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($USUS.,    1    _ԀCurbstoningisacensuseuphemismforfabrication.Enumeratorscouldconceivablysit  atthecurbandfabricatedatainsteadofproperlyconductingapersonalhouseholdinterview.ATABLE A- NonresponseAmasaovercounts,curbstoning[footnoteCurbstoningunduplicatemailbackovercountA.C.E. nonrespondentsNonresponding CIFURecanvassUnduplicationRedeliveryUU DSF NRFUWHUHENonreponse PSAgeocodedPennington deliverabilityRosenthalcoloniasvacants ICQMcNally UAAs UAA LCOLetourneaumailout  e  e сLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(hH  Z6Times New Roman RegularTABLE F      ($USUS.,    1    _ԀTheCensusBureauofferedlocalofficialsinthe_mailout_/mailbackareasonlythe  opportunitytoprovideresidentialaddressesfornewconstruction.Theseupdatesrepresentednew  constructionaddsbetweenthecompletionof_LUCA_ԀreviewandApril1,2000.Theywereadded  tothe_DMAF_ԀwithaprovisionaladdstatusandCIFUactedasthefieldverificationforthese t units.TABLE H,rAZ"Arial Regular(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularTABLE G  TABLE D x?[_cgkoswSquaresSquare Bullet;  ($USUS.,    2    _ԀWhenmailreturnquestionnaireswerereturnedtothedatacapturecenter,acheckinfile  wascreated.Asformssuccessfullypassedthroughthedatacapturesystem,datacapturefiles  werecreated.Thecheckinanddatacapturefileswerecomparedattheendofmailreturndata  capture,andanyquestionnairescorrespondingtohousingunitsthatwereonthecheckinfile t withoutadatacapturerecordwereconsideredlost.Thehousingunitsassociatedwiththelost ` formsbecamepartoftheCIFUuniverse. 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O, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  1980 9 X?O, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  1990 9 -?O, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  2000 " !9O, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  0 "d"d #O, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  0.2 $+"+ %oO, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  0.4 & "  ' 7 O, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  0.6 ( "  )V  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  0.8 * "  +  O, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  1 ,+13 - K K  .H L+O, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  PercentImputedWPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerPresentations.Chart.10Pࡱ>   !"#$%&Root EntryPRP'N!vOle WPG20]&CompObjy- 2 Y0.6Y& PRP'Corel Presentations 10 Chart Embed SourcePresentations.Chart.109q  -- 2 40.84&-  - 3 +-  - .  -- WPC]&3'XXXXKKKK5139 + `+ #???#?#?@?cc 1 1   22226ffffffֿp= ף(\?TQ  1   1VU   1   1    1   1   1Հ   1   1V    1 ?    1     1     1     1 VU   1   1   1   1   1Հ   1   1V   1?   1   1  4oC , \AZ"Arial Regular +  1C , \AZ"Arial Regular +  1C  , \AZ"Arial Regular +  1#2.C , \AZ"Arial Regular +  1C , \AZ"Arial Regular +  1C , \AZ"Arial Regular +  1C , \AZ"Arial Regular +  1C , \AZ"Arial Regular +  1C , \AZ"Arial Regular +  1C , \AZ"Arial Regular +   1  C  , \AZ"Arial Regular +   1  C  , \AZ"Arial Regular +    1  C  , \AZ"Arial Regular +    1  C , \AZ"Arial Regular +    1  i n //  6Percent of Census Counts in Unclassified Housing UnitsSubtitlePercentage of Census Count Census Year Census Yeard ^&c @Percent Imputed""#>>}<@> A + +13 `     +13 dd ++         ) \\ 11   )+13           |ggQ|Q 13 8 w)O, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  CensusYear,2ZN O, \AZ"Arial RegularOIII        @  PercentageofCensusCount+13 qq9 ?4O, \AZ"Arial RegularO        @  1970 F F 9  ? 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program,designedtoassessCensus2000andtoinform2010Censusplanning.5X5X<Ԁ " #5X<X5e #5 BX5X<   @ 0 @` 0@ ` (#` (## B5 B##X<X B # BXX<5 B B0@ (# (#0@h(#(#0@h(#h(#JonR.ClarkandDarlene_Moul_# B5 B #5 B B#5X<X5 Bb #5 BX5X<Ԁ# B5 B< #5 B B#5X<X5 B~ #5 BX5X< )3%  AW6) xdME+xA +m& #5X<X5 B #5 BX5X<  DecennialStatisticalStudies @ #5X<X5 B ##X<XX5X< # BXX<5 B Bm[9)%`z0(< `(*E,<J<Jev,m# B5 Bz ##X<X B[ # BXX<5 B BDivision# B5 Bk#4 ( B#4XX4 (L#4\ X4X ,+|&  7(#7(#(#(##4XX 4\# 4 (X4X# B4 (#5 B B#5X<X5 By#5 BX5X<-( 7(#7(# # B5 B##X<X B#8-/-X Xdd8  TheCensus2000Testing,ExperimentationandEvaluationProgramprovidesmeasuresof  effectivenessfortheCensus2000design,operations,systemsandprocessesandprovides  informationonthevalueofnewordifferentmethodologies.Theresultsandrecommendations  fromtheseanalysesprovidevaluableinformationcrucialtoplanningthe2010Census.By t providingmeasuresofhowwellCensus2000wasconducted,thisprogramfullysupportsthe ` CensusBureausstrategytointegratethe2010planningprocesswithongoingMasterAddress L  File/TIGERenhancementsandtheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thepurposeofthereportthat 8  followsistosynthesizeresultsfromrelatedCensus2000evaluations,experimentsandother $ t assessmentstomakerecommendationsforplanningthe2010Census.Census2000Testing,  ` ExperimentationandEvaluationreportsareavailableontheCensusBureausInternetsiteat:  L  http://www.census.gov/pred/www/.  8     $  CONTENTS  y 1.Background""J(#.v v 1 t   1.1Introduction""J(#.> > 1 `   1.2HistoricalPerspectiveofCensusUndercountandCoverageImprovement""J(#.PPX1 L    1.3Census2000Undercount""J(#.JJ*2 8  2.CoverageImprovementMethods""J(#.*4  ` Ѐ0  2.1EnumerationBaseline#""J(#.NN((#(##4  L    2.2CoverageImprovementMethodsSince1970""J(#.``;4  8    2.3CoverageImprovementDevelopmentinCensus2000""J(#.,,C6 $  3.CoverageImprovementEffects""J(#.ll*7     3.1Adds(Deletes)from2000CoverageImprovementOperations""J(#.L7     3.2Limitations""J(#. 9     4.CoverageImprovementOperations`"`"I(#.-10 \   4.1Update/LeaveOperation`"`"I(#.*10 H   4.2UrbanUpdate/LeaveOperation`"`"I(#.44011 4   4.3Update/EnumerateOperation`"`"I(#..11  p   4.4ServiceBasedEnumeration`"`"I(#.-12  \   4.5BeCountedCampaign`"`"I(#.'13 H   4.6TelephoneQuestionnaireAssistance`"`"I(#.614 4   4.7NonresponseFollowup`"`"I(#.(15     4.8NonresponseFollowupWholeHouseholdUsualHomeElsewhereProbe`"`"I(#.U16     4.9CoverageEditFollowup`"`"I(#.*16    4.10CoverageImprovementFollowup`"`"I(#.VV217    4.11TransientNight(TNight)Enumeration`"`"I(#.&&:20    4.12PrimarySelectionAlgorithm`"`"I(#.021 l   4.13HousingUnitUnduplicationOperation`"`"I(#.922 X  0  4.14CoverageGainsfromCoverageQuestionsC1andC2onEnumeratorCompleted D! ЀQuestionnairesforCensus2000#`"`"I(#.6(#(##24 0"    4.15CountImputation`"`"I(#.PP%24 #l!   4.16PartnershipandMarketingProgram`"`"I(#.625 $X" 6,XX&'X XXxX60  4.17LocalCensusOfficeDeliveryOperationofQuestionnairesDetermined $D # ЀUndeliverableasAddressed(UAA)bytheU.S.PostalService#`"`"I(#.BBS(#(##27 %0!$ 5.Conclusions`"`"I(#. 28 '#&   5.1Census2000OperationsInfluencingCoverage`"`"I(#.?28 (#'   5.2Census2000OperationsInfluencingDifferentialCoverage`"`"I(#.L29 )$(   5.3FutureCoverageImprovementDevelopment`"`"I(#.bb;29 |*%)  h+&* Ї6.Recommendations`"`"I(#.z z 30    6.1ImprovetheUnduplicationProcess`"`"I(#.jj530    6.2ContinueaStrategyofInclusion`"`"I(#.431 t   6.3ReducetheDifferentialUndercount`"`"I(#.632 `   6.4IntegratetheUAARedistributionOperation`"`"I(#.((>32 L    6.5ExpandthePrimarySelectionAlgorithm`"`"I(#.,,:33 8    6.6ConductaCompleteCoverageEditFollowup`"`"I(#.=33 $ t References`"`"I(#.$$33  L      8  _TABLESandFIGURES     Table1:DecennialCensusPopulationNetUndercountRatesfromDemographicAnalysis:    1940to2000""J(#. 2 t 0   Table2:PercentofNetUndercountforMajorGroupsinCensus2000usingA.C.E.RevisionII L  ЀandDemographicAnalysis#""J(#.((#(##3 8  Table3:CoverageImprovementMethodsintheDecennialCensus1970to2000""J(#.zzW5  ` 0   Table4:Adds(Deletes)fromCensus2000AttributedtoVariousCoverageImprovement  8  Operations#""J(#.t t (#(##8 $  Table5:CoverageEditWorkloadofEligibleCasesbyEditFailureType`"`"I(#.Q17   Table6:CoverageImprovementFollowupHousingUnitStatusbySource`"`"I(#.  O19   0   Table7:HispanicOriginandRaceCharacteristicsoftheCIFU,NRFUandSelfenumerated \ Households#`"`"I(#. (#(##20 H Table8:NumberofReturnsperCensusID`"`"I(#.RR321  p Figure1:CountImputationRatesintheDecennialCensus`"`"I(#.B25 H 0  (#(#    X  OY      8OY10N1.BACKGROUND  Y- 1.1Introduction t ThisCoverageImprovementtopicreportidentifiesanddescribesthedecennialoperationsand L  programsfromCensus2000thatsubstantiallyinfluencedcensuscoverage,i.e.,theycontributed 8  toaddingorsubtractingpersonsorhousingunitstothecensuscount.Thisreportwillcover $ t theseoperationswhichbeganaboutamonthbeforeCensusDay(April1,2000)withthedelivery  ` ofquestionnairesintheUpdate/Leave(U/L)operation,andcontinuedwithsubsequentoperations  L  suchastheBeCountedCampaignandthelaterfollowupoperationsofNonresponseFollowup  8  (NRFU)andCoverageImprovementFollowup(CIFU).Drawingfromtheresultsofsomethirty $  Census2000evaluations,wewillsummarizetherelativecontributionofmorethanfourteen   carefullyorchestratedoperationstodecennialcensuscoverage.However,wewillnottreatthe   variousaddresslistingoraddressbuildingoperationsthattookplacebeforetheactualdecennial   enumeration;thesearediscussedintheAddressListDevelopmentTopicReport.   1.2HistoricalPerspectiveofCensusUndercountandCoverageImprovement \ * X,XX&'X*Toadddepthtotheevaluationofdecennialcoverageimprovement,wehaveincludedageneral 4 backgrounddiscussionofcensusundercount.Itisonlythroughsomebasicnotionofoverall  p coveragethatthereadercanassessnotonlywhereweareintermsofcoverageimprovement,but  \ moreimportantly,wherewemightwanttogointhefuture. H Censusesbefore2000haveallbeenplaguedbychronicundercount,andparticularlyby   differentialundercountofspecificminoritypopulationsandothersubgroupssuchasrenters,   males,andchildren.Theneedtoimprovecensuscoveragetocorrect,oratleasttoreducethe  undercount,wasfirstidentifiedbyGeorgeWashingtonafterthefirstcensusin1790.Whilehe  complainedthatthe1790censuscountof3.9millionwastoolow,itwasconsideredcredible  enoughforapportionment.Fromtheveryfirstdecennialcensus,localofficialscomplainedabout l undercountingtheirpopulations,particularlyintheSouthduringtheReconstructionperiodof X  the1870s.Underanewcensussuperintendent,formerCivilWarGeneralFrancisAmasaWalker, D! aneraofcensusinnovationandcensuscoverageimprovementbegan.Walkerwassuccessfulin 0"  removingU.S.Marshals,whohadmanycompetinginterests,fromsupervisingthecensusfield #l! activity.Hepromptedadministrativereformincensusprocedurestominimizetheproblemsof $X" undercounts,overcounts,andcurbstoning% #  1      ,anddramaticallyimprovedcensusefficiencyand $D # timing.(AndersonandFienberg,1999,p.21) %0!$ Eventhoughacensusundercountwaswidelybelievedtoexist,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthat '#& demographersbegantogainamuchclearerunderstandingofthescopeandnatureof_the (#' +L +ee +  ubiquitouscensusundercount.Whentheycomparedthe1940censuscountsofdraftagemento e theselectiveserviceregistrationofOctober1940,twointerestingfactssurfaced.First,thedraft Q registrationrevealedsome425,000morementhanthecensuswhichyieldedanundercountof = 2.8percentforthiscohort.Inparticular,thedraftregistrationofBlackmenrecordedsome ) 229,000morethanthecensuswhichyieldedanundercountof13.0percentforthiscohort.  DemographersalsodemonstratedthatBlackmenfromurbanstatesregisteredforthedraftin   dramaticallyhigherlevelsthanexpected.(Andersonand_Fienberg_,1999,p.29)Later   demographicanalysisusingmoremodernmethodologyconfirmedandfurtherdefinedthese  t findings.  ` Thepervasivenatureofdecennialundercounthasstronglyinfluencedcensusdesign,including  8  addingoperationsorprogramsspecificallydesignedtoimprovecoverage.Manyofthese $  coverageimprovementoperations/programshavegenerallybeencharacterizedbyastrategyof u  inclusionthattendedto widenthenettocapturemoreandmoreoftheundercounted a  populations.Asaresult,thetotalundercountoverthepastseveralcensuseshascontinuedto M  decline,exceptfor1990,whichwassomewhathigherthanthe1980Census.Theundercount 9  differentialbetweenthetotalandBlackpopulation,however,hasnotnotablychangedduringthis % sametimeperiod.ThefollowingtableshowstheoverallundercountandtheBlackundercount  from1940to2000asmeasuredbydemographicanalysis.   