%X X %:#%&˂% X%X   4.4 =2,!932 =  4.3 =2,!;32 =̀4.6 =2,!=32 =4.5 =2,!?32 =̀4.1 =2,!A32 =2.6 =2,!C32 =11.6 L2;,E3   2 L#%X X%%&˂#%:  X%X  Race 42#nF2 4#%X X %:Ϗ#%&˂% X%X 4.0 =2,!nG32 =4.0 =2,!nH32 =Ѐ3.8 =2,!nI32 =3.8 =2,!nJ32 =Ѐ4.3 =2,!nK32 =2.5 =2,!nL32 =11.0 UZD,nM3   2 U#%X X%%&˂X#%:  X%XTenure 4Z#KNZ 4#%X X %:z#%&˂% X%X 5.5 =Z,!KO3Z =3.7 =Z,!KP3Z =13.2 =Z,!KQ3Z =3.0 =Z,!KR3Z =12.2 =Z,!KS3Z =7.3 _ZN!KT3Z >@30.1>@_30.1]SQKU3 >@30.1    >@Z ]#%X X%%&˂#%:  X%XSource:#%X X %:D##XX X%X}#%X XXXԀ%:  X%XEvaluationreportB.1.a,AnalysisofImputationRatesforthe100PercentPersonandHousingUnitData $tV ItemsfromCensus2000.#%X X %:ѕ##XX X%X鰕#%X XXX `W %:  X%X*Imputationreferstoassignmentsandallocations.#%X X %:# $X   TableC,100PercentItemImputation*RatesbyTenure,FormLanguageandSelectedForm Z Source:Census2000 p[   %:  X%X# %:ϖ#-  ! !X!XXXXXX  ?( 4 <DL!?-{  #XXXX9#%X XXX-{N݌̌%:  X%X   XX     # %:퐙#%: *)<ddeJJeJJXJJXXJJXJJeJJeJJeJJe`a(#(#,JJ, JJ, JJ,JJ,9JJ, JJ,JJ,JJ,XJJ,JJ, JJ,J+  8Z['H ]H  8  # %:Z#%:  Item =Z[,!] ^Z[ = Own =Z[,!] _Z[ = Rent =Z[,!] `Z[ =     English ] a Form =Z[,!!!qbZ[ =   Other ] c Language !!qd Form =Z[,!!5eZ[ =   Self ] f Total =Z[,!!!qgZ[ =   Internet =Z[,!] hZ[ =   Be ] i Counted =Z[,!!!qjZ[ =   Enum ] k erator !!ql Total =Z[,!!5mZ[ =  <( 4 <DLX<TQA =Z[,!] nZ[ = CIFU# %:#%:  =Z[,!] oZ[ = ?( 4 <DL4X?,  <( 4 <DLX< % v %:    %: % v,G  # %:힡#%:  Remote # %:H#%: Ԁ,G ϢԌ ] p Ќ%:  %:%:  %:   XX     @  <( 4 <DLX< %X X %:%X X X%X    #% v X%X#%: % v@  # %:햣#%:  Alaska # %:Х#%: @ J4Ԍ #!sq Ќ%:  %:%:  %:    XX   <( 4 <DLX<  # %:#%:  U2D,!7r   Z[ U ?( 4 <DL4X?Relationship =2,!"s2 = 2.1 =2,!"t32 =Ѐ3.5 =2,!"u32 =Ѐ2.5 =2,!"v32 =3.610.1 =2,!"w32 =Ѐ2.0 =2,!"x32 =Ѐ1.3 =2,!"y32 =Ѐ18.0 =2,!"z32 =Ѐ4.1 =2,!"{32 = <( 4 <DLX<Ӏ2.9 =2,!"|32 =Ѐ6.3 _2N!"}32 333333)@12.6333333)@_Ѐ12.6 # %:툧# %:  v2eM"~3 333333)@12.6   333333)@2 v ?( 4 <DL4X?Sex =2,!#2 = 1.7 =2,!#32 =Ѐ2.6 =2,!#32 =Ѐ1.9 =2,!#32 =2.47.1 =2,!#32 =Ѐ1.7 =2,!#32 =Ѐ1.2 =2,!#32 =Ѐ7.8 =2,!#32 =Ѐ2.8 =2,!#32 = <( 4 <DLX<Ӏ0.5 =2,!#32 =Ѐ4.3 =2,!#32 =Ѐ12.2 # %:ɫ# %:  U2D,#3   2 U ?( 4 <DL4X?Age =2,!R$2 = 4.1 =2,!R$32 =Ѐ7.2 =2,!R$32 =Ѐ5.0 =2,!R$32 =3.010.3 =2,!R$32 =Ѐ3.0 =2,!R$32 =Ѐ1.5 =2,!R$32 =Ѐ9.2 =2,!R$32 =10.9 =2,!R$32 = <( 4 <DLX<Ӏ2.9 =2,!R$32 =Ѐ21.6 =2,!R$32 =Ѐ15.3 # %:# %:  U2D,R$3   2 U ?( 4 <DL4X?Hispanic %k    Origin =2,!%/!2 =   р3.9 =2,!%/!32 =  р5.5 =2,!%/!32 =̀4.3 =2,!%/!32 =7.120.7 =2,!%/!32 =̀4.5 =2,!%/!32 =̀3.0 =2,!%/!32 =̀12.5 =2,!%/!32 =̀4.1 =2,!%/!32 =  <( 4 <DLX<̀1.7 ^2M!%/!32 @6.7@^  р6.7 ]2LA%/!3 @6.7 @2 ]̀12.7 # %:# %:  U2D,%/!3   2 U  ?( 4 <DL4X?Race =2,!&!2 = 3.3 =2,!&!32 =Ѐ5.5 =2,!&!32 =Ѐ3.8 =2,!&!32 =1.817.5 =2,!&!32 =Ѐ3.8 =2,!&!32 =Ѐ3.3 =2,!&!32 =Ѐ11.7 =2,!&!32 =Ѐ4.3 ^2M!&!32 @2.2@^ <( 4 <DLX<Ӏ2.2 ~2mA&!3 @2.2 @2 333333@6.3333333@~Ѐ6.3 }2lA&!3 333333@6.3 333333@2  (@12(@}Ѐ12.0 # %:ո# %:  tZcK&!3  (@12   (@2 t ?( 4 <DL4X?Tenure =Z,!'"Z = X =Z,!'"3Z =ЀX =Z,!'"3Z =Ѐ5.2 =Z,!'"3Z =4.826.7 =Z,!'"3Z =Ѐ3.0 =Z,!'"3Z =Ѐ1.4 =Z,!'"3Z =Ѐ3.6 _ZN!'"3Z ffffff(@12.2ffffff(@_Ѐ12.2 ^ZMB'"3 ffffff(@12.2 ffffff(@Z ^ <( 4 <DLX<Ӏ0.8 _ZN!'"3Z 6@22.86@_Ѐ22.8 ZnB'"3 6@22.8 6@Z  @3.7 @Ѐ3.7 # %:횽# %: \RP'"3  @3.7     @Z \ | B+X X4 <DL4XB # %:x#%:  # %:w# ?( 4 <DLXXX? |-  $ !4X$XXXXXX  ?( 4 <DL!?-  %X XXX#% v X%Xo#%: % vSource:#% v %:O#%X X% v#XX X%X #%X XXXԀ#% v X%X#%: % vEvaluationreportB.1.a,AnalysisofImputationRatesforthe100PercentPersonandHousingUnitData 9)$ ItemsfromCensus2000.#% v %:## M% v#XX M%X XXX-݌ %*u% Ќ%:  X%X%:  %:  $ 4X4X$   *Imputationreferstoassignmentsandallocations. *9&  +& ?( 4 <DL4X?-  ! !X!%X X %:%X X X%X  ?( 4 <DL!?-  #% v X%X## M% v;#% v M%X X% vThekeyrecommendationsfromtheimputationstudyincludethefollowing.-~݌  Ќ%:  X%X   XX   #% v %:# 9-/0345678(DLxx,-/0345678"-3"  # M% v#% v M%X X% v$,` XX$ ,-32DL3  0    TestwhetherencouraginguseoftheInternetandtelephonetorespondtothecensus ` wouldbeeffectiveandresultinqualityimprovements.Additionalinformationabout L theseresponsemodescanbefoundintheResponseRatesandBehaviorAnalysisTopic 8 Report.-3^݌$ t(#(# Ќ    #% v X%X ## M% v#% v M%X X% v ,P 7.3SampleItemImputationRates   L ThesummarytablesofqualitymeasuresintheAppendixofthisreportshowallocationratesfor  $  both100percentandsampleitemsfromtabulationspreparedattherequestoftheNational    AcademyofSciences,CommitteeonNationalStatistics.InadditiontotheratesforCensus   2000,thetablesshowratesforthe1990CensusandCensus2000basedonacomparablesetof   definitions,andratesfromtheCensus2000SupplementarySurvey.Themeasuresarecalled    allocationratessince assignmentsarenotincluded. p  OnlyafewsampleitemshadlowerallocationratesinCensus2000thanin1990.Theseinclude H languagespokenathome,abilitytospeakEnglish,migration(placelevel),lengthofservicein 4 theArmedForces,andyearstructurebuilt.Fortheitemlengthofservice,therewasaquestion  p designrevisionforCensus2000designedtoimproveresponseandhencelowertheallocation  \ rate.Thisseemstohaveworked.Formigrationplacelevel,onemightassumetherewere H improvementsinthecodingoperations. 