p XX<Table1.DecennialCensusPopulationNetUndercountRatesfromDemographicAnalysis:1940to2000dB  ԍ[Document1,page1]C  d p  *W ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,A dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  "22 "  ND2Z : NYEAR 4*$" 4|F  C9  P@1940P@CG  1940 j`3S" P@1940 P@ x@1950x@j}G  1950 j`3S" x@1950 x@ @1960@jH  1960 j`3S" @1960 @ Ȟ@1970Ȟ@jH  1970 j`3S" Ȟ@1970 Ȟ@ @1980@jI  1980 j`3S" @1980 @ @1990@jI  1990 mc3S" @1990 @ @@2000@@m/J  2000 QGBS" @@2000 @@ QJTotaldB  ԍ[R1]C  d.vv UDF   @5.4@U5.4 ~mAF!" @5.4 @ ffffff@4.1ffffff@~4.1 ~mAF"" ffffff@4.1 ffffff@ @3.1@~3.1 ~mAF#" @3.1 @ @2.7@~2.7 ~mAF$" @2.7 @ 333333?1.2333333?~1.2 ~mAF%" 333333?1.2 333333? ?1.8?~1.8 `OAF&" ?1.8 ? `0.1dB  ԍ[2, m( page 1) 10, * R3a]C  d 0&!F'" 0BlackB  d[R2]dC  . UD(   @8.4 @U8.4 ~mA)"  @8.4  @ @7.5@~7.5 ~mA*" @7.5 @ ffffff@6.6ffffff@~6.6 ~mA+" ffffff@6.6 ffffff@ @6.5@~6.5 ~mA," @6.5 @ @4.5@~4.5 ~mA-" @4.5 @ @5.7@~5.7 `OA." @5.7 @ `2.8dB  ԍ[2, 3 page p4 10,  45 R3b]C  d 0&!/" 0Difference:BlackTotaldB  ԍ[R1R2]C  d. # ND[0 @3.0@N3.0 h^2[1" @3.0 @ 333333 @3.4333333 @h3.4 h^2[2" 333333 @3.4 333333 @  @3.5 @h3.5 h^2[3"  @3.5  @  @3.2 @h3.2 h^2[4"  @3.2  @ ffffff @3.3ffffff @h3.3 h^2[5" ffffff @3.3 ffffff @ 333333@3.9333333@h3.9 ka2[6" 333333@3.9 333333@ @2.7@k2.7QGE[7" @2.7  @ Q#X<X pD#Inresponsetothepresenceofcontinuedundercount,eachsuccessivecensusemployedthis ;8 strategyofinclusion,althougheachdecennialcensususedadifferentmixofcoverage ' 9 improvementoperations/programs(seeTable3).Sincedifferentialundercounthasbeeneven !: moreconstantthanoverallundercount,eachcen_sus_Ԁincludedcoverageimprovementoperations !; specificallytargetingundercountedpopulations.Forexample,inthe1990Census,theCensus "< Bureauimplementedanoperationtotargetahardtoenumeratepopulationinthe #r= Parolee/ProbationerCoverageImprovementoperation.InCensus2000,theCensusBureau $^ > targetedanotherhardtoenumeratepopulationintheServiceBasedEnumeration. %J!? 1.3Census2000Undercount '"#A Inordertominimizetheundercounttotheextentpracticable,manyoftheoperationsinCensus _)$C 2000weredesignedtocounttheAmericanpopulationwithsomeredundancyandoverlapbuilt K*%D intotheenumerationprocess,includingtheconstructionoftheaddressframe.Proceduresto 7+&E unduplicatewerealsobuiltinwhereneeded.Manyrespondentshadanopportunitytoanswerthe #,'F _censusinseveraldifferentways.Inadditiontothebasicmailbackresponseoption,many e respondentscouldalsorespondthroughothermodesincluding:theInternet,telephone, Q enumerators,orbycompletingBeCountedquestionnaireswhichwerelocatedatsitessuchas = privatebusinesses,churches,communityorganizations,DepartmentsofMotorVehicles, ) libraries,PostOffices,QuestionnaireAssistanceCenters,andothers(schoolsormunicipal  buildings).Eventhoughtheseoperationsweredesignedtoreduceoverallundercountand   improveoverallaccuracy,theresultingredundancycontributedtocountingsomerespondents   morethanonce.Theenumerationprocess,includingthesecoverageimprovementoperations  t alongwithduplicationinthehousingunitframe,producedanoverallnet overcount inCensus  ` 2000of1.09percent,or0.48percentwithacorrelationbiasadjustmentasmeasuredbythe  P  AccuracyandCoverageEvaluation(A.C.E.)RevisionII.(RobinsonandAdlakha,2002)Thisis  <  thefirsttimewehavemeasuredanoverallpopulationovercountinthehistoryoftheUnited (  StatesCensus. y   &o%XX<&  Table2.PercentofNetUndercountforMajorGroupsinCensus2000 usingA.C.E.RevisionII Q  ЀandDemographicAnalysis dB  ԍ[Document2,page10]C  d -  #X<X%&ob#p XX<*!W"ddA dd A dd dd dd dd dd dd dd W (#(#,/ dd ,dd ,dd ,Fdd +  %W   % 4W#mW 4A.C.E.w/o m correlationbias 1 adjustmentdB  ԍ[R1]C  d =W,!3W =A.C.E.with m correlationbias 1 adjustmentdB  ԍ[R2]C  d @W/!3W @Demographic 1 AnalysisdB  ԍ[R3]C  d 7W&!3W 7Total{{%{.vv ZWWIMW q= ףp-1.09q= ףpZЄ1.09 WWtCM3 q= ףp-1.09 q= ףpWW Q޿-0.48Q޿Є0.48 WWsCM3 Q޿-0.48 Q޿WW Q?0.12Q?0.12 \KBM3 Q?0.12 Q?WW \ Race:HispanicOriginDomain * @ *ЀNonBlack{{%{. XWI  zG-1.18zGXЄ1.18 WtC!3 zG-1.18 zGW -0.80Є0.80 WtC"3 -0.80 W (\ҿ-0.29(\ҿЄ0.29 RHC#3 (\ҿ-0.29 (\ҿW RЀBlack{{%{.jj XWIS$ \(\߿-0.49\(\߿XЄ0.49 WsCS%3 \(\߿-0.49 \(\߿W Q?1.72Q?1.72 WrBS&3 Q?1.72 Q?W = ףp=@2.78= ףp=@2.78 QGBS'3 = ףp=@2.78 = ףp=@W QЀHispanic{{%{.44 5W&F( 5Є `WQ!F)3W Q?0.71Q?`0.71 _WPBF*3 Q?0.71 Q?W _Є 0&!F+3W 0ЀNonHispanicAsian{{%{. # 5W&, 5Є aWR!-3W -0.75aЄ0.75 `WQC.3 -0.75 W `Є 7&!/3W 7ЀAmericanIndiansonReservations{{%{./ 7W&[0 7Є cWR![13W )\(-0.88)\(cЄ0.88 bWQC[23 )\(-0.88 )\(W bЄ ;*![33W ; TenureDomain * N4 *ЀOwner{{%{. 5W& !5 5Є aWR! !63W -1.25aЄ1.25 `WQC !73 -1.25 W `#X<X pfc#Ԅ 7&! !83W 7p XX<ԀRenter{{%{. 7W&"$9 7Є bWQ!"$:3W = ףp=?1.14= ףp=?b1.14 aWPB"$;3 = ףp=?1.14 = ףp=?W aЄ ;*!"$<3W ; Gender * #|= *ЀMale{{%{.<< XWI7% > ףp= -0.87ףp= XЄ0.87 WsC7% ?3 ףp= -0.87 ףp= W Gz?0.37Gz?0.37 WrB7% @3 Gz?0.37 Gz?W Q?0.86Q?0.86 XWGB7% A3 Q?0.86 Q?W XЀFemale{{%{. ZWWI&*"BW -1.30ZЄ1.30 WWtC&*"C3 -1.30 WW -1.30Є1.30 WWtC&*"D3 -1.30 WW 333333-0.60333333Є0.60SIG&*"E3 333333-0.60 333333WW S#X<X p(s#>bp XX<Anegativenetundercountdenotesanetovercount#X<X px#. '#E p XX<Adash()indicatesthedatawerenotavailable.#X<X psy# o( $F 'Q2b  +'J   2.COVERAGEIMPROVEMENTMETHODS  e -z2.1EnumerationBaseline = Duringthelastfourdecennialcensuses,thebasicenumerationapproachhasbeena  mailout/mailbackmethodologywithapersonalvisittononrespondents.Apaperquestionnaire   wasmailedtorespondentswhowereinstructedtocompletetheformandmailitbacktothe   CensusBureau.InvariantsofthisapproachforCensus2000,somequestionnaireswere  t deliveredtorespondentsbyCensusBureaustaff,somewereleftatpostofficesorotherlocal  ` sites,orsomeweresenttorespondentsbyrequest;alloftheseweretobecompletedandmailed  L  back.Nonrespondinghouseholdswerethenvisitedbyenumeratorswhocompletedthe  8  questionnaireforthehouseholdorhousingunit.Themailbackapproachwasalsosupplemented $  bycomplementarymethodssuchaslist/enumerateandupdate/enumerate,whichcloselyresemble u  pastconventionalcensusmethods,andtheInternetandtelephoneresponseoptions.Coverage a  Improvementoperationshavebeenaddedtothebasicenumerationapproachtooptimally M  improveoverallcensuscoverage. 9  2.2CoverageImprovementMethodsSince1970  ThecoverageimprovementmethodsemployedbytheCensusBureauhavechanged,orinsome  cases,havebeenrefinedoverthepastseveralcensuses.Table3liststhesemethods.Thenumber p anddiversityofthesemethodsindicatethescopeandlevelofcommitmenttocoverage \ improvementinthedecennialcensusesoverthedecades.Manyofthemethodsemployedin H Census2000aremodificationsandimprovementstomethodsofpastcensuseswhileotherswere 4 newmethodsdevelopedandtestedduringthedecadeafterthe1990Census.Whilemanyofthe   basiccoverageimprovementmethodsemployedaresimilarfromcensustocensus,thescopeand q  operationalimplementationcanvarygreatly. ]   I 1  1e 1  &o%XX<& .&  Table3.CoverageImprovementMethodsintheDecennialCensus1970to2000#X<X%&o# dB  ԍ[Document3]C  d  *(W:dd/ dd / dd dd Fdd F!W"(#(#,<dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +     p XX<METHOD 4*!P  4  CENSUS :)$P  :#X<X p#aXX<u QuestionnaireDeliveryandEnumeration VEX Ȟ@1970Ȟ@V1970 oBX" Ȟ@1970 Ȟ@ @1980@1980 oBX" @1980 @ @1990@1990 rBX" @1990 @ @@2000@@2000 QGBX" @@2000 @@ QЀRuralUpdate/Leave).   5W&  5Є 9/! "W 9Є 9/! " 9x 9/! "  9x 0&! "  0ЀUrbanUpdate/Leave).D D  5W& 0 5Є 9/! 0"W 9Є 9/! 0" 9x 9/! 0"  9x 0&! 0"  0ЀUrbanUpdate/Enumerate).b b " 5W&$ t 5Є 9/!$ t"W 9Є 9/!$ t" 9x 9/!$ t"  9x 0&!$ t"  0ЀPostmasterReturnDelivery(UAA*2000)).5 5W&h  5Є 9/!h "W 9Є 9/!h " 9x 9/!h "  9x 0&!h "  0ЀCasualCount/ShelterandStreetNight(SBE2000)).= 5W&  5Є 9/! "W 9x 9/! " 9x 9/!  "  9x 0&! !"  0ЀWereYouCounted?(BeCounted2000)).881 5W&@ "  5x 9/!@ #"W 9x 9/!@ $" 9x 9/!@ %"  9x 0&!@ &"  0ЀOverseasEnumeration(limited)).  + 5W&4 '  5x 9/!4 ("W 9x 9/!4 )" 9x 9/!4 *"  9x 7W&!4 +"  7ЀNonhouseholdSourcesProgram). ( 4WW#x ,W 4Є =W,!x -"WW =x =W,!x ."W =Є @W/!x /"W @Є1'%x 0" W 1#X<Xa#p XX<*)7d d<dd <dd dd dd dd (W:(#(#,<dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  X 0X   PostCensusDayCoverageImprovement   1 TelephoneAssistanceAdds).H H # 2W#b2 2Є ;W,!b3"W ;Є ;W,!b4"W ;x ;W,!b5"W ;x -#!b6"W -CensusCloseoutAddressCheck). ' #W j7 #Є ;W,!j8"W ;Є ;W,!j9"W ;x ;W,!j:"W ;Є -#!j;"W -Vacant/Delete/MoversCheck(CIFU2000)).2 #W < #x ;W,!="W ;x ;W,!>"W ;x ;W,!?"W ;x -#!@"W -RecanvassOperation).  #W jA #Є ;W,!jB"W ;Є ;W,!jC"W ;x ;W,!jD"W ;Є -#!jE"W -PostCensusLocalReview). " #W rF #Є ;W,!rG"W ;x ;W,!rH"W ;x ;W,!rI"W ;Є -#!rJ"W -PrimarySelectionAlgorithm). % #W K #Є ;W,!L"W ;Є ;W,!M"W ;x ;W,!N"W ;x -#!O"W -Parolee/ProbationerProgram). % #W "rP #Є ;W,!"rQ"W ;Є ;W,!"rR"W ;x ;W,!"rS"W ;Є -#!"rT"W -UsualHomeElsewhere).. .  #W zU #Є ;W,!zV"W ;x ;W,!zW"W ;x ;W,!zX"W ;x -#!zY"W -Search/Match). #W "Z #Є ;W,!"["W ;Є ;W,!"\"W ;x ;W,!"]"W ;Є -#!"^"W -Imputation). #W * z_ #x ;W,!* z`"W ;x ;W,!* za"W ;x ;W,!* zb"W ;x -#!* zc"W -HousingUnitUnduplicationOperation).88. #W !d #Є ;W,!!e"W ;Є ;W,!!f"W ;Є ;W,!!g"W ;x -#!!h"W -CoverageEditFollowup).t t  #W "*i #x ;W,!"*j"W ;x ;W,!"*k"W ;x ;W,!"*l"W ;x -#!"*m"W -CoverageQuestions).P P  #W 2$n #x ;W,!2$o"W ;x ;W,!2$p"W ;x ;W,!2$q"W ;x -#!2$r"W -TransientNight(TNight)). # #W % s #x ;W,!% t"W ;x ;W,!% u"W ;x ;W,!% v"W ;x -#!% w"W -PaidAdvertisingCampaign).D D # #W &2"x #Є ;W,!&2"y"W ;Є ;W,!&2"z"W ;Є ;W,!&2"{"W ;x 4W#!&2"|"W 4PromotionandOutreach).v v  4WW#:(#}W 4x =WW,!:(#~"WW =x =WW,!:(#"WW =x =WW,!:(#"WW =x1'%:(#"  WW 1#X<X p6#p XX<*UAAUndeliverableasAddressed#X<X p# .)~$ '.&̓ +' 2.3CoverageImprovementDevelopmentinCensus2000    TheCoverageImprovementProgramforCensus2000wasoriginallydevelopedinan  environmentinwhichcoveragemeasurement,includingintegratedadjustment,dominatedthe t decenniallandscape.TheCensusBureauwasdedicatedtotheobjectiveofproducinga one ` numbercensus,meaningtherewouldbeonefinalpublishedcensuscountwhichwouldbe L  statisticallyadjustedforundercountusingtheresultsfromtheAccuracyandCoverage 8  Evaluation(A.C.E.)survey.Therewouldnotbe,asinpastcensuses,anunadjustedcount $ t accompaniedbyoneormoreplanstopotentiallyadjustthatcount.Ratherthanopenthedoorto  ` thewranglingthataccompaniedtheresultsofthepasttwocensuses,theCensusBureauhad  L  widelypublicizedtheintentupfronttostatisticallyadjusttheCensus2000results.  8  Theonenumbercensusconcepthadaninfluenceonoveralldecennialplanning,butparticularly   oncoverageimprovementplanningsincetherewasalwaysa safetynetbehindtheplanning.If   certainhardtoenumeratepopulationswereundercounted,theA.C.E.wouldadjustforsuchan   imperfection.Inthisenvironment,theintentwastodesignaqualitycensusbutnotemphasize   thesamelevelofcoverageimprovementaswouldbeexpectedwithoutthesafetynet.The p statisticalsamplingcomponentsofthecensusdesigninfluencedthetimingofallthecensus \ operationsincludingcoverageimprovementoperations.Thecoverageimprovementoperations H thatwereintegratedintotheonenumbercensusdesignwereselectedbasedontheirpotential 4 impactoncoverageandhoworwhethertheyfitintotheotherdecennialoperations.  p InJanuaryof1999,justoverayearfromCensusDay,theSupremeCourtruledthattheCensus H BureaucouldnotusetheA.C.E.toadjustthecensuscountforthepurposeofapportionment. 4 Theonenumberorsamplingcensuswasthusreplacedbyamoretraditionalcensus.This   decisionhadadramaticeffectonplanningforCensus2000.Whilewaitingforthecourts   decisiononadjustment,theCensusBureauhad,foratime,beenplanningacensusonadual  trackanadjustedcensustrackandatraditionalcensustrack.Butitdidsowithoutsufficient  resourcesavailabletoadequatelyplanbothtrackssimultaneously.  