4 ManysampleitemsinCensus2000hadatleastdoubletherateofallocationthatoccurredinthe   1990Census.Alistingoftheseitemsfollows.  ( X,` X,( XX  Sex `     h   Numberofrooms    Age `     h   Plumbingfacilities l   Race `     h   Telephoneavailability X   Maritalstatus    h   Heatingfuel D   WorkDisability  Vehiclesavailable 0    Employmentstatus   h   Businessonproperty !l   Vehicleoccupancy   h   Costofelectricity,gas,water/sewer#% v X%X#%X X% v#XX X%Xy#%X XXX "X    Wageorsalaryincome h   Monthlyrent#% v X%X*#%X X% v#XX X%Xl#%X XXX "D!   Interestordividendincome h   Mortgageandmortgagepayment#% v X%X#%X X% v#XX X%XJ#%X XXX #0"   SocialSecurityincome0 h 0h(#h(#Secondmortgageandpayment#% v X%X#%X X% v#XX X%X?#%X XXX$ #(#(#   SSI/publicassistanceincome h   Realestatetaxes#% v X%X#%X X% v#XX X%X5#%X XXX %!$   Retirementincome   h   Insurance#% v X%X#%X X% v#XX X%X)#%X XXX &!%   Otherincome    h   Valueofhome#% v X%X#%X X% v#XX X%X #%X XXX '"&   Tenure    h    |(#'   Unitsinstructure   h    h)$(   Yearmovedin#% v X%X#" XX"# M% v# T*%)  ,-/0345678(xx9-/0345678 @+&*    XX ME1D LT\ !d#XE%X XXXTherewereproceduralchangesbetween1990and2000thatpresumablyaffectedthesample  allocationrates.Forexample,thequestionnaireinCensus2000hadroomforreportingthe  characteristicsofsixhouseholdresidents,ascomparedtosevenresidentsin1990.Sinceitwas  oftendifficulttoobtaintheinformationforadditionalhouseholdmembersinlargehouseholds, t thisincreasedtheimputationleveltosomeextent. ` Also,inthe1990Censustherewasaprocedureinwhichcensusenumeratorstelephoned 8  householdswhosesamplequestionnaireshadinsufficientinformation.Thisoperationwasnot $ t conductedinCensus2000.  ` %:  X%X# %:#b  E1HHP X`h!$XE XX  b  #XXXX뀺#%X XXX7.4ComparisonofAllocationRatesBetweentheCensus2000SampleandtheCensus2000  8  SupplementarySurvey(C2SS) b݌ $  Ќ%:  X%X   XHHX   # %:#XX%X XXX#%:  X%X4#%X X %:TheC2SSwasincludedaspartofCensus2000todeterminewhetheranindependentsample   survey(theAmericanCommunitySurveyortheACS)withessentiallythesamecontentasthe   censussampleformcouldbeaccomplishedsuccessfullyduringthesametimeperiodasthe   censusitself.Asaresult,wehavemeasuresofthedataquality,intermsofallocationrates,that p canbecomparedbetweentheCensus2000sampleandtheC2SS. \   #%:  X%X#%X X %:OnewouldexpectthequalityoftheC2SSdatatobebetterthantheCensus2000sampledata 4 sincetheexclusivefocusoftheC2SSandtheACSistoprovidehighqualitymeasuresofsocial,  p economic,andhousingvariablesneededbyfederal,stateandlocalgovernments.This  \ expectationwasrealizedintermsofallocationrates.OnlytheitemslistedbelowhadCensus H allocationratesthesameasorlowerthantheC2SSrates. 4 #%:  X%X#%X X %:  Hispanicorigin(3.6percentinboth)   #%:  X%XL#%X X %:  Migration:State(8.6percentincensus;14.0percentinC2SS)  #%:  X%X#%X X %:  #%:  X%Xu#%X X %: ` County(8.6percentincensus;14.5percentinC2SS)  #%:  X%X#%X X %:  #%:  X%X`#%X X %: ` Place(8.8percentincensus;14.9percentinC2SS)  #%:  X%X#%X X %:  Responsibleforgrandchild(15.3percentincensus;17.6percentinC2SS) l #%:  X%XJ#%X X %:  Monthsresponsible(17.8percentincensus;19.7percentinC2SS) X  #%:  X%X#%X X %:  PeriodofserviceinArmedForces(9.8percentincensus;13.4percentinC2SS) D! #%:  X%X#%X X %:  Yearstructurebuilt(11.7percentincensus;13.4percentinC2SS) 0"  #%:  X%XP#%X X %:ThepositiveresultsfromtheAmericanCommunitySurveymethodsareencouragingsincethe $X" plansforthe2010censusincludeusingtheAmericanCommunitySurveydatainplaceofthe $D # censussamplelongform. %0!$   #%:  X%X#%X X %: 7.5#%:  X%XO#%X X %:ResultsfromtheContentReinterviewSurvey  '#&     #%:  X%X#%X X %:ThepurposeofthisCensus2000evaluationstudywastomeasuretheconsistencyofresponseto )$( questions.Thiswasaccomplishedbycompletingasurveyofcensusrespondentsthatre#%:  X%X7#%X X %:asked |*%) thesampleorlongformquestionstherebyallowingthecalculationofameasureofresponse h+&* variancecalledtheindexofinconsistency.Thelowerthevalueoftheindexthemoreconsistent  wererespondents#%:  X%XC#%X X %:answerstothequestionandthemoreconfidenceuserscanhaveinthe  resultingstatistics.Ageneralguidelineusedtocategorizelevelsisthatindexvalueslessthan20  historicallyhavebeenconsideredaslow,between20and50asmoderate,andover50ashigh. t   #%:  X%X#%X X %:Responsevariancecanresultfromanumberoffactors,buthighmeasuresofvariabilityusually L  indicatethatthequestionneedsimprovement,theconceptisdifficulttomeasureinasurvey 8  settingthatisprimarilyselfresponse,and/orthattherespondentwasunabletoprovidethe $ t informationdesired.Also,theindexofinconsistencyissensitivetotheamountofdetailthe  ` questionisdesignedtoobtain.Thefinerthedetailandthegreaternumberofcategories,the  L  morelikelyisahighmeasureofresponsevariance.  8  #%:  X%X0#%X X %:ApparentresponsevariancecanbepartiallyattributedtodifferencesincensusandCRSmethods   andlimitationsintheCRSmethodology.OfspecialnoteisthatCensus2000hadalargemail   backcomponentwhereastheCRSwasconductedentirelythroughinterviewing,eitherface#%:  X%X#%X X %:to   #%:  X%X{#%X X %:faceorbytelephone.ThequestionsonpersonalcharacteristicswereaskedintheCRSofonly   onepersonineachhousehold.Only48percentoftheCRSrespondentswerethesameself p respondentswhohadansweredthecensus.Twentypercentofthecaseswerethesameproxy \ respondentintheCRSandcensus.Thus,32percentoftheCRSrespondentsweredifferentfrom H thepersonswhorespondedinthecensus.ManyofthedifferencesincensusandCRSmethods 4 thatlimitedthe2000resultswerealsopresentin1990.  p #%:  X%X#%X X %:TheCRSuseduneditedandunallocateddatainallanalysisexceptfortheraceandHispanic H originitemswheretherewasminimaleditingpriortoanalysis. 4 #%:  X%X#%X X %:TheinitialsamplefortheCRSwas30,000persons,and20,000interviewedpersonswere   includedinthefinalresults.ThreequartersoftheCRSsamplehadmailedbacktheirCensus  2000longform.ThisisahighpercentagecomparedtothegeneralresponsetotheCensus2000  longform.TheCRSinterviewswereconductedfairlyclosetothecensusoperationsandthe  numberofcompletedinterviewsexceededexpectations. l #%:  X%X#%X X %:Amongthelongformitemsaskedofeachpersoninthecensushouseholdandincludedinthe D! CRS,theindexofinconsistencyvalueswererelativelyhigh(over50)formorethanonethirdof 0"  theitems.Forhousingquestions,indexvalueswereover50forclosetohalftheitems.(See #l! table2onSummaryofQualityMeasuresintheAppendix.) $X" #%:  X%X#%X X %:Thequestionsonwhetherthepersonwasresponsibleforthecareofagrandchildlivinginthe %0!$ homeand,ifso,thenumberofmonthsresponsiblehadratherhighindexesofinconsistency(46.1 &"% fortheformerand53.7forthelatter).ThisseriesofquestionswasaddedtoCensus2000ata '#& latedatewithoutthebenefitoftesting.Ifthetopicistobeincludedinthefuture,testingwillbe (#' neededtoattempttoimprovetheresults. )$(  h+&* #%:  X%X#%X X %:Somequestionswithextensiveandcriticalgovernmentuseshadratherhighmeasuresforthe  indexofinconsistencyand/orincreasesintheindexvalueoverthe1990Censuscontent  reinterviewstudy.Forinstance,theracequestionhadanindexof23.1,anincreaseoverthe1990  indexof16.3.Since2000wasthefirstcensustoallowreportingofmorethanonerace,thismay t bepartofthereasonforthisincrease.Also,thequestiononabilitytospeakEnglish,askedof ` personswhospeakanon#%:  X%X@#%X X %:Englishlanguageathome,hadahighindexofinconsistencyinboth L  2000and1990.Thismaybepartlybecauseofthesubjectivenatureofthequestion. 8  #%:  X%X#%X X %:Someitemsofpotentialconcernreflecttheattempttomeasure#%:  X%X #%X X %: rareoccurrences.#%:  X%Xa #%X X %:Forexample,  ` sometypesofincomeshowhighindexesofinconsistency.Whenthereceiptofincomefroma  L  lesscommonsourcelikepublicassistanceisassociatedwithanydiscrepancyinreporting  8  betweenthecensusandtheCRS,thistendstoinflatethevalueoftheindexmorethanwouldbe $  trueformorecommonincomesourceslikewagesandsalaries.Thesameistrueforitemson   whetherahousingunithascompleteplumbingfacilitiesandcompletekitchenfacilities(sinceit   isrelativelyrarenottohavethese.)   #%:  X%X #%X X %:Censusquestionsthatmeasureacurrentstatus,likeschoolenrollment,havelessresponse p variancethanquestionsthatrequirerecall,likeeducationalattainment.Thismightalsobetrue \ foremployment,buttheCRScouldn#%:  X%X #%X X %:tmeasurecurrentemploymentsincethereferenceperiodof H #%:  X%X#%X X %: lastweek#%:  X%Xu#%X X %:couldnotbereplicatedintheCRSinterview. 4 #%:  X%X#%X X %:Otherpatternsthatmaybemorebroadlyapplicabletoselfresponsesurveydesignwerealso  \ observed.Subjectiveoropinionquestions,suchassomepartsoftheseriesondisabilityandthe H questiononabilitytospeakEnglish,haverelativelyhighresponsevariability.Also,questions 4 associatedwithmemorableevents(likemilitaryserviceduringaperiodofwar)arereported   moreconsistentlythansimilarquestionsaboutlessmemorabledates(peacetimemilitaryservice).   Finally,questionswithwhichthepublicmayhaveprivacyconcerns(forexample,typesof  income)tendtohavehighresponsevariability.  #%:  X%XP#%X X %:KeyrecommendationsfromtheContentReinterviewSurveyincludethefollowing l #%:  X%X## %:S#%:  V012345678(0x,-/0345678%X X %:  ,$'4XX$*S` X'4X*1.0 S #XX X%XS#%X XXXUsecognitiveexpertsaspartofthetestingofrevisedquestionsfornewand/or D! troublesometopics,thatis,thosewithhighresponsevariance.0" S(#S(# #XX X%X#%X XXX2.0 S #XX X%X#%X XXXIncludeareinterviewprogramaspartoftheAmericanCommunitySurveytoallowa $X" continuingevaluationtool.$D #S(#S(# #XX X%X#%X XXX3.0 S #XX X%X#%X XXXUseseparateyes/noquestionsforeachresponsecategorywhentherespondentcanselect &"% #%:  X%X#%X X %:morethanonecategory.AnexampleistheperiodofmilitaryservicequestioninCensus '#& 2000.(#'S(#S(# #%:  X%X## %:8#XX%X XXX4.0 S #%:  X%X## %:#%: %X X %:Reviewandtesttherespondentinstructionsforproblematicquestions.TheCRSreport |*%) specificallymentionsthequestiononHispanicorigin.h+&*S(#S(# Ї#%:  X%X## %:o#XX%X XXX5.0 S #%:  X%X## %:#%: %X X %:Determinecharacteristicsrelatedtohighinconsistencymeasuresandperform  multivariateanalysiswithrespecttothesecharacteristicsintheattempttodevelopbetter  waystoaskthequestions.S(#S(# .'4XS` XP.