Theresultofthecourtsrulingwasthatlateinthecensuscycle,theCensusBureauhadto X  redesignadecennialcensusthatwascomposedofanextremelycomplexarrayofprograms, D! operations,systemsandprocedureswithouttheopportunitytothoroughlytestalloftheensuing 0"  interactions,redundancies,synergiesorshortcomings.Coverageimprovementprogramswere #l! expanded.Andallofthecoverageimprovementprogramswereimplementedwiththe $X" expectationthatexperienceandsoundjudgementwouldovercomethefactthatwedidnothave $D # theopportunitytotestthemtogetherinthedressrehearsalthatoccurredtheyearbeforethecourt %0!$ ruling.Thusthe2000Censuswasconductedinanenvironmentofincreasedoperationalrisk. &"%  T,'+ Ї  & p 3.COVERAGEIMPROVEMENTEFFECTS   o3.1Adds(Deletes)fromCensus2000CoverageImprovementOperations  Table4containsasummaryofthedecennialoperationsthatinfluencedcoverage.Thelistis ` composedoftheoperationsidentifiedbyaninterdivisionalteamashavingameasurableimpact L  ondecennialcoverageforCensus2000.Thereadershouldkeepinmindthatthislistof 8  operationsissubjectiveandshouldbeinterpretedasoperationsthathadaneffectonoverall $ t censuscoverageeventhoughtheywerenotallplannedascoverageimprovementoperations.  ` MostoftheoperationsinTable4weredirectlyassessedthroughaspecificevaluationinthe  8  Census2000EvaluationProgram;thesestudiesarefoundinthereferencesection.Forthosenot $  familiarwiththemyriadofCensus2000operations,abriefdescriptionoftheseoperations,along   withadditionalsummarystatisticsrelatedtocoverage,iscontainedinSection4.Alsoincluded   attheendofSection4aredescriptionsofotherdecennialoperationsnotinTable4forwhich   directmeasurementsofcoverageimprovementwerenotavailableornotknown,suchasthe   PartnershipandMarketingProgram.Commonsensewouldsuggestthatthisprogram,ifonly p fromitsmagnitudeandfocus,hadaneffect,perhapsevenaprofoundeffect,oncensuscoverage \ butnodirectmeasurableeffectswereavailable. H  'p 4  aXX<Ԁ #X<Xa#p XX<& v  Table4.Adds(Deletes)fromCensus2000AttributedtoVariousCoverageImprovementOperat#X<X p#aXX<ions   #X<Xa#p XX<*#W$Fdd<dd <dd dd dd dd )7"",Idd ,dd ,dd +  %Wrr %CoverageImprovementMethod .WWZW .  Persons & Added(Deleted) 7WW&!Z0WW 7  HousingUnits & Added(Deleted) 7&!Z0WW 71 QuestionnaireDeliveryandEnumeration .Wr . .Wr W . 'r W 'V1Update/Leave(U/L)dB  ԍ[4,page14]C  d++/+.N N  5W&   5NA >W/! 3W >Ѐ1,401,169dB  ԍ[R6]C  d؀ 0&! 3W 01UrbanUpdate/Leave(UU/L)dB  ԍ[5,page48]C  d++/+. ' 5W&    5NA >W/! 3 W  >10,455dB  ԍ[R9]C  d 0&! 3 W 01Update/Enumerate(U/E)dB  ԍ[6,page45]C  d++/+. $ 5W&    5NA >W/! 3 W  >122,735dB  ԍ[R12]C  d 0&! 3 W 0ServiceBasedEnumeration(SBE)dB  ԍ[7,page18d]C  ++/+.+ 5W& "   52283,898dB  ԍ[R6]C  d >W/! "3 W  >Є 0&! "3 W 0BeCountedCampaigndB  ԍ[8,page21]C  d++/+.  5W& :   5560,880dB  ԍ[R3]C  d >W/! :3 W  >d3236,482ddB  ԍ[R4]C  d 0&! :3 W 0TelephoneQuestionnaireAssistance(TQA)dB  ԍ[9,page31]C  d++/+.4 5W&R    5NA >W/!R 3 W  >209,861dB  ԍ[R3]C  d 7&!R 3 W 7z PostCensusDayCoverageImprovement +Wj  + .Wj W .    'j W 'NonresponseFollowup(NRFU)AddsdB  ԍ[11,pagesB2,C2,H2]C  d++/+., 5W&2  5662,284dB  ԍ[H2(19)]C  d 5W&!2 !3W 5 4348,584dB  ԍ[B2(27)+ 2 " C2(27)]C  d 0&!2 "0W 05NRFUWHUHEProbedB  ԍ[12,page11]C  d++/+.r r ! 5W&J # 529,302dB  ԍ[R6]C  d >W/!J $3W >Є 0&!J %3W 0CoverageEditFollowup(CEFU)dB  ԍ[13,page34]C  d++/+.LL) 5W&b & 56(105,199)dB  ԍ[R8]C  d 5W&!b '3W 5  NA 0&!b (0W 0'7CoverageImprovementFollowup(CIFU)++/+.2 5W&z) 5 >W/!z*3W > 0&!z+3W 0ЀVacants(convertedtoOccupied)dB  ԍ[24,page1]C  d++/+.ff1 5W&, 51,693,958dB  ԍ[R5]C  d >W/!-3W >Ѐ842,059dB  ԍ[R1]C  d 0&!.3W 0ЀDeletes(convertedtoOccupiedorVacant)dB  ԍ[24,page1]C  d++/+.; 5W&/ 51,375,116dB  ԍ[R6]C  d >W/!03W >1,091,694dB  ԍ[R2]C  d 0&!13W 0ЀNewConstructionAddsdB  ԍ[24,page1]C  d++/+.  ' 5W&2 5Ѐ244,759dB  ԍ[R7]C  d >W/!33W >Ѐ175,009dB  ԍ[R3]C  d 0&!43W 0ЀFeb&AprDeliverySequenceFileAddsdB  ԍ[24,page1]C  d++/+.hh7 5W&*5 5Ѐ398,673dB  ԍ[R8]C  d >W/!*63W >Ѐ227,028dB  ԍ[R4]C  d 0&!*73W 0ЀCIFUAddsdB  ԍ[11,pagesB2,C2,H2]C  d++/+.  5W&B8 5  191,478dB  ԍ[H2(24)]C  d >W/!B90W >8103,592dB  ԍ[B2(32)+ v; C2(32)]C  d 0&!B:3W 0TNightEnumerationdB  ԍ[15,page41]C  d++/+.@ @  5W& Z; 5127,766dB  ԍ[R4]C  d >W/! Z<3W >987,338dB  ԍ[R3]C  d 0&! Z=3W 0PrimarySelectionAlgorithm(PSA)dB  ԍ[16,pages27&34]C  d++/+.- 5W&"r> 510513,413dB  ԍ[R1+R2]C  d >W/!"r?3W >Є 0&!"r@3W 0HousingUnitUnduplicationdB  ԍ[19,page2]C  d++/+. & 5W&:A 5(3,572,799)dB  ԍ[R4]C  d >W/!:B3W >(1,371,320)dB  ԍ[R3]C  d 7W&!:C3W 7CoverageQuestionsC1andC2dB  ԍ[20,page21]C  d++/+. ( 7WW&RDW 711(6,110)dB  ԍ[R6]C  d @WW/!RE3WW @NA1'%RF3  WW 1h  (x3 󀀀"Thenumberofhousingunitsandpersonsinthistablearenotmutuallyexclusive. VF Ѐ"Thenumberofadded/deletedpersonsandhousingunitsinthistabledonotincludePuertoRico.#X<X p#p XX< G Ѐ"NAindicatesthedatawere notavailableandadash()indicates doesnotapply. H  ; (yx 󀀀1ThehousingunitaddsfortheseoperationsrepresentthenumberofaddsthatwerecountedintheCensus. !fJ Ѐ2Thisisacountofpersonsenumeratedatshelters,soupkitchens,regularlyscheduledmobilefoodvansand !*K targetednonshelteredoutdoorlocations.TheSBEoperationwasnotdesignedandwasneverintendedtobea "L completecountofthehomelesspopulationnorthosewhousedservicesin2000.'v #X<X p#p XX<Thisnumberincludes35,121 b#M personswithnoususalresidencewhowereenumeratedonaBeCountedform. &$vN Ѐ3ThesehouseholdscontainedpersonswhowereenumeratedfromtheBeCountedform;116,019were $: O enumeratedbytheBeCountedformonly;theremaining120,463householdswereenumeratedbyaBeCounted % P formandothercensusforms. r&!Q 򀀀4ThesehousingunitswereaddedtotheaddresslistduringtheNRFUoperation.Thesedataweretakenfromthe 6'"R LCOProfileforCensus2000(H.9)TablesB,CandH;theseNRFUaddswereidentifiedbythesourceofreturn 'J#S variable(RSOURCE)ontheDRF2. ($T Ѐ5NRFUWHUHE:NonresponseFollowupWholeHouseholdUsualHomeElsewhere )$U Ѐ6TheCEFUoperationadded152,683personsanddeleted257,882foranetlossof105,199persons. F*%V Ѐ7TheCIFUwasacatchalloperation;inadditiontoverifyingtheNRFUvacantsanddeletes,itwasusedasa  +Z&W fieldverificationfortheNewConstructionaddsandafinalattempttoenumeratethenonrespondingaddresses +'X fromotheroperationsnotprocessedintimetobeincludedinNRFU. ,'Y 0N 0e 0  򀀀8ThesehousingunitswereaddedtotheaddresslistduringtheCIFUoperation.Thesedataweretakenfromthe  LCOProfileforCensus2000(H.9)TablesB,CandH;theseCIFUaddswereidentifiedbythesourceofreturn t variable(RSOURCE)ontheDRF2 8 Ѐ9Itwasnecessarytoimputethehousingunitstatus(occupied,vacantordelete)ofapproximately63percentof L theseTNightunits.Thusthepopulationcountfortheseunitswasalsoimputed.  򀀀10ThisnumberisalowerboundonthepersonsaddedthroughthePSA;itincludes153,768personsfromBe  CountedpartialhouseholdsthatarealsoincludedintheBeCountedCampaignpersonsadded.SeeSection4.13 H  foradditionaldetails.  \ Ѐ11Thecoveragequestions,C1andC2,added77,050personsanddeleted83,160persons,respectively,foranet   lossof6,110    #X<X p<#3.2Limitations   3.2.1AninterdivisionalteamwithrepresentativesfromtheDecennialStatisticalStudies |  Division,theDecennialManagementDivisionandthePlanning,ResearchandEvaluation h  Divisionconvenedtodeterminewhichoperationsshould/shouldnotbeincludedinthe T  definitionof coverageimprovement.Whilethegroupreachedconcensusonwhich @ operationstoincludeinthisreport,theselectionwasdifficult.Thusthelistofoperationsin ,| Table4issubjectiveandshouldbeinterpretedasoperationsthathadaneffectonoverall h censuscoverage,eventhoughtheywerenotallplannedascoverageimprovementoperations. T 3.2.2Theeffectofanoperationintermsofaddsordeletesissomewhatdependentontheother , operationsandonitsplaceintheoverallsequenceofoperations,soacleanmeasureisdifficult.  Inessence,thenumbersinTable4arenotmutuallyexclusive.Becauseoftheoverlapping  natureoftheseoperations,itisdifficulttomeasurethetotalinfluenceofanyoneoperation.  3.2.3NonresponseFollowupandCoverageImprovementFollowup deletesarenotincluded x inTable4becausethesedeleteswerenotnecessarilythefinalstatus.Thecensus twostrike d deleteruleemployedinCensus2000,deletedanaddressfromthecensusonlyiftwodifferent P sourcesidentifiedtheaddressasadelete. <  S 0   " " 3.2.4ThePrimarySelectionAlgorithmoperationaddedatleast513,413personsintwoways: !d! " 3"   323  0 S   WhenthereweretwoormoreformsforagivenIDandoneofthoseformswasapartial "<# householdBeCountedformoraGQUHEform,andtherewerenopersonsincommon #($ betweentheBeCountedorGQUHEformandtheotherform(s),thepersonsfromthe $ % BeCountedformorGQUHEformwereincludedatthatID.Some153,768persons %!& wereaddedtothecensusfromthePrimarySelectionAlgorithminthismanner. &!' (Baumgardner,2002) 3݌'"(S"S" Ќ  " 3"   3|23  0 S   Therewere359,645caseswherethePrimarySelectionAlgorithmconsideredtwoforms `)$* foranIDwherebothformshadatleastonepersonincommon.ThePSAdesignated L*%+ oneformasthe basicreturnandpersonsfromtheotherreturnthatwerenotmatched 8+&, toapersononthe basicreturnwereaddedtothecountforthatID.Theexactnumber $,t'- ofaddedpersonsfromthissourceisnotavailablebutitisatleast359,645persons,  whichcanbeconsideredalowerboundofaddedpersonsfromthissource. 3|݌S"S" Ќ  3.2.5TheavailabilityofdatafromthevariousCensus2000evaluationsfromwhichmostof t thedataforthisreportwereextractedwaslimited.Insomecases,datathatwouldbedesirable ` werenotavailable.Whilethisdidnotappreciablylimitthescopeofthisreport,itdidlimitthe L  amountofdetail.XX<  8    #X<X#4.COVERAGEIMPROVEMENTOPERATIONS  H   XX<D#X<X#ThissectioncontainsabriefdescriptionoftheoperationsshowninTable4includingsome F  summarystatisticsrelatedtocoverage.Listedaftertheseoperationsareseveraladditional 2  operationsthatarerelatedtocoverageimprovementforwhichwehavenodirectmeasurement n  ofaddedordeletedhousingunitsorpersons.  Z  4.1Update/Leave(U/L)OperationdB  ԍ[Document4]C  dB  C   2 ForCensus2000thecountrywasdividedintoninetypesofenumerationareas,determinedby   addresstypesandspecialenumerationprocedures.Theprimaryenumerationmethodologywas  Mailout/Mailbackwhichwasusedinareasthathavepredominatelycitystyleaddressessuchas  121MainStreet.Thesecondlargestenumerationmethodology,intermsofnumberofhousing ~ units,wasUpdate/Leave.Update/Leavewasintendedforuseinareaswheresomeaddresses j werenotcitystyle.NoncitystyleaddressessuchasRuralRouteandBoxorPostOfficeBox V areoftennotlinkedtothephysicallocationofthehousingunit.Wherethereisonlyalocation B descriptionforaunitbutnoaddress,maildeliveryofthequestionnaireisnotapossibility.In .~ PuertoRico,update/leavewasthesoleenumerationmethodused.dB  ԍ[4,pagev,R1]C  d j IntheCensus2000Update/Leaveoperation,questionnaireswithpreprintedaddresslabelswere B handdeliveredtoeveryhousingunitontheaddresslist.Existinghousingunitsthatwerenot . listedontheaddressregisterweregivenahandaddressedquestionnaire.Duringthisdelivery,   fieldstaffwouldupdate(corrections,deletions,additions)theaddressregister.Questionnaire ! deliverybeganonMarch3,2000withtheintentthatallquestionnaireswouldbedeliveredby "  CensusDay,April1,buttheoperationwasnotcompleteinsomeareasuntilApril6,2000. #! Therewasatotalof24,996,482dB  ԍ[4,page10,R2]C  dB  C  addressesintheUpdate/Leaveworkload,includingPuerto f% # Rico.Approximately23.2millionB  d[4,page10,R3]dC  addresseswereonthelistingpagesfortheoperationand R&!$ morethan1.7milliondB  ԍ[4,page10,R4]C  dB  C  wereaddedtothelistingpagesduringtheUpdate/Leaveoperation. >'"% StatesidetheUpdate/Leaveoperationadded1,644,174dB  ԍ[4,page14,R5]C  dB  C  addressesand1,401,169dB  ԍ[4,page14,R6]C  dofthesewere *(z#& intheCensus;PuertoRicoadded111,787dB  ԍ[4,page14,R7]C  dB  C  addressesduringUpdate/Leaveand93,607dB  ԍ[4,page14,R8]C  dwerein )f$' theCensus.Nonrespondentsinaddedhousingunitswerevisitedbyenumeratorsinthe *R%( CoverageImprovementFollowupoperation.(Pennington,2003) *>&)  ,(+ Ї4.2UrbanUpdate/Leave(UU/L)OperationdB  ԍ[Document5]C  d  Mailout/Mailbackwastheenumerationmethodologyformostareasthathadmaildeliveryto  citystyleaddresses(i.e.,addresseswithahousenumberandstreetname).TheUrban t Update/LeaveoperationinCensus2000targetedareasdeemedunsuitablefor ` Mailout/Mailback.Theseunsuitableunitswereprimarilyin(1)multiunitbuildingswherethe L  UnitedStatesPostalServicedeliversthemailtoadroppointinsteadofindividualunit 8  designationsand(2)urbancommunitiesthathadcitystyleaddressesbutwhoseresidents $ t pickeduptheirmailatapostofficebox.TheUrbanUpdate/Leaveoperationreliedonthe  ` CensusBureausRegionalCensusCenterstoidentifytheseareasbasedontheirknowledgeof  L  whethertheUnitedStatesPostalServicecouldadequatelydeliverthecensusquestionnaires.  8  Individualregionshadthechoiceofwhetherornottoparticipate;eightofthetwelveRegional $  CensusCentersparticipatedintheUrbanUpdate/Leaveoperation.   TheobjectiveoftheCensus2000UrbanUpdate/Leaveoperationwastoimprovecoveragein   thefollowingways:improvethedeliverabilityofthequestionnairesandupdateaddress   informationandcensusmaps.TheCensusBureauconductedtheUrbanUpdate/Leave p operationfromMarch3toMarch31,2000.InUrbanUpdate/Leaveareas,enumerators \ deliveredthecensusquestionnairesandupdatedtheiraddressregistersandcensusmaps H concurrently.Residentswereaskedtocompleteandmailtheirquestionnaires.Housingunits 4 forwhichtheCensusBureaudidnotreceiveacompletedquestionnaireonorbefore  p April18,2000werevisitedandenumeratedduringNonresponseFollowup.dB  ԍ[5,pages1&2, 4 R1]C  d  \ TheUrbanUpdate/Leaveworkloadconsistedof280,136dB  ԍ[5,page6,R2+R3]C  dhousingunits267,005dB  ԍ[5,page6,R2]C  daddresses 4 wereprintedontheaddressregistersand13,131dB  ԍ[5,page6,  R3]C  dB  C  addresseswereaddedtotheregistersduring   questionnairedelivery.Oftheseaddedaddresses,10,455dB  ԍ[5,page48,R9]C  dwereintheCensus.Ultimately   238,216dB  ԍ[5,page29,R4]C  dUrbanUpdate/Leaveaddresseswereenumeratedinthecensusaseitheroccupied  (85.1percentdB  ԍ[5,page29,R5]C  d)orvacant(14.9percentdB  ԍ[5,page29,R6]C  d)housingunits;511,195dB  ԍ[5,page34,R7]C  dpersonswereenumerated.The  UrbanUpdate/Leaveoperationenumeratedahigherpercentagethantheoverallself  enumeratedofthefollowingtypicallyundercountedgroups:renters,personsunder18yearsold l andAfricanAmericansdB  ԍ[5,page34,R8]C  d.(Rosenthal,2002a) X  4.3Update/Enumerate(U/E)OperationdB  ԍ[Document6]XX<ԍC  d#X<X# #l! InCensus2000,theUpdate/Enumerateoperationprimarilytargetedcommunitieswithspecial $D # enumerationneedsandareaswheremosthousingunitsmaynothavehadhousenumberand %0!$ streetnamemailingaddresses.Theseareasincludedresortareaswithhighconcentrationsof &"% seasonallyvacanthousingunits,selectedAmericanIndianreservationsandcolonias.(Colonias '#& areHispanicoccupiedunincorporatedcommunitiesneartheMexicanborder.)dB  ԍ[6,page6,R1]C  d (#' XX<#X<X}#Update/EnumeratewassimilartoUpdate/Leaveexcepttheinterviewersenumeratedthe *%) housingunit(bothoccupiedandvacant)atthetimeoftheirvisitratherthanleavinga +&* questionnairetobecompletedbyaresidentandmailedtoadatacapturecenter.Inboth z,'+ operations,theenumeratorupdatedtheaddressregistersandcensusmaps.Theoperationwas  conductedfromMarch13toJune5,2000.  XX<#X<X#Therewere1,056,553dB  ԍ[6,page6,R3+R4]C  dhousingunitsintheUpdate/Enumerateworkload926,861dB  ԍ[6,page6,R3]C  daddresses  wereprintedontheaddressregistersand129,692dB  ԍ[6,page6, H   R4]C  daddresseswereaddedduringfield  enumeration.Oftheseaddedaddresses,122,735dB  ԍ[6, 4  page45,R12]C  dwereintheCensus.Ultimately956,214d r  ddB  ԍ[6,page28,R5]C  dUpdate/Enumerateaddresseswereenumeratedinthecensusaseitheroccupied(61.3percentdB  ԍ[6,page28,R6]C  d) ^  orvacant(38.7percentdB  ԍ[6,page28,R7]C  d)housingunits;themajorityofthevacants(morethan78percentdB  ԍ[6,page28,R8]C  d)were J  seasonalvacants.Therewere1,727,361dB  ԍ[6,page28,R9]C  dpersonsenumeratedduringtheUpdate/Enumerate 6  operation.TheaveragehouseholdsizeinUpdate/Enumeratewas2.9personscomparedto " r  2.6personsnationallydB  ԍ[6,page29,R10]C  d.TheUpdate/Enumerateoperationenumeratedagreaterpercentageof ^  personsunder18yearsold,HispanicsandAmericanIndian/AlaskaNativesdB  ԍ[6,page31,R11]C  d.TheHispanics J  andAmericanIndian/AlaskaNativesweretraditionallyundercountedgroupsthattheCensus 6  BureauenumeratedbytargetingcoloniasandselectedAmericanIndianreservations. "  (Rosenthal,2002b)   XX<#X<X''#&  4.4ServiceBasedEnumeration(SBE)dB  ԍ[Document7]C  d  ThegoalofServiceBasedEnumerationwastoprovidepeoplewithoutconventionalhousing  anopportunitytobeincludedinthecensus.Census2000includedthefollowingService  BasedEnumerationsites:emergencyandtransitionalsheltersforpeoplewithoutconventional ~ housing;sheltersforabusedwomenandtheirchildren;sheltersforchildrenwhowere j runaways,neglected,orwithoutconventionalhousing;hotels,motelsorotherfacilitiesthat V providedshelterservicestopeoplewithoutconventionalhousing;soupkitchens;regularly B scheduledmobilefoodvans;andtargetednonshelteredoutdoorlocations.InCensus2000, .~ wevisitedServiceBasedEnumerationlocationsseveralweeksbeforetheenumeration.During j theadvancevisit,wecollectedinformationsuchashowmanypeoplewereexpectedtobe V housedateachshelter,howmanymealswereserved,whichmealservedthemostpeopleat B eachsoupkitchenandhowmanypeoplereceivedservicesateachregularlyscheduledmobile . foodvansite.dB  ԍ[7,page3,R1]C  d   Ѐ' n'TheCensus2000ServiceBasedEnumerationoperationoccurredMarch2729,2000.An "  IndividualCensusReportorIndividualCensusQuestionnairewasusedtoenumerateevery #! person,includingchildren.Everysixthpersonreceivedalongformquestionnaireatthe z$" sheltersandthesoupkitchens;longformquestionnaireswerenotcompletedattheregularly f% # scheduledmobilefoodvansandthetargetednonshelteredoutdoorlocations.dB  ԍ[7,pages4&5,  R2]dC   R&!$   (xy; " 3"   3/23  0 S   March27weenumeratedpeopleatshelters. 3/%0݌*(z#&S"S" Ќ  " 3"   3023  0 S   March28weenumeratedpeopleatsoupkitchens. 301݌)f$'S"S" Ќ  " 3"   3123  0 S   TheeveningofMarch28weenumeratedpeopleatregularlyscheduledmobilefood *R%( vans. 311݌*>&)S"S" Ќ  " 3"   3223  0 S   March29weenumeratedpeopleattargetednonshelteredoutdoorlocations. 32 3݌+*'*S"S" Ќ   ,(+ Inaddition,peopleonBeCountedformswhomarkedthebox NoaddressonApril1,2000"or  indicatedtheywerehomelessintheaddresssectionoftheformwerealsoincludedinthe  ServiceBasedEnumerationuniverse.dB  ԍ[7,page7,R3]C  dItisimportanttounderstandthattheresultsfromthe  ServiceBasedEnumerationoperationdonotprovideacountofthepopulationexperiencing t homelessness.Nordotheseresultsprovideacountofthepopulationwhousedservicesin ` 2000. L  Therewere258,728dB  ԍ[7,page13,R4]C  dpersonrecordsdatacapturedfromshelters,soupkitchens,regularly $ t scheduledmobilefoodvans,andtargetednonshelteredoutdoorlocations.Therewere  ` 35,121dB  ԍ[7,page18,R5]C  dpeopleaddedtotheSBEpopulationasaresultoftheBeCountedCampaign.Atotalof  L  283,898dB  ԍ[7,page18,R6]C  dpeoplewerecountedintheCensus2000asaresultoftheServiceBasedEnumeration  8  operation.(McNally,2002) $  Ofthe170,706dB  ԍ[25,page4,R1]C  dpeopletabulatedinemergencyandtransitionalsheltersinCensus2000(see   SmithandSmith,2001),approximately61.4percentdB  ԍ[25,page6,R2]C  dofthispopulationweremale,74.3percent   dB  ԍ[25,page7,R3]C  dwerepeople18yearsandover,approximately40.4percentdB  ԍ[25,page7,R4]C  dwereBlackorAfricanAmerican,   and19.9percentdB  ԍ[25,page7,R5]C  dwereHispanicorLatino(ofanyrace).Demographicsarenotavailableforthe p personsintheremainingshelters,soupkitchens,mobilefoodvans,andnonshelteredoutdoor \ locationsenumeratedbythisoperation. H & $ 4.5BeCountedCampaigndB  ԍ[Document8]C  d  \ Duringthe1970,1980and1990Censuses,theCensusBureauimplementedapost 4 NonresponseFollowup(NRFU)campaigncalled WereYouCounted?Anyonebelieving   theywerenotcountedcouldcompleteandreturna WereYouCounted?form.Theseforms   wereprintedinlocalnewspapersandothermedia.Thiscampaigndidnotstartuntilmost  censusfieldenumerationactivitieswerecompleted.TheBeCountedCampaignforCensus  2000wassimilartothe WereYouCounted?campaignbutthestartandfinishdates  coincidedwithCensusDay(April1)andthestartofNRFU,respectively.Thefourgoalsfor l theBeCountedCampaignofCensus2000were: X  '$  _<! !  (xx " 3"   3@23  0 S   tocountpersonswhodidnotreceiveacensusquestionnaire 3@@݌0" S"S" Ќ  " 3"   3A23  0 S   tocountpersonswhobelievedtheywerenotincludedonanyothercensusform 3AA݌#l!S"S" Ќ  " 3"   3B23  0 S   toencourageparticipationofpersonswhoaretraditionallyundercountedinthecensus 3BB݌$X"S"S" Ќ  " 3"   3C23  0 S   toprovideameansforpersonswithnousualresidencetobecounted. 3CC݌$D #S"S" Ќ  TheCensus2000BeCountedformcontainedcensusshortformdataquestions.SincetheBe &"% Countedformswerenotintendedtoreplacethebasicmailout/mailbackcensusquestionnaire, '#& theyweremadeavailabletothepublicintargetedlocationsinhardtoenumerateareasonly. (#' TheBeCountedformswereavailableintargetedlocationsonMarch31,2000andwere )$( removedfromthesitesonApril17,2000.Therewere51,692BeCounteddistributionsites |*%) locatedthroughoutcommunities;thesesitesincludedprivatebusinesses,churches,community h+&* organizations,DepartmentsofMotorVehicles,libraries,PostOffices,_Questionnaire T,'+ AssistanceCenters,andothers(schoolsormunicipalbuildings).TheBeCountedformswere  availableinEnglish,Spanish,Chinese,Korean,Tagalog,andVietnamese.Approximately1.7  millionformswerepickedupbyrespondentsfromthedistributionsites.dB  ԍ[8,pages13,9,10]C  d  Respondentsreturned804,939dB  ԍ[8,page13,R1]C  dBeCountedformstotheCensusBureau;239,128dB  ԍ[8,page16,R2]C  dBeCounted ` formsaddedpersonstothecensusthatwerenotincludedonothercensusforms.Thisnumber L  excludestheBeCountedformssenttootheroperationssuchastheServiceBasedEnumeration 8  andtheSpecialPlace/GroupQuartersenumeration.Therewere236,482dB  ԍ[8,pageiii,R3]C  dhouseholdsthat $ t containedsomepersonswhowereenumeratedfromtheBeCountedform.Ofthese  ` households,116,019dB  ԍ[8,pageiii,R3]C  dwereenumeratedonlybytheBeCountedformandtheremaining120,463  L  dB  ԍ[8,pageiii,R3]C  dwereenumeratedbytheBeCountedformsaswellasothercensusforms.Therewere  8  560,880dB  ԍ[8,page16,R2]C  dpersonsenumeratedontheseBeCountedforms.(Carter,2002)TheBeCounted $  campaigndisproportionatelyincreasedcoverageingroupsthathavebeentraditionallyhardto   countsuchasrenters,childrenandminoritygroupsdB  ԍ[8,pageiii,R3]C  d.TheBeCountedformsthatwerereceived   forpersonswithnousualresidencewerecountedintheServiceBasedEnumerationpopulation   (seeMcNally,2002).TheseBeCountedformsadded35,121dB  ԍ[7,page18,R5]C  dpersonstotheSBEpopulation.   PartialhouseholdBeCountedformsalongwithGQ_UHE_Ԁformsadded153,768dB  ԍ[16,page34, X  R2]C  dpersonsduring \ thefinalstepofthePrimarySelectionAlgorithm.Theseformswerematchedtootherforms, H suchasmailbackforms,forthatID(address)andthematchshowedtherewerenopersonsin 4 commonbetweentheforms.SincetheBeCountedformswereidentifiedaspartialhousehold  p forms,thepersonsonthemwereaddedtothecountforthatID.Likewise,personsonthese  \ GQ_UHE_ԀformswerealsoaddedtothecountfortheID.(_Baumgardner_,2002) H &  4.6TelephoneQuestionnaireAssistance(_TQA_)XX<Ԁ#X<XS#dB  ԍ[Document9]C  d   TheTelephoneQuestionnaireAssistancewasaprogramimplementedtoassistthepublicin   completingtheircensusforms.TheTelephoneQuestionnaireAssistanceprovidedthe  followingservices:  '5S  (yx " 3"   3U23  0 S   Answeredquestionsaboutthecensusandthecensusquestionnaires 3UU݌j!S"S" Ќ  " 3"   3V23  0 S   Allowedrespondentstorequestacensusformorlanguageguidebymail 3VV݌V" S"S" Ќ  " 3"   3W23  0 S   Allowedcallers,whometcertaincriteria,torespondtothecensusthroughTelephone B#! QuestionnaireAssistance. 3WW݌.$~"S"S" Ќ  ̀TheTelephoneQuestionnaireAssistancenetworkwasavailabletothepublicthroughlanguage &V!$ specifictollfreenumbersfromMarch3throughJune30,2000.TheEnglishandSpanishtoll &B"% freenumbersconnectedtoanInteractiveVoiceResponsesystemthatallowedcallerstoenter '.