+X'4X+#%:  X%Xf## %:G#+'4XX+XX%X XXX*S` X'4X*6.0 S #%:  X%X[## %:z#%: %X X %:Issueguidancetousersonthetypesofusestoavoidforquestionswithhighlevelsof ` inconsistency.Forinstance,datafromsuchquestionsprobablyshouldnotbeusedfor L  smallareasorindetailedcrosstabulationswithothervariables.8 S(#S(# .'4XS` X.#%:  X%X7## %:#XX%X XXX*S` X'4X*7.0 S #%:  X%X!## %:"!#%: %X X %:Considernotpublishingdetailfromquestionswithhighvariability.Forexample,the  ` questionsontypeofincomemaybeusefulfordeterminingtotalincomebuttheymay  L  notbeappropriatetouseasindividualdataitems. 8 S(#S(# #%:  X%X!## %:!#XX%X XXX8.0 S #%:  X%Xi### %:##%: %X X %:Ifresearchandtestingcannotimprovethequestiondesign,considerwhethersome   questionswithpersistenthighresponsevariabilityshouldbedroppedfromthe   census/ACS. S(#S(# #%:  X%X$## %:##XX%X XXX9.0 S #%:  X%Xv%## %:%#%: %X X %:Investigatewhetherrecordsonsuchtopicsasutilitycostsandrealestatetaxescouldbe p substitutedfororusedtosupplementdirectinquiry.\S(#S(# .'4XS` XA!.+X)'4X+#%:  X%X(&## %: &#+'4XX8'+XX%X XXX*S` X'4X*10.0 S #%:  X%X'## %:'#%: %X X %:Researchwhethermodelinginconjunctionwithindependentrecordsmightbean 4 appropriatewayofprovidingimproveddataonsometopicssuchassecondmortgage  p paymentandinsurancepayment. \S(#S(# K1D LT\ !d#S` XK#%:  X%X(#%X X %:#%:  X%XD*#%X X %: ,7.6#%:  X%X*#%X X %:SummaryAssessmentofQualityMeasures  4 #%:  X%X*#%X X %:ThesummarytablesintheAppendixdisplayinformationonallocationratesforCensus2000,the   1990Census,andtheCensus2000SupplementarySurvey,plusinformationonresponse  variability(indexofinconsistency)fromtheContentReinterviewStudiesassociatedwithCensus  2000andthe1990Census.Itisincludedtoprovidereaderswithaneasyreferencetothebasic  qualitymeasuresassociatedwithcensusdataitems,especiallythesampleorlongformitems.To l thoseplanningthe2010census,questionswithseriousqualityproblemssignaltheneedfor X  furtherworkinquestiondesign,proceduresorconceptclarification.TousersofCensus2000 D! data,qualityproblemsshouldbeawarningtousedatafromtheseitemswithcaution. 0"    #%:  X%X_+#%X X %:Followingisalistoftheitemswithtwopoorqualitymeasures,thatis,allocationratesabove10 $X" percentandindexesofinconsistencyover50. $D # #%:  X%X7/# 9-/0345678(DLx0V012345678"-3"  %X X %:  -302DL3  0 `   Workdisability#%:  X%X0#%X X %:  #%:  X%X1#%X X %:  #%:  X%X1#%X X %: p #%:  X%X-2#%X X %:  -30 1݌&"%` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%X{2#! ! 9-/0345678(DLxx9-/0345678%X X %:"-3"    -332DL3  0 `   #%:  X%X3#%X X %:Monthsresponsibleforgrandchild#%:  X%Xo4#%X X %:  #%:  X%X4#%X X %: p -334݌'#&` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%X 5#"-3"  %X X %:  -352DL3  0 `   Weeksworked#%:  X%X5#%X X %:-35 6݌(#'` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"    -362DL3  0 `   Incomereceipt#%:  X%X~6#%X X %:Ԅinterestordividend#%:  X%X7#%X X %:  #%:  X%X7#%X X %: p #%:  X%X78#%X X %:-367݌)$(` (#` (# Ќ     `    #%:  X%X8#%X X %:Ԅ#%:  X%X:9#%X X %:publicassistance#%:  X%X9## %:(#%: %X X %:  #%:  X%X:#%X X %: p #%:  X%Xb:#%X X %: |*%) E1D LT\ !d#XE#%:  X%X:#%X X %:  #%:  X%XL;#%X X %: ` #%:  X%X;#%X X %:   #%:  X%X;#%X X %:Ԅ#%:  X%XB<#%X X %:otherincome#%:  X%X<## %:9#%: %X X %:   p #%:  X%X=#%X X %:#XX X%X<#%X XXX   h+&* #%:  X%Xq=#  "-3"  %X X %:-3">2DL3  0 `   Incomeamount#%:  X%XO>#%X X %:SocialSecurity-3">n>݌` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%X>#%X X %:  #%:  X%X{?#%X X %: ` #%:  X%X?#%X X %:   #%:  X%X@#%X X %:SupplementalSecurity  #%:  X%Xu@#%X X %:  #%:  X%X@#%X X %: ` #%:  X%X0A#%X X %:   #%:  X%X~A#%X X %:publicassistance#%:  X%XA#%X X %:#XX X%X=#%X XXX      "-3"  -3B2DL3  0 `   Agriculturalsales#%:  X%X/B#%X X %:#XX X%XqB#%X XXX h #%:  X%XeC#%X X %:  #%:  X%XC#%X X %:  -3BB݌t` (#` (# Ќ    "-3"  -3D2DL3  0 `   Costofelectricity-3DD݌`` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"    -3E2DL3  0 `   Costofgas#%:  X%XCD## %:C#XX%X XXX-3EE݌L ` (#` (# Ќ  P<( LT\ !d#X<#%:  X%XVF## %:uF#%: "-3"  %X X %:  -3G2DL3  0 `   Secondmortgage/payment#%:  X%XG## %:gG#%: %X X %:     p #%:  X%XH#%X X %:  #%:  X%XI#%X X %:  -3GG݌8 ` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"  0  -3I2DL3  0` (#(#  Insurancepayment#%:  X%XTI#%X X %:#XX X%XH#%X XXX-3II݌$ t` (#` (# Ќ  "-3 "  0  -3!K2DL3  0` (#(#  Valueofhome#%:  X%X}J#%X X %:#XX X%XJ#%X XXX-3!KZK݌ `` (#` (# Ќ  "-3 "  0  -3|L2DL3  0` (#(#  Mobilehomecost#%:  X%XK#%X X %:#XX X%XL#%X XXX-3|LL݌ L ` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%X6M## %:xM#! ! 9-/0345678(DLxx 9-/0345678 PE1D LT\ !d#  XE%: %X X %:#%:  X%X4O#%X X %:Severaladditionalitemshavequitehighindexesofinconsistencybuthaveallocationratesless $  than10percent.   #%:  X%XwO#"-3"  %X X %:  -3TP2DL3  0 `   AbilitytospeakEnglish#%:  X%XP#%X X %:  #%:  X%X-Q#%X X %:  -3TPP݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%X{Q#"-3"  %X X %:  -3 R2DL3  0 `   Disability,mental#%:  X%X9R#%X X %: h #%:  X%XR#%X X %:  #%:  X%X-S#%X X %:  -3 RdR݌ ` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%X{S#%X X %:  self#%:  X%X T#%X X %:care#%:  X%XwT#%X X %: h #%:  X%XT#%X X %:  #%:  X%X U#%X X %:   p #%:  X%XYU#%X X %:  0 mobility#%:  X%XU#%X X %: h #%:  X%X.V#%X X %:  #%:  X%X|V#%X X %:  \ (# (# #%:  X%XV#"-3"  %X X %:  -37W2DL3  0 `   Selectedperiodsofservice#%:  X%XdW#%X X %:  #%:  X%XX#%X X %:  -37WW݌H` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"    -3X2DL3  0 `   Numberofrooms#%:  X%XaX#%X X %:#XX X%XO#%X XXX-3XY݌4` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"    -3$Z2DL3  0 `   Plumbingfacilities#%:  X%XY#%X X %:#XX X%XY#%X XXX-3$Z]Z݌ p` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"    -3}[2DL3  0 `   Kitchenfacilities#XX X%X[#%X XXX#%:  X%XZ#%X X %:-3}[[݌ \` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"    -3\2DL3  0 `   Telephoneavailable#%:  X%Xs\#%X X %:#XX X%X1\#%X XXX-3\]݌H` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"    -3.^2DL3  0 `   Businessonproperty#%:  X%X]#%X X %:#XX X%X]#%X XXX-3.^g^݌4` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%X^#%X X %:Finally,thefollowingitemshadfairlysubstantialincreasesfrom1990to2000inthelevelofthed   dindexofinconsistency.  #%:  X%X_#"-3"  %X X %:  -3`2DL3  0 `   Hispanicorigin#%:  X%X`#%X X %: h #%:  X%Xoa#%X X %:  #%:  X%Xa#%X X %:  -3``݌` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%X b#"-3 "  %X X %:  -3b2DL3  0 `   Race#%:  X%Xb#%X X %: #%:  X%Xac#%X X %:  #%:  X%Xc#%X X %: h #%:  X%Xc#%X X %:  #%:  X%XKd#%X X %:  -3bb݌l` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%Xd#"-3 "  %X X %:  -3*e2DL3  0 `   Educationalattainment#%:  X%XWe#%X X %:  #%:  X%Xf#%X X %:  -3*ee݌X ` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%XOf#"-3 "  %X X %:  -3f2DL3  0 `   Ancestry#%:  X%X g#%X X %:  #%:  X%Xg#%X X %: h #%:  X%Xg#%X X %:  #%:  X%XEh#%X X %:  -3f8g݌D!` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%Xh#"-3 "  %X X %:  -3$i2DL3  0 `   Languagespokenathome-3$i|i݌0" ` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%XQi#"-3 "  %X X %:  -3?j2DL3  0 `   Disability#%:  X%Xlj#%X X %:mobility-3?jj݌#l!` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%Xk#%X X %:  #%:  X%Xk#%X X %: ` 0 #%:  X%Xk#%X X %:work$X" (# (# #%:  X%XMl#"-3"  %X X %:  -3l2DL3  0 `   Veteranstatus-3l m݌$D #` (#` (# Ќ  #%:  X%Xl#"-3"  %X X %:  -3m2DL3  0 `   Tenure#%:  X%Xm#%X X %:#XX X%X&_#%X XXX-3mn݌%0!$` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"    -3/o2DL3  0 `   PlumbingFacilities#XX X%Xn#%X XXX#%:  X%Xn#%X X %:-3/oho݌&"%` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"    -3p2DL3  0 `   Vehiclesavailable-3pp݌'#&` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"    -3\q2DL3  0 `   Businessonproperty#%:  X%X&p#%X X %:#XX X%Xo#%X XXX-3\qq݌(#'` (#` (# Ќ  "-3"    -3r2DL3  0 `   Agriculturalsales#XX X%XTr#%X XXX#%:  X%Xr#%X X %:-3rr݌)$(` (#` (# Ќ   h+&*   7.7"Validationagainstexternalbenchmarks   TheCensus2000auxiliaryassessmentthatcomparesemployment,income,andpoverty t estimatesbetweenCensus2000andtheCurrentPopulationSurveycontainstheonlyinformation ` availableoncomparisonstoexternalbenchmarksatthetimethisreportwasprepared. L    TheCurrentPopulationSurvey(CPS)isconductedbytheCensusBureauinpartnershipwiththe $ t DepartmentofLabor,BureauofLaborStatistics(BLS)toprovideofficialmonthlyestimatesof  ` employmentandunemploymentatthenationalandstatelevelsandofficialannualmeasuresof  L  poverty.Sincethesurveyisdesignedspecificallyforthesepurposes,theresultingmeasuresare  8  consideredstandardsagainstwhichCensus2000resultsarecompared. $  Ashistoricallyhasbeentrue,thecensusestimateofemploymentwasfivepercentlowerthanthe   comparableCPSestimate.However,thenumberofunemployedpersonsmeasuredinCensus   2000was50percenthigherthantheCPSestimate(7.9millionversus5.2million)andthe   unemploymentrateinthecensuswas2.1percentagepointshigher.Beforethe1990census,the p CPStraditionallymeasuredhigherunemploymentthanthecensus.Althoughthe1990census \ hadhigherunemploymentmeasuresthantheCPS,thegapwidenedgreatlyin2000.This H occurredinspiteofchangestotheCensus2000employmentstatusquestionsdesignedtonarrow 4 thedifferenceswiththeCPS.TheCensusBureauandtheBLSarecontinuingtoexaminethe  p differencesandpotentialcontributingfactors.  \ TheCPSmeasuresofincomeandpovertyarebasedonamoredetailedseriesofquestionsthan 4 inCensus2000andtheCPSisconductedinaninterviewsettingwithexperiencedinterviewers.   TheincomemeasuresfromtheCPSare,therefore,expectedtobemorecomplete.However,   Census2000measuredasignificantlyhighermedianhouseholdincomethandidtheCPS.The  samewastrueofthemedianincomemeasuresforfamilies,#%:  X%Xs#%X X %:marriedcouplefamilies,andfamilies  withafemalehouseholderandnospousepresent.Forfamilieswithamalehouseholderandno  spousepresent,theCensus2000medianincomemeasurewaslowerthantheCPS.Again,these l findingsrequiremorestudy. X  #%:  X%X}#%X X %:PovertymeasuresinCensus2000andtheCPSwererelativelyconsistent,at12.4percentand "X  11.9percent,respectively.AlsoencouragingwasthefactthattheCensus2000Supplementary "D! Samplemeasureofpovertywas12.2percent. #0"   #%:  X%Xc#%X X %: 7.8#%:  X%XӀ#%X X %:"IndicatorsofCodingQuality  %!$ #%:  X%X#%X X %:SeveraloftheitemsinCensus2000wereansweredatleastinpartbynarrativeresponsesthat '"& hadtobetranslatedintoacodethatclassifiedtheresponsesintocategoriesfortabulation.The |(#' 100percentitemsonraceandHispanicoriginhadarelativelysmallnumberofnarrativeorwrite h)$( inresponses,whereasallresponseswerenarrativeforthesamplequestionsonancestry,language T*%) spokenathome,placeofbirth,placeofwork,industryandoccupation.Althoughtherewereno @+&* formalstudiesofthesecodingoperationsavailableatthetimethisreportwasprepared,thereis ,,|'+ someanalysispresentedbyCensusBureaustaffatprofessionalassociationmeetingsandin  internalmemoranda.Thisinformationissummarizedhere.    #%:  X%X闁#%X X %:Theassignmentofcodestonarrativeresponsesintherace(includingAmericanIndiantribe), t Hispanicorigin,andancestryquestionswasaccomplishedinamulti#%:  X%Xe#%X X %:phaseoperation.First, ` responseswerematchedviacomputertoasetofdynamiccodedmasterfiles,containingwritein L  responsesthathadbeencoded,fromthe1990CensusandongoingsurveyworkintheAmerican 8  CommunitySurvey.WriteinresponsesfromCensus2000werematchedagainstthesemaster $ t filesand,ifamatchwasfound,theresponsewasautomaticallycoded.Ifthewriteinresponse  ` couldnotbecodedautomatically,theresponsewassenttoexpertcoderswhohadadditional  L  referencematerials.Theexpertorclericalcodingoperationwassubjectedtoqualityassurance  8  proceduresdesignedtoprovidefeedbacktotheexpertcodersduringtheprocess.The $  documentationofthecodingprocessmentionssomeproblemsinthecodingoperations,butthere   isnoquantitativeassessmentofanyerrorresultingfromtheproblems.Oneproblemnotedwas   thatsomeofthecasesassignedastatus#%:  X%X]#%X X %: uncodeable#%:  X%X#%X X %:earlyintheprocessprobablycouldhave   beencodedlaterwhenthelearningcurvehadprogressed.Also,errorsdiscoveredinthemaster   filescouldnotbecorrectedduringthecodingprocess. p #%:  X%XA#%X X %:Theprocedurestoassigncodestotheindustryandoccupationresponsesbeganwithan H automatedcodingsystemusingadatabasefromtheNationalInstituteofOccupationalSafetyand 4 Health,supplementedbycodedresponsesfromtheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thisdatabase  p wasvalidatedbyexpertreview.Itassignedcodesto59percentoftheindustryresponsesand56  \ percentoftheoccupationresponses.Theaccuracylevelswere94and92percent,respectively. H Responsesthatcouldnotbecodedbytheautomatedsystemweresenttoclericalcoderswith 4 automatedreferencematerials.Thesecoderscould#%:  X%X醌#%X X %: refer#%:  X%X飏#%X X %:toagroupofexpertcodersanycases   theycouldnotcode.Therewasaqualityassuranceprocesswithadjudicationontheclerical   coding.Thisprocessinvolvedindependentassignmentofcodesbytwoadditionalcoders.The  earlyresultsshowedthatthecodeassignedtothecensusrecordwasa#%:  X%X#%X X %: minoritycode#%:  X%X隑#%X X %:ofthe  threecodesassignedin13percentofindustrycasesand16percentofoccupationcases.  $,` XX$  #%:  X%X#%X X %: 8.0  Recommendations/Conclusions X (#(#     #%:  X%X#%X X %:Ingeneral,theevaluationsshowtheCensus2000dataareofreasonablyhighquality.However, 0"  improvementsshouldbepursuedthroughtheuseoftheAmericanCommunitySurveyasan #l! integralpartof2010Censusplanningandthroughotherinnovations.Therecommendationsthat $X" followcompriseasubsetoftherecommendationsfromtheindividualevaluationreportsplus $D # additionalrecommendationsbasedonthetabulationsonsampledataallocationpreparedforthe %0!$ NationalAcademyofSciences.Theyaregroupedintothreecategoriesforeaseofreference. &"%   #%:  X%X闓#%X X %:DataCollectionOperationsandProcedures )$( #%:  X%X錖## %:js# ,-/0345678(yx9-/0345678 9-/0345678(DLxy,-/0345678"-3"  %: %X X %: ,*X,` X*-322DL3  0    ContinuewithplanstousetheAmericanCommunitySurvey(ACS)toobtainsample h+&* datainplaceofalongforminthe2010Census,assumingthatcontinuingstudiesofdata  qualityyieldacceptableresults.-32՘݌(#(# Ќ  #%:  X%X~## %:_#XX%X XXX"-3"  -3֚2DL3  0    #%:  X%X阚## %:#%: %X X %:TestwhetherincreaseduseoftheInternetandtelephoneresponsewouldencourage t greaterselfresponseandyieldqualityimprovements.-3֚݌`(#(# Ќ  #%:  X%X鯛## %:퐛#XX%X XXX"-3"  -312DL3  0    #%:  X%X## %:#%: %X X %:Includeanevaluationproject,likecontentreinterview,aspartoftheAmerican 8  CommunitySurveyprogramtoallowcontinuingmeasuresofquality.-31^݌$ t(#(# Ќ  #%:  X%X ## %:#XX%X XXX"-3"  -32DL3  0    #%:  X%XY## %:x#%: %X X %:Investigatewhetherrecordsonsuchtopicsasutilitycostsandrealestatetaxescouldbe  L  substitutedfororusedtosupplementdirectinquiry.