#& andobtaininformationthroughaseriesofmenuoptionsusingeitherthetelephonekeypad ($' (touchtone)orforEnglishspeakingcallers,voiceresponse.Theobjectiveofthesystemwas )%( toprovideuserswithinformationwithoutbeingtransferredtoanagent.Acallerwas *%) transferredtoanagent/operatorifthecallergavetwoinvalidresponsestoamenuoption, +&* selectedamenuoptionthatautomaticallytransferredthecaller,orchosetospeaktoanagent. z,'+ _CallerscouldaccesstheInteractiveVoiceResponseportionofthenetwork24hoursaday,7  daysaweek.TelephoneQuestionnaireAssistanceagentswereavailablesevendaysaweek  from8:00a.m.to9:00p.m.foreachofthenationsninetimezones.TheAsianlanguagetoll  freenumbersconnecteddirectlytobilingualagents;theAsianlanguagessupportedwere t Chinese,Korean,VietnameseandTagalog.dB  ԍ[9,pagesv,12,R1]C  d ` Basedonthe1990Censuscallvolumeandallowingforgrowth,theCensus2000Telephone 8  QuestionnaireAssistanceprogrambuiltasystemtoaccommodateacallvolumeofeleven $ t millioncalls.TheCensusBureaureceivedapproximatelysixmillioncallsandapproximately  ` 51percentofthesewereservicedbyanagentdB  ԍ[9,pagesv&7,R2]C  d.Therewere209,861dB  ԍ[9,  page31,R3]C  dshortforminterviewcalls  L  thatwereincludedintheCensusenumeration.(Chesnut,2003)  8  4.7NonresponseFollowup(NRFU)dB  ԍ[Document10]C  dXX<   #X<Xa#TheobjectiveofNonresponseFollowupforCensus2000wastoobtaincompleted   questionnairesfromhouseholdsinthemailbackareasthatdidnotrespondbymail,throughthe p Internet,oraTelephoneQuestionnaireAssistanceoperator.Ifaquestionnairewasnot \ checkedinbeforetheuniverseselectionprocessbegan,thehousingunitwastargetedfor H NonresponseFollowup.Therewere119,090,016housingunits(includingPuertoRico) 4 potentiallyeligibleforfollowup.TheinitialNonresponseworkloadof44,928,883housing  p unitswasidentifiedonaflowbasisanddistributedtothelocalcensusoffices.ALateMail  \ Returnoperationsubsequentlyidentified2,555,918housingunitsthatwerecheckedinafterthe H initialuniversewasidentified.AlistoftheseIDswassenttothelocalofficeswhereclerks 4 manuallyremovedthemfromtheaddressregisters.Theresultingworkload,includingPuerto   Rico,was42,372,965or35.6percentoftheeligibleuniverse.B  C  TheNonresponseFollowup   operationwasscheduledtooccurfromApril27throughJuly7,2000.Theactualstartand  finishdateswereApril27andJune26,2000,respectively;theoperationfinishedtendays  aheadofschedule.dB  ԍ[10,pagev,R1]C  d  DuringNRFU,enumeratorsvisitedeachnonrespondingunittodetermineitsoccupancystatus X  asofCensusDay.TheCensusDaystatuswasoneofthreepossibleconditions:occupied, D! vacantornonexistent(delete).Basedonstatus,enumeratorscompletedtheapplicableitems 0"  ontheappropriate(shortorlongform)questionnaire.Aftertherequirednumberofsix #l! attempts,ifanenumeratorcouldnotcontactahouseholdmemberatthefollowupaddressby $X" eitherpersonalvisitorphone,theenumeratorattemptedtoobtainCensusDaystatusofthe $D # addressfromaknowledgeablenonhousehold(proxy)respondent.dB  ԍ[10,pages23,R2]C  dB  C  B  C  Therewere42.4million %0!$ dB  ԍ[10,page21,R3]C  dB  C  housingunitsand80.7milliondB  ԍ[10,page21,R4]C  dB  C  peopleenumeratedinNonresponseFollowup.Nonresponse &"% Followupenumeratedahigherpercentagethanwereselfenumeratedofmales,youngpeople '#& (34yearsoldoryounger),Hispanics,andpeopleofallracesexceptWhites.dB  ԍ[10,pagevi,R5]C  dB  C  (Moul,2002)XX< (#' #X<X[m#Duringtheenumerationphase,ifenumeratorscameacrossanyunitsthatwerenotontheir *%) addresslistingXX<,#X<X0n#Ԁtheyhadtheabilitytoaddthehousingunits.Therewere348,584dB  ԍ[11,pageB Z 2,line27+pageC2,line27]C  dhousingunits +&* addedbytheNRFUoperationstateside;276,485dB  ԍ[11,pageB2,line27]]C  dhadafinalstatusofoccupiedand72,099dB  ԍ[11,pageC2,line27]C  dhad ,'+ 8OY 8 8  afinalstatusofvacant.Theassociatedpopulationcountwas662,284B  ԍd[11,pageH2,line D 19]]C  dpersons.TheseXX<Ԁ#X<X q# NRFU  AddswereobtainedfromtheLocalCensusOfficeProfileforCensus2000(H.9)TablesB,C  andH(Imel,2003)andareconsistentwithdatainthetopicreportResponseRatesand  BehaviorAnalysis(Treat,2003).Theseaddswereidentifiedbythesourceofreturnvariable  (RSOURCE)ontheDecennialResponseFileStage2.  4.8NonresponseFollowupWholeHouseholdUsualHomeElsewhereProbedB  [Document12]C  d J  TheWholeHouseholdUsualHomeElsewhere(WHUHE)probeisaquestionnairecoverage " r  improvementoperationusedtodetermineifallmembersofahouseholdhadanotherresidence ^  (onCensusDay)wheretheylivedmostofthetime.TheWHUHEprobewasaddedtothe J  Census2000designasapossiblewaytoimprovethecoverageofpersonswithmultiple 6  addresses.Thisprobewasaccomplishedbyaskingasetofscreeningquestionsfromthe "  enumeratorquestionnaire.DuringNonresponseFollowupandCoverageImprovement   Followup,andaspartoftheList/EnumerateandUpdate/Enumerateoperations,respondents   wereaskedwhetherornottheaddresswasaseasonalorvacationhome.Ifitwasaseasonalor  vacationhome,theenumeratorreportedtheunitas vacantusualhomeelsewhereontheback  ofthelabeledenumeratorquestionnaireandcompletedablankunlabeledquestionnaireforthe n  usualresidenceorCensusDayaddress.Ifallhouseholdmembershadanotherresidence Z wheretheylivedmostofthetime,theenumeratorscollectedcensusdataforallhousehold F membersfortheir usualresidenceorCensusDayaddress. 2 Therewere113,807dB  ԍ[12,page6,R1]C  dquestionnairescompletedbycensusenumeratorsforthepointofcontact  Z addressthatshouldhavegeneratedaWHUHEreturn;approximately80.0percentdB  ԍ[12,page6,R2]C  dofthesewere F fromNonresponseFollowup.Therewere110,902dB  ԍ[12,  page9,R3]C  dWHUHEaddressesenumeratedand 2 113,991dB  ԍ[12,page11,R4]C  ddatadefinedpersonsontheoccupiedWHUHEreturns.Approximately66.0percent  dB  ԍ[12,page11,R5]C  dofthesedatadefinedpersonswerefoundonotherforms.Atotalof29,302dB  ԍ[12,page11,R6]C  dpersonsenumerated   onWHUHEreturnswerecountedintheCensusandwouldnothavebeencountedotherwise.  (ViatorandAlberti,2003)  4.9CoverageEditFollowup(CEFU)dB  ԍ[Document13]C  d V"  TheCoverageEditFollowupforCensus2000wasatelephoneoperationusedtoimprove .$~" withinhouseholdcoverageandimprovedataqualityintwoways.First,itwasusedtocollect %j # persondataforallpersonsbeyondthefirstsixinlargehouseholds.(Therewasspaceto &V!$ enumerateonlysixpeopleonthemailbackCensusform.)Second,itresolvedcount &B"% discrepanciesbetweenthereportedhouseholdpopulationcountandtheactualnumberofdata '.#& definedpersonsrecordedonthecensusform.dB  ԍ[13,page2,R1]C  d ($'  S  Callsweremadesevendaysaweekfrom8a.m.to10p.m.localtime.Amaximumnumberof *%) twelvecalls,madeatdifferenttimesandondifferentdaysoftheweek,weremadetoeachcase. +&* SixofthetwelvecallshadtobemadeontheweekenddB  ԍ[13,page21,R2]C  d.Ninecoverageprobequestionswere z,'+ askedofeachrespondent.ThemainreasonforcasesnotbeingcompletedwastheCensus  Bureausinabilitytogetvalidtelephonenumbers.Therewasnofieldvisitorenumerator  followupfortheapproximately885,000CoverageEditcasesthatwerenotresolvedoverthe  telephonedB  ԍ[13,page26,R3]C  d.TheactualstartandfinishdatesfortheoperationwereMay8andAugust13,2000, t respectivelydB  ԍ[13,page5,R4]C  d. ` Therewere2,599,484dB  ԍ[13,page11,R5]C  dtotalcasesselectedforCEFUfromtheCensus2000mailbackand 8  Internetforms.Enumeratorforms(usedforNRFU,CIFU,andU/E)werenoteligiblefor $ t CEFUdB  ԍ[13,page2,R1]C  dsincethesequestionnairescontainedcoveragequestionsdesignedtoensurethe  ` householdrosterwascorrect,allowedenumeratorstocollectdataforlargehouseholdson  L  continuationforms,andcountdiscrepancieswereresolvedbyfieldstaffbeforetheformswere  8  checkedinB  d.C  d $  OfthecasesselectedforCEFU,2,544,072dB  ԍ[13,page11,R6]dwereC  eligiblecasesandalmost97percentofthesewere   distributedtothethirteencallcentersforinterviewing.WeseeinTable5thatlargehousehold   casesaccountedforapproximately55percentoftheCEFUcasesandcountdiscrepancycases   madeuptheremaining45percent. p  S Table5.CoverageEditWorkloadofEligibleCasesby 4 ЀEditFailureType dB  ԍ[13,page15,R7]C  d $t * dFdIdd Idd dd #W$"", dd ,dd ,edd +  "WWdd "TypeofEditFailure 4WW#xWW 4Number =WW,!x3WW =Percent 4#!x3WW 4Total YHH hCA2544072hCAY2,544,072 sEH3 hCA2544072 hCA Y@100.0Y@100.0 OECH3 Y@100.0 Y@ OLargeHousehold C9 x K5A1395623K5AC1,395,623 mc6x3 K5A1395623 K5A 33333sK@54.933333sK@m54.9 FW53x3 33333sK@54.9 33333sK@ FCountDiscrepancy YWHHW !1A1148449!1AY1,148,449 WrEH 3 !1A1148449 !1AW ̌F@45.1̌F@45.1RHFH!3 ̌F@45.1  ̌F@W RTherewere152,683personsaddeddB  ԍ[13,page34,R8]C  dtohouseholdrostersand257,882personsremoveddB  ԍ[13,page34,R8]C  d(deleted  ($ orremovedasduplicates)throughCEFUB  d.C  dThustherewasanetcoveragelossof105,199 !% peopledB  ԍ[13,page34,R8]C  d.Theapproximately153thousandpersonsaddedweredisproportionatelychildrenand "& minorities;thealmost258thousanddeletedpersonswereprimarilycollegestudentsand #' personsatsecond/vacationhomes.(Sheppard,2003) $( Ѐ4.10CoverageImprovementFollowup(CIFU)dB  ԍ[Document14]C  d L'"+ CoverageImprovementFollowupwasanoperationdevelopedforCensus2000thatfollowed $)t$- NonresponseFollowup;itwasdesignedtoimprovecoverageofhousingunitsinthemailback *`%. areas.Themajorityoftheworkloadconsistedofunitsclassifiedasvacantordeletein *L&/ NonresponseFollowup,excludingunitsthatwereidentifiedasvacantordeletebytwocensus +8'0 operations,NRFUvacantunitsidentifiedasseasonalvacants,andNRFUvacant/deleteunits ,$(1 alsoidentifiedas undeliverableasaddressed.AdditionalcomponentsoftheCoverage  ImprovementFollowupworkloadincluded:dB  ԍ[14,pagev,R1]C  d  Ѐ" 3"   3e23  0 S   AddsfromtheNewConstructionProgram2 #  1       3e݌tS"S" Ќ  " 3"   323  0 S   NonrespondentsfromtheUpdate/LeaveandUrbanUpdate/LeaveAdds 3͖݌`S"S" Ќ  " 3"   323  0 S   BlankMailReturnsnotidentifiedduringNRFU 3×݌L S"S" Ќ  " 3"   323  0 S   LostMailReturns=, #  2      ׀ 3݌8 S"S" Ќ  " 3"   323  0 S   NonrespondentsfromtheResponseModeandIncentiveExperiment(RMIE) 3ՙ݌$ tS"S" Ќ  " 3"   323  0 S   FebruaryandApril2000DeliverySequenceFile(DSF)Adds 3К݌ `S"S" Ќ  " 3 "   323  0 S   LocalUpdateofCensusAddresses(LUCA)1998and1999Appeals 3݌ L S"S" Ќ  " 3 "   323  0 S   Hialeah,FloridaNonresponseFollowupunits 3݌ 8 S"S" Ќ  " 3 "   3f23  0 S   MiscellaneousunitssuchasPOP99s(unitsidentifiedasoccupiedduringNonresponse $  Followupthathadnopopulationcount)andResidualNonresponseFollowupunits. 3f݌ S"S" Ќ  TheCoverageImprovementFollowupoperationwasconductedinthreewavesasgroupsof   localcensusofficescompletedNonresponseFollowup.Theoperationofficiallybeganon p June26,2000andendedonAugust23,2000.B  d[14,pagev,R2]C  dTheCIFUoperationcontacted8.9million \ dB  ԍ[14,pagev,R1]C  dhousingunitsandenumerated5.3milliondB  ԍ[14,page18,R5]C  dpeople. H Table6,whichincludesPuertoRico,showsthatCoverageImprovementfollowedup3.9B  C    p milliondB  ԍ[Table6]C  dvacantunitsand2.6milliondB  ԍ[Table6]C  dunitstargetedfordeletion.Approximately21.9percentdB  ԍ[Table6]C  dof  \ thevacantswereconvertedtooccupiedand24.6percentdB  ԍ[Table6]C  dofthedeleteswereconvertedto H occupied.Theseconvertedunitsresultedinagainof3.1milliondB  ԍ[14,page18,R6]C  dpeople.Approximately18.1 4 percentofthedeleteswereconvertedtovacant;thefollowupofdeletedunitsresultedinthe   additionof1.1milliondB  ԍ[Table H 6,Occ+Vac]C  dhousingunitstoCensus2000.AlsoinTable6weseethatmorethan   88percentofthelostmailreturnsandapproximately81.2percentoftheblankmailreturns  yieldedvalid(occupiedorvacant)housingunits.Thehousingunit/personaddsforvacant,  deleted,newconstruction,DSFandothercomponentsshowninTable4donotinclude  PuertoRico. l Ї p XX<&  Table6.CoverageImprovementFollowupHousingUnitStatusbySource#X<X pM#aXX< 󀀀dB  ԍ[14,page11,Table5]C  d  */d d dd dd edd e"",rdd ,9dd ,dd ,9dd ,dd ,9dd ,dd ,9dd ,dd +  "W^^ " @WWW/)rW @  Ӏ  Total LWWW;5r WWW LD  CIFUFinalHousingUnitStatus 4*$ WWW 4    ,WW  ,Occupied DWW3$V"WW DVacant DWW3$V "WW DDelete 0&$V "WW 0Source &W J   &Number 9/!J  3W 9Percent ;W,!J  3 ;Number 6,!J 3W 6Percent ,WJ 3 ,Number 6,!J 3W 6Percent ,WJ 3 ,Number 6,!J 3W 6Percent %WWJ 3 %Total YWWWH WW d`A8854304d`AY8,854,304 WWsE 3 d`A8854304 d`AWWW Y@100.0Y@100.0 WWWsC 3 Y@100.0 Y@WW BA2375668BA2,375,668 WWrE 3 BA2375668 BAWWW :@26.8:@26.8 WWWrB 3 :@26.8 :@WW WMA3846067WMA3,846,067 WWrE 3 WMA3846067 WMAWWW 33333E@43.433333E@43.4 WWWrB 3 33333E@43.4 33333E@WW DA2632027DA2,632,027 WWrE 3 DA2632027 DAWWW 33333=@29.733333=@29.7 NDB 3 33333=@29.7 33333=@WW NVacant  . HW9  " CMA3927175CMAH3,927,175 }sE "3 CMA3927175 CMAW Y@100.0Y@}100.0 rWc4 "3 Y@100.0 Y@ b>*A859953b>*Ar859,953 {qD " 3 b>*A859953 b>*AW fffff5@21.9fffff5@{21.9 rWc3 "!3 fffff5@21.9 fffff5@ DA2687466DAr2,687,466 |rE ""3 DA2687466 DAW Q@68.4Q@|68.4 qWb3 "#3 Q@68.4 Q@ <)A379471<)Aq379,471 zpD "$3 <)A379471 <)AW ffffff#@9.7ffffff#@z9.7 >42 "%3 ffffff#@9.7 ffffff#@ >Delete  . HW9  f& CA2606520CAH2,606,520 }sE f'3 CA2606520 CAW Y@100.0Y@}100.0 rWc4 f(3 Y@100.0 Y@ `#A642480`#Ar642,480 {qD f)3 `#A642480 `#AW 8@24.68@{24.6 qWb3 f*3 8@24.6 8@ A471785Aq471,785 {qD f+3 A471785 AW 2@18.12@{18.1 rWc3 f,3 2@18.1 2@ V6A1492054V6Ar1,492,054 |rE f-3 V6A1492054 V6AW L@57.2L@|57.2 ?53 f.3 L@57.2 L@ ?NewConstruction  .