-3ğ݌ 8 (#(# Ќ  #%:  X%Xp## %:Q#XX%X XXX"-3"  -32DL3  0    #%:  X%X齡## %:ܡ#%: %X X %:Researchwhethermodelingmightbeausefulwayofimprovingdataonsometopicssuch   assecondmortgagepaymentandinsurancepayment.-3(݌ (#(# Ќ   ,-/0345678(xx9-/0345678 ,K1D LT\ !d#XK#%:  X%XԢ#%X X %:QuestionnaireDesignandTesting   #%:  X%Xפ## %:# 9-/0345678(DLxx,-/0345678"-3"    %: %X X %: ,$Z XX$-32DL3  0    Testformdesignandquestionplacementtoavoidproblemsliketheplacementofthe \ tenurequestionandtheeffectthatplacementhadonitemnonresponse.-3݌H(#(# Ќ  K1D LT\ !d#Z XK#%:  X%XK## %:,#"-3"  %: %X X %:$Z XX$-3e2DL3  0    Usecognitiveexpertsaspartofthetestingofrevisedquestionsfornewand/or  p troublesometopics.-3e݌ \(#(# Ќ  K1D LT\ !d#Z XK#%:  X%X鱨## %:풨#"-3"  %: %X X %:$XX$-32DL3  0    Useseparateyes/noquestionsforeachresponsecategorywhentherespondentcanselect 4 morethanonecategory.AnexampleistheperiodofmilitaryservicequestioninCensus   2000.-3݌ (#(# Ќ  ,jK1D LT\ !d#XK#%:  X%XӪ## %:#XX%X XXX"-3"  ,$XX$-3_2DL3  0    #%:  X%X!## %:@#%: %X X %:Reviewandtesttherespondentinstructionsforproblematicquestions.TheContent  ReinterviewReportspecificallymentionsthequestiononHispanicorigin.-3_݌(#(# Ќ  K1D LT\ !d#XK#%:  X%Xj## %:K#XX%X XXX"-3"  $XX$-3M2DL3  0    #%:  X%X## %:.#%: %X X %:Determinecharacteristicsrelatedtohighinconsistencymeasuresandperform X  multivariateanalysiswithrespecttothesecharacteristicsintheattempttodevelopbetter D! waystoaskthequestions.-3M݌0" (#(# Ќ  K1D LT\ !d#XK#%:  X%XJ## %:+#XX%X XXX"-3"  $XX$-3h2DL3  0    #%:  X%X*## %:I#%: %X X %:Fortheitemswithseriousqualityproblemsnotedinsection7.6conductadditional $X" researchandtestingtodeterminewhethertheACSproceduresprovideimproveddataor $D # whetherquestiondesignand/orconceptclarificationimprovementsareneeded.-3h݌%0!$(#(# Ќ  K1D LT\ !d#XK#%:  X%Xe## %:F#! ! 9-/0345678(DLyx9-/0345678%: %X X %:"-3"  $''SMXX$-3X2DL3  0    #%:  X%X9#%X X %:#XX X%X#%X XXXThe#%:  X%X#%X X %:CensusBureauandtheBLSshouldcontinueworkontheemploymentand#XX X%XU# '#& %X XXXunemploymentquestionstobeincludedintheAmericanCommunitySurveytoensure (#' theycomplementtheBLSprogramonlocalareaunemploymentstatistics.#%:  X%X雸#-3X݌)$((#(# Ќ  # %:6#K1D LT\ !d#''SMXKXX%X XXX#%:  X%XԺ#%X X %: , h+&* UserGuidance   ,U  #%:  X%X6## %:#! ! 9-/0345678(DLxy9-/0345678"-3"    %: %X X %:?+v v LT\ !d#X?'Xvv X'-32DL3  0    Issueguidancetousersonthetypesofusestoavoidforquestionswithhighlevelsof  inconsistency.Forinstance,datafromsuchquestionsshouldprobablynotbeusedfor t smallareasorindetailedcrosstabulationswithothervariables.-3~݌`(#(# Ќ  #%:  X%X## %:ڼ#"-3"  %: %X X %:-3g2DL3  0    Considernotpublishingdetailfromquestionswithhighvariability.Forexample,the 8  questionsontypeofincomemaybeusefulfordeterminingtotalincomebuttheymaynot $ t beappropriatetouseasindividualdataitems.-3gҿ݌ `(#(# Ќ  #%:  X%X鳿## %:픿#"-3"  %: %X X %:-32DL3  0    ContinuetostudythedifferencesbetweentheCensus2000andtheCPSmeasuresof  8  employmentandincomeandprovidefindingstousers.-3݌$ (#(# Ќ  + vv XXW+ X,E.D LT\ !d#vv XE XE1D LT\ !d#XE      #%:  X%X#%X X %: References     #%:  X%XL#%X X %:Kirk,Mary;Buckles,Ester;Mims,Wynona;Apple,Marty;andJohnson,Patricia,Preliminary  ResultsfromtheCensus2000IndustryandOccupationCoding,July18,2001. t   #%:  X%X#%X X %:Love,Susan,MemorandumforDanielWeinberg,ComparisonofItemImputationLevelsby L  Mode:Census2000,CensusSupplementarySurvey,and1990Census,April24,2003. 8  #%:  X%X#%X X %:Norris,Sherri,Census2000EvaluationB.1.b,AnalysisofItemNonresponseRatesforthe100  ` PercentHousingandPopulationItemsfromCensus2000,September,2003.  L    #%:  X%X#%X X %:Palumbo,Tom;Weismantle,Mai;Clark,Sandra;Posey,Kirby;Iceland,John,Comparing $  Employment,Income,andPoverty:Census2000andtheCurrentPopulationSurvey,   September,2003.#XX X%X##XX#XX%X XXX   #%:  X%Xa## %:#-  ! !X!XX  H1D LT\ !d#!H-   %X XXX- ݌̌%:  X%X   XX   # %:#%: %X X %:Singer,PhyllisandEnnis,SharonR.,Census2000EvaluationB.5,Census2000Content   ReinterviewStudy:AccuracyofDataforSelectedPopulationandHousingCharacteristicsas p MeasuredbyReinterview,September,2003. \   #%:  X%X#%X X %:U.S.CensusBureau,DocumentationoftheRace,HispanicOrigin,andAncestryCoding 4 OperationsfromCensus2000,March,2003.  p #%:  X%X+#%X X %:U.S.CensusBureau,PopulationDivisionWorkingPaperNO.18,ResultsoftheRaceandEthnic H TargetedTest,May,1997. 4 #%:  X%X#%X X %:U.S.CensusBureau,1996NationalContentSurveyFindingsonQuestionsonRaceand   HispanicOrigin,December,1996.  #%:  X%X#%X X %:Zajac,KevinJ.,Census2000EvaluationB.1.a,AnalysisofImputationRatesforthe100Percent  PersonandHousingUnitDataItemsfromCensus2000,September,2003. l #%:  X%X#  !l # %:#XX  XXXUE1D LT\ !d#XEb  E1HHP X`h!$XE XX  b  #XXXXJ#%X XXX Table1.%&˂% X%XSummaryofQualityMeasuresforPopulationsItems:Census2000and1990#%X X%%&˂#Ԁ  %&˂% X%XԀ( Xmeansnotapplicable.)#%X X%%&˂# b{݌  Ќ%:  X%X    XHHX     # %:#%:  *=d dJJ JJ  JJ JJ9JJ9 JJ JJJJXJJXJJ JJ J)<(#(#=,JJ,JJ,XJJ,JJ,JJ,eJJ,JJ+  8Z['   8  %X X %:#XX X%X#%X XXX   #%:  X%XI#%&˂% %:PersonItem#%: %%&˂#   (Sample i a Household + # Population%X X %:#XX X%X#%X XXX)    =Z[,!  Z[ =#%:  X%X# Allocation i a  Ratefor - %  Census    2000 =Z[,! Z[ = C2SS =Z[,!g _Z[ = Census2000 i a (1990defn) =Z[,!- %Z[ = 1990 g _ Census =Z[,!+ #Z[ = CRSIndexof i a Inconsistency, - % Census2000 =Z[,! Z[ = CRSIndexof g _ Inconstency, + # 1990Census U2D,    Z[ URelationship ^2M!2 ffffff@2.3ffffff@^ 2.3 ~2mA 3 ffffff@2.3 ffffff@2 ?1.6?~1.6 ~2mA!3 ?1.6 ?2 @2.7@~2.7 ~2mA"3 @2.7 @2 ffffff?1.9ffffff?~1.9 ]2LA#3 ffffff?1.9 ffffff?2 ]X =2,!$32 =X L2;,%3   2 LSex U2D&2 ?0.9?U 0.9 ~2mA'3 ?0.9 ?2 ?0.5?~0.5 ~2mA(3 ?0.5 ?2 ?1.6?~1.6 ~2mA)3 ?1.6 ?2 ?0.8?~0.8 ~2mA*3 ?0.8 ?2 333333?1.7333333?~1.7 ]2LA+3 333333?1.7 333333?2 ]X L2;,,3   2 LAge U2Dld -2 @2.6@U 2.6 ~2mAld .3 @2.6 @2 333333@2.4333333@~2.4 ~2mAld /3 333333@2.4 333333@2 @2.6@~2.6 ~2mAld 03 @2.6 @2 ?0.9?~0.9 ~2mAld 13 ?0.9 ?2 333333@7.8333333@~7.8 ]2LAld 23 333333@7.8 333333@2 ]X L2;,ld 33   2 LHispanicorigin U2D5- 42  @3.6 @U   3.6 ~2mA5- 53  @3.6  @2  @3.6 @~  3.6 ~2mA5- 63  @3.6  @2 @4.0@~4.0 ~2mA5- 73 @4.0 @2 333333 @3.4333333 @~3.4 2nA5- 83 333333 @3.4 333333 @2 3333331@17.23333331@17.2 2oB5- 93 3333331@17.2 3333331@2 ffffff(@12.2ffffff(@12.2 m2\M5- :3 ffffff(@12.2   ffffff(@2 m  Race U2D ;2  @3.2 @U 3.2 ~2mA <3  @3.2  @2 333333@2.4333333@~2.4 ~2mA =3 333333@2.4 333333@2  @3.2 @~3.2 ~2mA >3  @3.2  @2 ?1.1?~1.1 2nA ?3 ?1.1 ?2 7@23.17@23.1 2oB @3 7@23.1 7@2 L0@16.3L0@16.3 m2\M A3 L0@16.3   L0@2 mMaritalStatus U2D B2 @2.2@U 2.2 ~2mA C3 @2.2 @2 ?1.8?~  1.8 ~2mA D3 ?1.8 ?2 333333 @3.4333333 @~3.4 ~2mA E3 333333 @3.4 333333 @2 ?0.9?~0.9 ~2mA F3 ?0.9 ?2 333333@5.8333333@~5.8 ]2LA G3 333333@5.8 333333@2 ]X L2;, H3   2 L  Schoolenrollment U2D I2 @6.2@U 6.2 ~2mA J3 @6.2 @2 @4.0@~  4.0 ~2mA K3 @4.0 @2 @6.2@~6.2 ~2mA L3 @6.2 @2 @4.2@~4.2 2nA M3 @4.2 @2 +@13.5+@13.5 2oB N3 +@13.5 +@2 L1@17.3L1@17.3 m2\M O3 L1@17.3   L1@2 m  Gradeattending U2DYQ P2 "@9.0"@U 9.0 ~2mAYQ Q3 "@9.0 "@2 @5.5@~  5.5 ]2LAYQ R3 @5.5 @2 ]X =2,!YQ S32 =X ^2M!YQ T32 "@9.0"@^9.0 ]2LAYQ U3 "@9.0 "@2 ]X L2;,YQ V3   2 L  Educational "W   attainment U2DX2 @7.2@U   7.2 ]2LAZ3 @7.2 @2 ]  р4.8 ^2M!\32 @7.2@^7.2 ~2mA^3 @7.2 @2 @4.5@~4.5 2nA`3 @4.5 @2 @B@36.5@B@36.5 2oBb3 @B@36.5 @B@2 fffff&@@32.3fffff&@@32.3 m2\Md3 fffff&@@32.3   fffff&@@2 m  Ancestry 42#e2 4 19.3 f   %Z %:1/#%: %Z# =2,!skg32 =X =2,!h32 =X =2,!i32 =11.7 j %Z %:1/#%: %Z# _2N!skk32 33333>@30.733333>@_30.7 2oBl3 33333>@30.7 33333>@2 :@26.5:@26.5 m2\Mm3 :@26.5   :@2 m  SpeaksnonEnglish n language U2Do2 @5.2@U   5.2 ~2mAq3 @5.2 @2 333333@4.3333333@~4.3 ~2mAs3 333333@4.3 333333@2 333333@5.8333333@~5.8 ~2mAu3 333333@5.8 333333@2 333333@4.8333333@~4.8 2nAw3 333333@4.8 333333@2 333336@22.7333336@22.7 2oBy3 333336@22.7 333336@2 fffff:@26.9fffff:@26.9 m2\M{3 fffff:@26.9   fffff:@2 mLanguagespoken V2E|2 &@11.4&@V 11.4 2nB}3 &@11.4 &@2 !@8.9!@Ѐ8.9 2nA~3 !@8.9 !@2 &@11.4&@11.4 2oB3 &@11.4 &@2 '@11.9'@11.9 2oB3 '@11.9 '@2 fffff1@17.9fffff1@17.9 2nB3 fffff1@17.9 fffff1@2 @5.2@Ѐ5.2 l2[L3 @5.2   @2 l  Englishability U2Dld2 ffffff@7.6ffffff@U 7.6 ~2mAld3 ffffff@7.6 ffffff@2 @6.0@~  6.0 ~2mAld3 @6.0 @2 ffffff@7.6ffffff@~7.6 ~2mAld3 ffffff@7.6 ffffff@2 !@8.5!@~8.5 2nAld3 !@8.5 !@2 M@59.5M@59.5 2oBld3 M@59.5 M@2 fffff&N@60.3fffff&N@60.3 m2\Mld3 fffff&N@60.3   fffff&N@2 m  Placeofbirth U2D5-2 ffffff"@9.2ffffff"@U 9.2 ~2mA5-3 ffffff"@9.2 ffffff"@2 @6.4@~  6.4 ~2mA5-3 @6.4 @2 ffffff"@9.2ffffff"@~9.2 ~2mA5-3 ffffff"@9.2 ffffff"@2 ffffff@5.1ffffff@~5.1 ~2mA5-3 ffffff@5.1 ffffff@2  @3.2 @~3.2 ~2mA5-3  @3.2  @2 @4.9@~4.9 l2[L5-3 @4.9   @2 l  Citizenship U2D2 ?0.8?U 0.8 ~2mA3 ?0.8 ?2 ?0.5?~0.5 ~2mA3 ?0.5 ?2 @5.2@~5.2 ~2mA3 @5.2 @2 @4.2@~4.2 ~2mA3 @4.2 @2 #@9.8#@~9.8 2nA3 #@9.8 #@2 %@10.9%@10.9 m2\M3 %@10.9   %@2 mYearofentry V2E2 ffffff-@14.7ffffff-@V 14.7 2nB3 ffffff-@14.7 ffffff-@2 333333@7.8333333@  7.8 2nA3 333333@7.8 333333@2 ffffff-@14.7ffffff-@14.7 2nB3 ffffff-@14.7 ffffff-@2 !@8.9!@8.9 2nA3 !@8.9 !@2 fffff2@18.9fffff2@18.9 2oB3 fffff2@18.9 fffff2@2 7@23.07@23.0 m2\M3 7@23.0   7@2 m  Mobilitystatus U2D2 333333@5.8333333@U 5.8 ~2mA3 333333@5.8 333333@2 @4.0@~  4.0 ~2mA3 @4.0 @2 333333!@8.6333333!@~8.6 ~2mA3 333333!@8.6 333333!@2 @5.2@~5.2 2nA3 @5.2 @2 3333336@22.23333336@22.2 ^2MB3 3333336@22.2 3333336@2 ^X H>,3   2  H  Migration: 0&YQ   0 9/!YQ3   9 9/!YQ3   9 9/!YQ3   9 9/!YQ3   9 9/!YQ3   9 X2G,YQ3     XЀState a2P!"2 333333!@8.6333333!@a 8.6 2qA"3 333333!@8.6 333333!@2 ,@14.0,@14.0 2qB"3 ,@14.0 ,@2 333333!@8.6333333!@8.6 2pA"3 333333!@8.6 333333!@2 @5.7@5.7 2pA"3 @5.7 @2 @4.4@4.4 `2OA"3 @4.4 @2 `X X2G,"3   2 XЀCounty a2P!2 333333!@8.6333333!@a 8.6 2qA3 333333!@8.6 333333!@2 -@14.5-@14.5 2qB3 -@14.5 -@2 333333!@8.6333333!@8.6 2pA3 333333!@8.6 333333!@2 @7.5@7.5 2pA3 @7.5 @2 @4.4@4.4 `2OA3 @4.4 @2 `X X2G,3   2 XЀPlace a2P! 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