^ ^  GW8 Z / A371812AG371,812 |rDZ 03 A371812 AW Y@100.0Y@|100.0 rWc4Z 13 Y@100.0 Y@ @100668@r100,668 {qDZ 23 @100668 @W ;@27.1;@{27.1 pWa3Z 33 ;@27.1 ;@ P&@74341P&@p74,341 zpCZ 43 P&@74341 P&@W 4@20.04@z20.0 qWb3Z 53 4@20.0 4@ A196792Aq196,792 {qDZ 63 A196792 AW 33333sJ@52.933333sJ@{52.9 ?53Z 73 33333sJ@52.9 33333sJ@ ?U/L&UU/LAdds  .  GW8  8 'A775055'AG775,055 |rD 93 'A775055 'AW Y@100.0Y@|100.0 rWc4 :3 Y@100.0 Y@ ^A350137^Ar350,137 {qD ;3 ^A350137 ^AW F@45.2F@{45.2 qWb3 <3 F@45.2 F@ A295924Aq295,924 {qD =3 A295924 AW C@38.2C@{38.2 qWb3 >3 C@38.2 C@ `}@128982`}@q128,982 {qD ?3 `}@128982 `}@W 0@16.60@{16.6 ?53 @3 0@16.6 0@ ?LostMailReturns  .Z Z  FW7 2 A  @65281 @F65,281 {qC2 B3  @65281  @W Y@100.0Y@{100.0 qWb42 C3 Y@100.0 Y@ `@50555`@q50,555 zpC2 D3 `@50555 `@W YS@77.4YS@z77.4 oW`32 E3 YS@77.4 YS@ @7187@o7,187 yoB2 F3 @7187 @W &@11.0&@y11.0 oW`32 G3 &@11.0 &@ o@7535o@o7,535 yoB2 H3 o@7535 o@W '@11.5'@y11.5 ?532 I3 '@11.5 '@ ?BlankMailReturns  .  GW8 &v J A475194AG475,194 |rD&v K3 A475194 AW Y@100.0Y@|100.0 rWc4&v L3 Y@100.0 Y@ )A140597)Ar140,597 {qD&v M3 )A140597 )AW =@29.6=@{29.6 qWb3&v N3 =@29.6 =@  A245079 Aq245,079 {qD&v O3  A245079  AW I@51.6I@{51.6 pWa3&v P3 I@51.6 I@ @89500@p89,500 zpC&v Q3 @89500 @W 2@18.82@z18.8 ?53&v R3 2@18.8 2@ ?RMIENonrespondents  . @  .  EW6 jS @5285@E5,285 zpBjT3 @5285 @W Y@100.0Y@z100.0 pWa4jU3 Y@100.0 Y@ R@2985R@p2,985 yoBjV3 R@2985 R@W @L@56.5@L@y56.5 oW`3jW3 @L@56.5 @L@ (@1418(@o1,418 yoBjX3 (@1418 (@W :@26.8:@y26.8 nW_3jY3 :@26.8 :@ @880@n880 xnAjZ3 @880 @W 333330@16.7333330@x16.7 ?53j[3 333330@16.7 333330@ ?Feb&AprDSFAdds  .` `  GW8 \ n A547383n AG547,383 |rD]3 n A547383 n AW Y@100.0Y@|100.0 rWc4^3 Y@100.0 Y@ OA174589OAr174,589 {qD_3 OA174589 OAW fffff?@31.9fffff?@{31.9 pWa3`3 fffff?@31.9 fffff?@ @52439@p52,439 yoCa3 @52439 @W 333333#@9.6333333#@y9.6 pWa2b3 333333#@9.6 333333#@ lA320347lAp320,347 {qDc3 lA320347 lAW @M@58.5@M@{58.5 ?53d3 @M@58.5 @M@ ?LUCA98&99 Be Appeals  . FW7 f @17178@F17,178 {qCh3 @17178 @W Y@100.0Y@{100.0 pWa4j3 Y@100.0 Y@ @5292@p5,292 yoBl3 @5292 @W >@30.8>@y30.8 nW_3n3 >@30.8 >@ @962@n962 wmAp3 @962 @W ffffff@5.6ffffff@w5.6 oW`2r3 ffffff@5.6 ffffff@ V@10924V@o10,924 zpCt3 V@10924 V@W O@63.6O@z63.6 ?53v3 O@63.6 O@ ?Hialeah  . FW7 6w ` @61547` @F61,547 {qC6x3 ` @61547 ` @W Y@100.0Y@{100.0 qWb46y3 Y@100.0 Y@ @47335@q47,335 zpC6z3 @47335 @W 9S@76.99S@z76.9 oW`36{3 9S@76.9 9S@ y@8947y@o8,947 yoB6|3 y@8947 y@W -@14.5-@y14.5 oW`36}3 -@14.5 -@ @5264@o5,264 xnB6~3 @5264 @W 333333!@8.6333333!@x8.6 EW4263 333333!@8.6 333333!@ EMiscellaneous  .xx VWWE*zW H@1874H@V1,874 WpB*z3 H@1874 H@WW Y@100.0Y@100.0 WWpC*z3 Y@100.0 Y@W Ԑ@1077Ԑ@1,077 WoB*z3 Ԑ@1077 Ԑ@WW L@57.5L@57.5 WWnB*z3 L@57.5 L@W 8@5198@519 WnA*z3 8@519 8@WW 33333;@27.733333;@27.7 WWnB*z3 33333;@27.7 33333;@W `q@278`q@278 WnA*z3 `q@278 `q@WW -@14.8-@14.8RHF*z3 -@14.8  -@W RNote:Thecolumnsdonotsumtothetotalcolumnbecausethetabledoesnotincludethe542housingunitsthathadafinal  Z statusofundeterminedattheendoftheCIFUoperation.   *ThenumbersinthistableincludePuertoRico. j 'l#X<Xa#LikeNonresponseFollowup,CoverageImprovementFollowupenumeratedahigher  percentagethantheselfenumeratedofthegroupsthataretypicallyundercounted,suchas  males,youngpeople(34yearsoldandyounger),Hispanics,andBlacksandSomeOtherRace.B  ԍ  Ўd[14,pagevi,R3]C  d  Table7showsthedistributionofHispanicoriginandRacefortheselfenumeratedpersonsand  thoseenumeratedinCIFUandNRFU.FormoreinformationontheCoverageImprovement z  Followupdemographics,seeMoul2003. f! Duringtheenumerationphase,ifenumeratorscameacrossanyunitsthatwerenotontheir ># addresslisting,theyhadtheabilitytoaddthehousingunits.Therewere103,592dB  ԍ[11,pageB2, ># line32+pageC2,line32]C  dhousingunits *$z addedbytheCIFUoperationstateside;75,965dB  ԍ[11, *$z pageB2,line32]C  dhadafinalstatusofoccupiedand27,627dB  ԍ[11,pageC2,line32]C  dhada %f  finalstatusofvacant.Theassociatedpopulationcountwas191,478dB  ԍ[11,pageH2,line24]C  dpersons.TheseXX<Ԁ#X<X"# CIFU &R! AddswereobtainedfromtheLocalCensusOfficeProfileforCensus2000(H.9)TablesB,C 'd" andH(Imel,2003)andareconsistentwiththedatashowninthetopicreportResponseRates (P# andBehaviorAnalysis(Treat,2003).Theseaddswereidentifiedbythesourceofreturn (<$ variable(RSOURCE)ontheDecennialResponseFileStage2. )(%  ,' Їp XX<Table7.HispanicOriginandRaceCharacteristicsoftheCIFU,NRFUandSelfenumeratedHouseholds  #X<X pL#*.3d drdd r9dd 9dd 9dd 9dd 9dd 9dd 9dd 9dd /"",dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,edd ,dd +  Wtt p XX< 8WWW'(W 8CIFUenumerated DWWW3$("WWW DNRFUenumerated DWWW3$("WWW DSelfenumerated 7W&$("WWW 7 4WW#0W 4  Number =W,!0#WW =fPercent =WW,!03W =  Number =W,!0 #WW = Percent =WW,!0 3W =  Number =W,!0 #WW =Percent ;W*!0 3W ; HispanicOrigin dB  ԍ[14,page21,Table20]C  d *  W *ЀNotHispanic  .O O  ZWK 2 @8PA4349153@8PAZ4,349,153 uE 23 @8PA4349153 @8PAW T@82.5T@82.5 WvB 23 T@82.5 T@ ؋A66187643؋A 66,187,643 vF 23 ؋A66187643 ؋A W T@82.0T@82.0 WwB 23 T@82.0 T@ @A 166950304@A166,950,304 wG 23 @A 166950304 @AW 33333V@88.333333V@88.3 QGB 23 33333V@88.3 33333V@ QЀHispanic  .++ YWJ:   ,A921454,A Y921,454 ~tD: 3 ,A921454 ,A W 1@17.51@ ~17.5 WvB: 3 1@17.5 1@  CkA14547485CkA14,547,485 vF: 3 CkA14547485 CkAW 2@18.02@ 18.0 WvB: 3 2@18.0 2@  +%uA22172351+%uA 22,172,351 vF: 3 +%uA22172351 +%uA W ffffff'@11.7ffffff'@11.7 YWWHB: 3 ffffff'@11.7 ffffff'@ Y RaceCharacteristics dB  ԍ[14,page21,Table21]C  d ' WW 'ЀWhite  .ss HW9  8  ՐLA3744171ՐLAH3,744,171 |rE 8 3 ՐLA3744171 ՐLAW Q@71.0Q@|71.0 sWd3 8 3 Q@71.0 Q@ x)މA54248751x)މAs54,248,751 }sF 8 3 x)މA54248751 x)މAW P@67.2P@}67.2 tWe3 8 !3 P@67.2 P@ v@A 151560251v@At151,560,251 ~tG 8 "3 v@A 151560251 v@AW fffffT@80.1fffffT@~80.1 ?53 8 #3 fffffT@80.1 fffffT@ ?ЀBlack  .aa GW8 @ $ V+A895754V+AG895,754 {qD@ %3 V+A895754 V+AW 1@17.01@{17.0 sWd3@ &3 1@17.0 1@ `kA14573315`kAs14,573,315 }sF@ '3 `kA14573315 `kAW 2@18.12@}18.1 sWd3@ (3 2@18.1 2@ PqA18828965PqAs18,828,965 }sF@ )3 PqA18828965 PqAW $@10.0$@}10.0 ?53@ *3 $@10.0 $@ ?ЀAmericanIndian/  + AlaskanNative  ._ _  FW7 \ , `y@50123`y@F50,123 yoC\ .3 `y@50123 `y@W ?1.0?y1.0 pWa2\ 03 ?1.0 ? R-A970025R-Ap970,025 zpD\ 23 R-A970025 R-AW 333333?1.2333333?z1.2 qWb2\ 43 333333?1.2 333333? >A2017678>Aq2,017,678 {qE\ 63 >A2017678 >AW ?1.1?{1.1 >42\ 83 ?1.1 ? >ЀAsian  .]] GW8 9 tA175744tAG175,744 zpD:3 tA175744 tAW ffffff @3.3ffffff @z3.3 qWb2;3 ffffff @3.3 ffffff @ @JA3515009@JAq3,515,009 {qE<3 @JA3515009 @JAW @4.4@{4.4 qWb2=3 @4.4 @ u2[A7129558u2[Aq7,129,558 {qE>3 u2[A7129558 u2[AW ffffff@3.8ffffff@{3.8 >42?3 ffffff@3.8 ffffff@ >#X<X p#p XX<ԀNativeHawaiian/  \@ OtherPacificIslander  .  ! FW7  A @12645@F12,645 yoC C3 @12645 @W ?0.2?y0.2 pWa2 E3 ?0.2 ? UA267640UAp267,640 zpD G3 UA267640 UAW 333333?0.3333333?z0.3 pWa2 I3 333333?0.3 333333? A311233Ap311,233 zpD K3 A311233 AW ?0.2?z0.2 Ej42 M3 ?0.2 ? E#X<X p?#p XX<ԀSomeOtherRace  .o o  XWjG(xNj A392170AX392,170 jpD(xO3 A392170 AWj @7.4@7.4 WjqA(xP3 @7.4 @j P[A7160388P[A7,160,388 jqE(xQ3 P[A7160388 P[AWj !@8.9!@8.9 WjqA(xR3 !@8.9 !@j @˰aA9274970@˰aA9,274,970 jqE(xS3 @˰aA9274970 @˰aAWj @4.9@4.9 TWCA(xT3 @4.9 @j T#X<X p#p XX<TotalPeopleEnumerated  . " YWWHUW TA5270607TAY5,270,607 WsEV3 TA5270607 TAWW Y@100.0Y@100.0 WWtCW3 Y@100.0 Y@W `?A80735128`?A80,735,128 WtFX3 `?A80735128 `?AWW Y@100.0Y@100.0 WWuCY3 Y@100.0 Y@W A 189122655A189,122,655 WuGZ3 A 189122655 AWW Y@100.0Y@100.0SIG[3 Y@100.0 Y@W S#X<X p #4.11TransientNight(TNight)EnumerationdB  ԍ[Document15]C  XX<d L] #X<X#Locationssuchasrecreationalvehicle(RV)parks,campgrounds,marinas,racetracks,fairsand $t_ carnivalswereknownastransientlocationssincepersonslivingorstayingthereonCensus `` Daywerenotlikelytobeatthatlocationyearround.Personsattheselocationswere La enumeratedduringtheTNightoperationiftheyindicatedtheyhadnootherusualhome.At 8b RVparks,marinasandcampgroundstheobjectwastoenumeratepersonswhoprimarilylived $c inRVsandhouseboatsorothermobileortemporaryhousing.Atracetracks,fairsandcarnivals  d thepopulationbeingenumeratedwastheresidentworkforce.B  d[15,page11,R1]C  d !e Housingunitquestionnaireswereusedtoenumeratethesepeople.Enumeratorswere #g instructedtowriteatwodigitcodeinaboxonthehousingunitquestionnairetoidentifyitasa p$h questionnairefromaTNightlocation.dB  ԍ[15,page11,R2]C  dAtotalof87,338dB  ԍ[15,page41, `% i R3]C  dhousingunitrecordswereidentified \% i asTNightrecords.Itwasnecessarytoimputethehousingunitstatus(occupied,vacant,or H&!j delete)ofmorethanhalfoftheTNighthousingunitstheCensusBureauwasabletoidentify. 4'"k ThetimingoftheDecennialMasterAddressFileupdatepreventedthedatacapturedrecords  (p#l for54,992dB  ԍ[15,page42,R5]C  dTnighthousingunitsfrombeingincludedintheDecennialResponseFile(DRF).  )\$m BecausethesehousingunitswerenotontheDRF,censusdatawereimputedfortheserecords. )H%n TheTNightpopulationwas127,766dB  ԍ[15,page41,R4]C  dpersons.Approximately63percentdB  ԍ[15, ,(q page43,R6]C  dofthesepersons + 'p wereenumeratedinfiveSunBeltstates:California,Nevada,Arizona,Texas,andFlorida; , (q approximately15percentdB  ԍ[15,page43,R7]C  dwerecountedintheNorthwestbothPacificandRockyMountain  Northwest,includingAlaska.(Jonas,2002)  4.12PrimarySelectionAlgorithm(PSA)XX<Ԁd#X<X#B  ԍ[Document16]C  XX<d ` #X<X~#TherewereseveralwaysinwhichtorespondtoCensus2000,includingmailingbacka ^  questionnaire,completingtheformontheInternet,usingaBeCountedform,andbeing J  enumeratedbyfieldoperationssuchasNonresponseFollowupandCoverageImprovement 6  Followup.Whilethesemethods,andothers,ofcollectingpopulationdatawereimplemented " r  withthedesireofobtainingamoreaccuratecensuscount,thevariousmethodsalsopresented ^  thepossibilityofreceivingmultipleresponsesforasinglecensusID(address).ThePrimary J  SelectionAlgorithm(PSA)wasthecomputerprogramdesignedtoresolvethereceiptof 6  multipleresponsesfromhousingunits.MajorfeaturesoftheCensus2000PSAdesign "  includedperformingpersonmatchingbetweenreturns,constructingPSAhouseholds,selecting   theprimaryPSAhouseholdandselectingadditionalpersonsforthecensushouseholdthatwere   notintheprimaryPSAhousehold.dB  ԍ[16,pagev]C  d  AllPSAhouseholdshadareturnthatwasdesignatedasthebasicreturn.Thebasicreturnwas n selectedbysequentiallyapplyingasetofcriteriatoallthereturnsthatmakeupthePSA Z householduntilonereturnwasselected.Thecriteriaweredifferentdependingonwhetherthe F PSAhouseholdwasoccupiedorvacant.dB  ԍ[16,pagevi]C  d 2 MostCensusIDs(90.5percentdB  ԍ[Table8below]C  d)hadonereturn.Lessthan10percentdB  ԍ[Table8 F below]C  dofallCensusIDswere  Z enumeratedbymorethanonereturn;mostofthesewereenumeratedbyonlytworeturns(see F Table8).TworeturnCensusIDsweremostoftenformedbytwoenumeratorreturns(suchas 2 NonresponseFollowupandCoverageImprovementFollowup)oronemailreturncombined  withoneenumeratorreturndB  ԍ[16,pages89]C  d.(Baumgardner,2002)    S  Table8.NumberofReturnsperCensusID dB  ԍ[16,page7,Table1C  B  ԍ]C  d  *&'` d didd dd dd dd dd Zdd edd .3"",` dd ,Fdd ,dd +  "WW   " 8WW' 6WW 8  Total 7&$ 6 #WW 71%  NumberofReturns 4#f"! 4%Number =,!f""3 =Percent -#!f"#3 -Onereturn E; #6$  aA 107305027 aAE107,305,027 pf8#6%3  aA 107305027  aA (\V@90.54(\V@p90.54 @64#6&3 (\V@90.54 (\V@ @Tworeturns D: f% ' J|dA10740311J|dAD10,740,311 nd7f% (3 J|dA10740311 J|dA Q"@9.06Q"@n9.06 ?53f% )3 Q"@9.06 Q"@ ?Threeormorereturns B8 &6"* A473635AB473,635 ka5&6"+3 A473635 A ?0.4?k0.4 EWW42&6",3 ?0.4 ? ETotal [WWJf(#-WW AA 118518973AA[118,518,973 WWuGf(#.3 AA 118518973 AAWW Y@100.0Y@100.0SIGf(#/3 Y@100.0  Y@WW SThePrimarySelectionAlgorithmwasoriginallycreatedtoselectonereturnfrommultiple n*%0 returnstorepresentanID/addressinthecensus.InCensus2000,however,thePrimary Z+&1 SelectionAlgorithmwasdesignedtoconsiderallreturnsand,amongotherthings,toperform F,'2 personmatchingbetweenmultiplereturnsandselectadditionalpersonsforacensushousehold  thatwerenotalreadyintheprimaryPSAhousehold.Asaresult,thePSAaddedatleast  513,413dB  ԍ[153,768+359,645]C  dpersonsanditdidsointwosituations.  First,whenthereweretwoormoreformsforanIDandoneofthoseformswasapartial ` householdBeCountedForm(meaningtherespondentindicatedthattheformwasnotintended L  toincludedeveryoneatthataddress)oraGQUHEform,andtherewerenopersonsin 8  commonamongtheforms,allpersonsontheBeCountedformorGQUHEformwere $ t includedatthatID.Therewere153,768dB  ԍ[16,page34,Table21]C  dpersonsaddedtothecensusat104,346dB  ԍ[16,page33,Table20]C  dIDs.  ` Second,therewere359,645dB  ԍ[16,page27,Table14]C  dcaseswherethePrimarySelectionAlgorithmconsideredtwo  8  formsforanIDwhereoneformwasthe basicformandthesecondformhadpersonsin $  commonwiththe basicform(butwasnotcompletelyredundant).Thusthesecondform   addedatleastoneadditionalpersontothecountforthatID.Theexactnumberofadded   personsfromthissourceisnotavailablebutisatleast359,645persons;thiscanbeconsidered   alowerboundofaddedpersonsforthissituation.   AlthoughthePSAaddedapproximately350,400dB  ԍ[3,page2,R1]C  dpersonsin1990and513,413dB  ԍ[153,768+359,645]C  dpersonsin2000, \ ithasthepotentialtoaddmanymoreinthefuture.In1990whenwereceivedmultipleforms H foragivenID,weselectedoneoftheformstorepresentthatIDinthecensus.Wedidnot 4 conductmatchingacrossformstoconstructahouseholdasthePSAdidin2000.The1990  p PSA,however,conductedasearchrelatedtothenonselectedformstodeterminewhetherthe  \ nonselectedpersonswerecountedinthecensus.Theywereaddedtothecensusiftheywere H notalreadycounted.Intheanalogoussituationin2000,whentwoformsforagivenIDdidnot 4 haveanyoneincommon,wediscardedoneoftheformswithoutadditionalsearchingoutsideof   theID.Thisisprobablybecausewehadalreadyconductedpersonmatchingandfeltthenon   selectedformresultedfromapostaldeliveryerrorandthepersonsonthenonselectedform  wereeitheralreadycountedinthecensusorelseanotherhouseholdwascountedasasurrogate.  Therewereapproximately1.1millionofthesecasesinCensus2000.Recommendationsection  6.6discussesthisissuefurtherasitrelatestofuturecensuses. l 4.13HousingUnitUnduplicationOperationdB  ԍ[Document17,18,19]C  d 0"  XX<#X<XH9#TheCensusBureausabilitytomatchnamesinCensus2000hadadramaticeffectin .$~" identifyingandeliminatingduplicatehousingunitsandduplicatepersons.Advancesindata %j # capturetechnologyallowedthecaptureofrespondentsnamesandthesubsequentmatchingof &V!$ thesenamestoassistinidentifyingduplicatehousingunits.Moreimportantly,thecapabilityto &B"% improveonthisabilitytounduplicatecreatesthepotentialtomakesubstantialreductionsin '.#& erroneousenumerationsinfuturecensuses. ($' Census2000containedsomeduplicationofhousingunitsbecauseoftheaddressbuilding *%) process.TheMasterAddressFile(MAF)developmentprocessforCensus2000was +&* considerablydifferentfromtheprocessusedinthe1990Census.Amajorimpetusfor_this z,'+ changewastheundercountsexperiencedinthe1990andearlierdecennialcensuses,nearlya  thirdofwhichwasattributedtoentirelymissedhousingunits.Amongtheresponsestothis  persistentpatternofdecennialcensusundercountswasaCongressionallysponsoredinitiative  calledtheCensusAddressListDevelopmentActof1994,PublicLaw103430.Thisact t requiredtheU.S.PostalServicetoprovide,andtheCensusBureautouse,theU.S.Postal ` ServicesDeliverySequenceFilealongwithaddressinformationfromlocalandtribal L  governmentstobuildtheCensus2000addresslist.TheCensusBureaualsoimplemented 8  severalfieldoperationsthatcanvassedthegroundforthepurposeofcreatinganaddresslist(in $ t list/enumerateandupdate/leaveareas)andupdatingtheaddresslist(in_mailout_/mailback  ` areas).Otherfieldoperationsweredesignedtoverifytheexistenceofspecifichousingunits.  L  Thus,theCensusBureaudevisedastrategyofredundancyusingavarietyofsourcesfor  8  addressestoovercomethehistoric_undercoverage_Ԁintheaddresslistforitsdecennialcensuses. $  Theirredundantaddresslistbuildingeffortsarebelievedtohaveresultedinverycomplete   coverageofthehousingunitinventoryofthenation.Usingmultiplesourcesofaddressesis   importantbecausepriorcensusexperienceshowedthateachcontributesuniqueinformationto   theprocess.GiventhattheCensus2000addresslistdevelopmentprocesswassusceptibleto   includingduplicatehousingunits,itwasdecidedthataprocessneededtobeimplementedto p identifyandremoveduplicatehousingunitsthatstillremainedonthedecennialfileafterall \ datacollectionactivitieshadbeencompleted.Hence,theHousingUnitUnduplication H Operationwasdevelopedasanadhoc_interdivisional_Ԁeffort.dB  ԍ[17,pages12]C  d 4 Phase1oftheprogramconsistedofidentifyingpotentialduplicatesbyperformingboth  \ addresslevelandpersonlevelmatching.Asmallnumberofduplicateswasalsoidentified H duringthe_misallocation_/blocksplitoperations.Phase1activitiesyielded2,645,387matched 4 pairsofpotentialaddressduplicates.Foreachclusterofmatched_MAF_Ԁ_IDs_,one_MAF_ԀIDwas   retainedintheCensus,whiletheremaining_MAF_Ԁ_IDs_Ԁ(2,411,743ofthem)wereflaggedfor   potentialdeletion.Theseflaggedcasesweretemporarilydisregardedfromfurthercensus  processinguntiltheirfinalhousingunitstatuswasdetermined.dB  ԍ[18,page1,R1]C  d  XX<#X<XkJ#Phase2oftheprogramidentifiedwhichofthe2.4million_MAF_Ԁ_IDs_Ԁflaggedforpotential  deletionwouldbereinstatedandthusincludedinthefinalcensuscounts._MAF_Ԁ_IDs_Ԁwere ~  reinstatediftheywerenotlikelytorepresentduplicatehousingunitsbutreflectedother j! situationssuchasmoverhouseholdsorinstancesofquestionnaire_misdelivery_.After V"  substantialresearch,rulesweredevelopedtoclassify_MAF_Ԁ_IDs_Ԁorhousingunitsaseither B#! reinstatedordeleted(andremovedfromthefinalcensuscounts).dB  ԍ[18,page1,R2]C  dBecauseoftheneedfor .$~" completecoverage,thedeterminationtodeleteanaddresswasbasedonconservativerules. %j # Thatis,itfavoredretainingunitsunlesstherewasahighprobabilityofmatching.(Nash, &V!$ 2000aand2000b) &B"% Theresultsfromapplyingtheruleswastoreinstate1,019,057(42.0percent)dB  ԍ[18,page1, +&* R2]C  d_MAF_Ԁ_IDs_/housing ($' unitsandtodelete1,392,686(58.0percent)dB  ԍ[18,page1,R2]C  dhousingunitsor3,643,970dB  ԍ[19,page2,R1]C  dduplicateperson )%( records.StatesidetheCensusBureaureinstated1,002,951dB  ԍ[19,page2,R2]C  d_MAF_Ԁ_IDs_/housingunitsanddeleted *%) 1,371,320dB  ԍ[19,page  2,R3]C  dhousingunitsor3,572,799dB  ԍ[19,page2,R4]C  dduplicatepersonrecords.(Treat,2002)Althoughthere +&* wasroomforerrorinthefinaldeterminationtoreinstateordeleteapotentialduplicate,overall z,'+ theUnduplicationOperationvastlyimprovedenumerationaccuracy.XX<   #X<XS#4.14CoverageGainsfromCoverageQuestionsC1andC2onEnumeratorCompleted  QuestionnairesforCensus2000XX<Ԁd#X<XT#B  ԍ[Document20]C  XX<d  #X<XT#Census2000coverageimprovementoperationswereintendedtoimprovethecoverageof   groupsusuallyunderrepresentedintheCensus.Inthe1990Census,enumeratorsbegantheir   interviewwithanexplanationofwhoshouldbeincludedasresidentsofthehousehold.This   procedurewaschangedforCensus2000tofacilitateaneasierinterview.Enumeratorsnow n   beganbyaskinghowmanypeoplewerelivingorstayinginthehousingunitonCensusDay. Z  Aftercollectingtheappropriatepersonandhousingunitinformation,theenumeratoraskedtwo F  coveragequestionswhichweredesignedtogetanaccurateenumerationofallhousingunits. 2  Thefirstquestion(C1)askediftheenumeratormissedanyonewhoshouldhavebeencounted n  attherespondentshousingunit.Thesecondquestion(C2)askedifanyonelistedontheform  Z  shouldhavebeencountedelsewhere.dB  ԍ[20,pages12]C  d F XX<#X<XY#Therewasatotalof46.9milliondB  ԍ[20,page6,R1]C  denumeratorreturnsand311,286dB  ԍ[20,page6,  R2]C  dofthesereturnshadquestion D C1marked yesand204,688dB  ԍ[20,page9,R3]C  dhadquestionC2marked yes.Only21.8percentdB  ԍ[20,pagevi,R4]C  dofthereturns 0 thathad yesmarkedforC1alsohadthe addboxmarked;approximately43.4percentdB  ԍ[20,pagevi,R4]C  dof  thereturnsthathad yesmarkedforC2alsohadthe cancelboxmarked.Withoutthe add  or cancelboxesmarked,wecouldnottellwhichpeopletoaddordelete.Thislackof  informationmakesitdifficulttogetanaccurateaccountofthepeoplewhoweremissedor  includedinerror.Therefore,thefollowingnumbersshouldbeconsideredlowerboundsof | peopleaddedordeletedasaresultofthesecoveragequestions. h Basedonthereturnswiththecoveragequestion(C1orC2)marked yesandthe @ corresponding addor cancelboxmarked,weadded77,050peopledB  ԍ[20,pagevi,R5]C  danddeleted83,160dB  ԍ[20,pagevi,R5]C  d;the ,| netresultforthesecaseswasthedeletionof6,110people.Amongthepeoplerecordedasadds, h weshowedhigherpercentagesthantheselfenumeratedinthetraditionallyundercounted  T groupssuchasnonWhites,youngpeople(24yearsoldoryounger),malesandrentersXX<.  @ #X<Xa#(_Zelenak_ԀandNguyen,2003) "R XX<#X<Xa#4.15CountImputationdB  ԍ[Document21]C  d %b " TheCensusBureauusedcountimputationinCensus2000asithasinseveralpriorcensusesto &:"$ addresstheproblemofmissing,incomplete,andcontradictorydata.TheCensusBureauused '&#% countimputationforthreecategoriesofcasesinCensus2000:householdsizeimputation, ($& occupancyimputationandstatusimputation.HouseholdSizeImputationoccurredwhenthe )$' CensusBureaurecordsindicatedthatthehousingunitwasoccupiedbuthadinsufficient *%( informationastothenumberofindividualsresidingintheunit.Occupancyimputation +&) occurredwhenCensusBureaurecordsindicatedthatahousingunitexistedbutdidnotprovide r,'* sufficientinformationtodefinitelyclassifyitaseitheroccupiedorvacant;thustheBureau  imputedstatusofoccupiedorvacant.StatusimputationoccurredwhentheCensusBureaus  recordshadinsufficientinformationaboutwhetheranaddressrepresentedavalid,non  duplicatedhousingunit.Forthesecase,theBureauimputedthestatusoftheunitaseither t occupied,vacant,ordelete.Forallunitsimputedasoccupied,thehouseholdsizewasalso ` imputed.dB  ԍ[21,pages12]C  d L  Atotalof620,650dB  ԍ[21,page2,R1]C  dhousingunitswereimputedintheCountImputationProcessand1,172,144 $ t persons,or0.42percentdB  ԍ[21,page1,R2]C  dofthetotalpopulation,wereaddedtotheapportionmentcountin  ` Census2000throughcountimputation.Whilethisratewasinlinewithearliercensuses(see  L  Figure1),itwashigherthantherateofcountimputationinthe1990Census.Accordingly,an  8  _interdivisional_Ԁteamwasestablishedtoinvestigateanddocumentthereasonsforthis $  occurrence.Theexplanationsastowhymorehousingunitswerehandledbytheimputation   processinCensus2000thanin1990varybycategoryofcountimputation.Formore   informationonthissubjectseeNash,2001.    -X/ XXX<Figure1:CountImputationRatesintheDecennialCensusdB  ԍ[21,page6]C  d -Ur X-X/ \ q\>=-)`~2 b  `EH  b?q H #Y-Urk#Ԁ#X<XYhl# "@  4.16PartnershipandMarketingProgramdB  ԍ[Document22]C  d <%  XX<#X<Xm#TheCensusBureauimplementedafivepronged,integratedmarketingstrategytopromote :'" Census2000.Twocomponentsofthestrategythepaidadvertisingcampaignandthe &(v# PartnershipProgramwerecollectivelyknownasthePartnershipandMarketingProgram. )b$ Thepaidadvertisingcampaigngeneratedawareness,educatedpeopleaboutCensus2000and )N% encouragedindividualstoreturntheirCensus2000forms.ThePartnershipProgram *:& encouragedmailresponsebypeoplewhowerenotpersuadedbydirectmail,advertising,or +&' otherpromotionmethods.dB  ԍ[22,page1]C  d ,( XX<#X<X%q#TheCensusBureaucontractedwiththeNationalOpinionResearchCenter(_NORC_)toevaluate  whetherornottheCensus2000PartnershipandMarketingProgramincreasedthepublics  awarenessofthecensusandincreasedmailbackresponserates,especiallyamonghistorically  undercountedpopulations.Toperformthistask,the_NORC_Ԁimplementedabefore(Fall1999),  during(Winter2000)andafter(Spring2000)researchdesignwiththreewavesof r  interviewing.Acrossthethreewaves,justunder10,000interviewsofAmericanhouseholds ^  werecompleted.Thestudyexaminedthepublicsrecallofeighteensourcesofcensus J  communications.Theseeighteensourceswerecombinedintotwocompositemeasures:mass 6  mediaandcommunitybasedcommunications.Sincetheeffectsofcensusmarketingand " r  partnershipactivitiesareconfoundedwithoneanother,itwasimpossiblefortheCensus2000 ^  PartnershipandMarketingProgramevaluationtomeasuretheireffectsseparately. J  XX<#X<Xgv#ThestudyfoundthatoverallawarenessofcommunicationsaboutCensus2000increased H  significantlyovertime.Therewassignificantevidencethatawarenessofbothtypesof 4  communicationswasgreateraftertheCensus2000PartnershipandMarketingProgramthan   beforetheonsetoftheprogram.Itappearstheprogramwaseffectiveforallsixtargeted   populationsinstimulatingawareness.  XX<#X<Xx#HigherawarenessofcommunicationsaboutCensus2000correlateswithagreaterlikelihoodor  intentionofreturningthecensusformforfiveofthetargetedpopulationsincludingHispanics,  nonHispanicBlacks,nonHispanicWhites,Asians,andNativeHawaiians;wewerenotableto ~ demonstratetheseeffectsfortheAmericanIndianpopulation. j XX<#X<Xz#However,theCensus2000PartnershipandMarketingProgramachievedmixedsuccessin h favorablyimpactingactualparticipationinthecensus.Thedatasupportaconclusionthat T censuscommunicationswerelesseffectivefortheotherlanguagespopulationthanforthe @ Englishpopulationandlesseffectiveforyoungeradultsthanforo_lder_Ԁadults.Community ,| basedcommunicationsweremoreeffectiveinreachingnonHispanicBlacksthannonHispanic h Whites.(_Wolter_Ԁetal,2002)dB  ԍ[22,pagesxixxxii]C  d  T AnimportantlimitationindevelopinganindepthunderstandingoftheCensus2000 !, PartnershipandMarketingProgramisinitsinherentinabilitytobeaccuratelyassessed. "  Researchtomeasuretheinfluenceofadvertisingandpartnershipintheyearsleadinguptothe #! decennialcensuscannottakeintoeffectthemostimportantrelevantelement:census $" environment.Anyimprovementincensuscoveragethatmightbeattributedtomarketingand % # advertisingisconfoundedwithmanyotherfactorssuchaschangesinallofthedecennial x&!$ operationsandprocedures,questionnairechanges,differencesinquestionnairecontactand d'"% implementationstrategy,theuniqueimplementationofcoverageimprovementoperations, P(#& etcetera.Wecanmeasureawarenessbutnotitsseparateeffectdecennialresponsewhichis <)$' correlatedtocoverage. (*x%( ThefactthatthemailreturnrateafterthecutforNonresponseFollowupincreasedinCensus ,P'* _2000overthe1990Censusisanindicationthatmarketingandadvertisingmayhavehadan  influenceonmailbackresponse.Inthe1990Census,theamountofmailbackresponsewe  measuredafterApril19wasabout1percentagepoint.Theanalogousamountofmailback  responsewemeasuredinCensus2000afterApril18was4.3percentagepoints.Unlikethe t advertisingcampaignof1990,thepaidadvertisingof2000continuedwellintothesummer. ` WhilethisisnotpresentedasproofofinfluenceontheCensus2000response,itisanindicator L  ofsuch. 8  4.17LocalCensusOfficeDeliveryOperationofQuestionnairesDeterminedUndeliverableAs  L  Addressed(UAA)bytheUnitedStatesPostalServiceXX<d#X<X#B  ԍ[Document23]C  XX<d  8  #X<X#TheUndeliverableAsAddressed/LocalCensusOffice(UAA/LCO)Deliveryoperationwasa  \  CensusBureauinitiativetoattempttoredistributecensusquestionnairesthattheUnitedStates H  PostalService(USPS)didnotdeliver.Thesequestionnaireswerenotdeliveredbecauseof 4  restrictionstheUSPShasonleavingmailundercertaincircumstances.Forexample,the   CensusBureaumayhavehadcitystyleaddressesforatownbutthetownreceiveditsmail   throughpostofficeboxesonly.ThustheUSPScouldnotuseouraddressinformationto  deliverthesequestionnairesandthereforesentthesequestionnairesbacktotheCensusBureau.  SincetheCensusBureauhadaddressesforthetown,theysuccessfullydeliveredthe  questionnaires.ThequestionnairestheUnitedStatesPostalServicecouldnotdeliverwere l designatedasundeliverableasaddressed(UAA).Frompreviouscensusexperience,weknow X therewereasubstantialnumberoftheseUAAsandthatahighpercentageofthesewere D occupied.ThustheCensusBureauwishedtoprovidequestionnairestoasmanyhouseholdsas 0 possibleforpotentialmailreturnandavoidcostlyenumeratorvisitstothehouseholdtoobtain l aninterview. X BetweenMarch13andMarch15,2000theUnitedStatesPostalServicedeliveredCensus 0 questionnairestohousingunitsinthemailout/mailbackareas.Therewere10,478,481dB  ԍ[23,page h#! 7,R1]C  d  questionnairesidentifiedasUAAbythePostalServiceand4,183,783dB  ԍ[23,page7, T$" R1]dwereC  senttotheUAA/LCO  Deliveryoperation.Approximately35.4percentdB  ԍ[23,page8, @% # R2]C  dofthe4.2millionUAAsweredelivered,   whichissignificantlylowerthantheCensusBureausgoalof66.0percentdB  ԍ[23,page8,R3]C  d.Ofthe1,480,212 ! dB  ԍ[23,page8,R2]C  dredeliveredUAAs,96.1percent(1,422,170)dB  ԍ[23,page9,R4]C  dweresenttotheNonresponseFollowupoperation |"  becausetheredistributedUAAquestionnaireswerenotmailedbackbeforethedeadlinefor h#! creatingenumeratorassignmentsfortheNonresponseFollowupoperation.Approximately T$" 78.5percentdB  ԍ[23,page9,R5]C  dofthosesenttoNonresponseFollowuprequiredcontact.Only @% # 17.6percentdB  ԍ[23,page9,R6]C  drequirednocontactinNonresponseFollowupbecausethemailbackformwas ,&|!$ received.(Letourneau,2003) 'h"% TheUAAredistributionoperation,asoriginallyconceived,seemedlikeaworthwhilemethod (@$' of1)significantlyreducingtheNonresponseFollowupworkloadand2)creatinggoodwillwith ),%( localcommunitieswherelargepocketsofpopulationweremissedintheoriginalmailout.The *&) UAAredistributionappearedtobeasuccessfultoolindealingwithlocalcommunitiesin +'* accomplishingthelatterobjective.However,asitwasactuallyimplementedwithothercensus ,'+ operations,theUAAredistributionwasnotsuccessfulintheformergoalfortworeasons:  1.Weredelivered1,480,212dB  ԍ[23,page8,R2]C  dquestionnairesatsomenontrivialeffortandexpenseandonly  reducedtheNonresponseFollowupworkloadby260,920dB  ԍ[23,page9,  8  R6]C  dcases. t 2.Therewasa twostrikerulefordeletingaddressesintheCensus.OnestrikewasaUAA L  andparticipationintheUAAredistributionoperationtookawaythatstrike.Asaresult,the 8  workloadoftheCoverageImprovementFollowupoperation,whichcameafterNonresponse $ t Followup,wasincreasedby573,112dB  ԍ[23,pagevi,R7]C  daddresses.ClearlytheUAAredistribution,as  ` implemented,wasnotoneoftheCensusBureausmostefficientoperationsinCensus2000.  L  (seeRecommendation6.4)  8     & L 5.CONCLUSIONS    5.1Census2000OperationsInfluencingCoverage H WhichCensus2000operationhadthegreatestinfluenceoncoverage?Althoughitisdifficult  p tomeasurethedirectinfluenceofanyoneoperation,thefollowingdiscussionincludesseveral  \ operationsfromCensus2000basedontheaddsanddeletesfromTable4. H 'L͘5.1.1TheCoverageImprovementFollowupoperationhadthelargesteffect.Overall,   5.3milliondB  ԍ[14,page18,R5]C  dpersonsand6.2milliondB  ԍ[14,page10,R6]C  dhousingunitswereenumeratedasaresultofthisoperation.   Thevacant/deletecheckaddedthemostpersonsandhousingunitswhileothercomponentsalso  addedsignificantnumbers.Inthefuture,thismaynotbethecaseiftheNonresponseFollowup  operationisexpandedtoincludetheCoverageImprovementFollowupworkload.Mobile  ComputingDevices(MCD)mayallowmuchmoreflexibilityinmodifyingenumerator l assignmentsandinapplyingrealtimeeditsduringNonresponseFollowup;thismightmake X  CoverageImprovementFollowuplessdesirableasaseparateoperation.Thefunctionsof D! CoverageImprovementFollowup,however,willcontinuetobeimportant.Followingup 0"  vacantordeletedunitswillcontinuetobeanimportantaspectofadecennialcensus. #l! 5.1.2TheHousingUnitUnduplicationOperationhadthenextlargestimpactoncoverage $D # improvement.Morethan3.6milliondB  ԍ[19,page2,R1]C  dpersonsand1.4milliondB  ԍ[19,page2,  R5]C  ddhousingdunitswereidentifiedand %0!$ removedduringthisoperation.Whilethisadhocoperationmaynotexistinfuturecensusesin &"% its2000form,wewillneedacomprehensiveunduplicationprogramforthe2010Census. '#& Researchandplanningwilldictatehowandwhenunduplicationwillbedone.Itcouldbedone (#' inthecreationoftheaddressframebeforethecensus,integratedintothedecennial )$( enumerationoperations,aftertheenumerationduringcensusprocessing,oritcouldtakeplace |*%) duringallthreeoftheseactivities. h+&*  T,'+ 5.1.3ThePrimarySelectionAlgorithmaddedatleast513,413B  ԍd[16,pages27&34,R1+R2]C  dpersonstoCensus2000but  holdsthepotentialtoaddmorepersons.Therewere1.1milliondB  ԍ[16,page32,R3]C  dtimesinCensus2000whenthe  PrimarySelectionAlgorithmidentifiedtwoseparateoccupiedformsforagivenID(address).  Matchingacrosstheformsshowednopersonsincommonandneitheroftheformswasa t partialhouseholdBeCountedformoraGQUHEform.Thusoneofthetwoformswas ` selectedinitsentiretytobeincludedinthecensusandtheotherformwasdiscardedinits L  entirety.The1990PSAaddedasubstantialnumberofpersonstothe1990Censusbyadding 8  personsfromthediscardedformsnotfoundduringtheSearch/Matchoperation.Therecould $ t beasimilarpayoffinthefuturethroughananalogousautomatedoperation.  ` 5.1.4TheCoverageEditFollowupoperationhadaninfluenceoncoveragebeyonditsnettotal  8  of105thousanddeletes;itadded153thousanddB  ԍ[13,page34,R8]C  dpersonsanddeleted258thousanddB  ԍ[13,page34,R8]C  dpersonsor $  influenced411thousanddB  ԍ[13,page34,R8]C  dtotaladdsanddeletes.Itwaslimitedtoonlythosecaseswherewe   couldcontactthehouseholdonthetelephonewhichwasjustmorethan50percentdB  ԍ[13,page26,R9]C  dofthetime.   Thustherewereabout1.1millionB  C  dB  ԍ[13,page20,R10]C  dhouseholdsthatwerenotcontactedbecausetheCensus   Bureaucouldnotreachthembytelephone.Iftheyconductedapersonalvisitfollowupofthese   cases,theCoverageEditFollowupmaynotonlycollectbetterdemographicdataforthese p householdsbutmayalsoappreciablyaffectthetotalcensuscountforthesehouseholds. \ 5.2Census2000OperationsInfluencingDifferentialCoverage  p Ѐ  \ SeveraloperationsfromCensus2000contributedadisproportionatenumberofaddsfrom H traditionallyundercountedpopulationssuchasminorities,males,rentersandchildren.The 4 censusoperationsthatcontributedmosttoreducingthedifferentialundercountwere:    S "CoverageImprovementFollowup   S "BeCountedCampaign0  ""  S "ServiceBasedEnumeration   S "CoverageEditFollowup l  S "Update/EnumerateOperation X   S "UrbanUpdate/LeaveOperation D! 5.3FutureCoverageImprovementDevelopment  $X"  Toassesstheoveralllevelofcoverageimprovementandtomakerecommendationsforfuture %0!$ coverageimprovementdevelopment,theCensusBureautraditionallyprovidestwomeasures: &"% onefromtheDemographicAnalysis,andonefromapostenumerationsurveyemployingdual '#& systemestimationmethodology,whichwastheAccuracyandCoverageEvaluation(A.C.E.)in (#' Census2000.UntilCensus2000,thetwoestimateshavebeenrelativelyclose.Forexample, )$( in1990theundercountestimatefromDemographicAnalysiswas1.8percentdB  ԍ[26,page7, $ t R1]C  dandtheDual |*%) SystemEstimationundercountwas1.6percentdB  ԍ[26,page7,R1]C  d.ForCensus2000thetwomethodsproduced h+&* estimatesthatdidnotsharetheconsistencyofthepast.Therefore,theCensusBureau T,'+ subsequentlymadeseveralrevisionstoeachmethodbasedonvaryingassumptions.Thefinal  estimatesannouncedinMarch2003wereanetundercountof0.1percentdB  ԍ[2,page4,R4]C  dfromDemographic  Analysisandanetovercountof0.5percentdB  ԍ[2,   page4,R5]C  dfromtheA.C.E.  Therehasconsistentlybeensubstantialundercountsinpastcensuses.InCensus2000, ` however,wemeasuredaslightundercountoramodestovercount,dependingonwhich L  estimateisusedtoassesstheoveralleffectivenessofthe2000coverageimprovementprogram. 8  Ifourultimategoalisa zeroundercount,thenthebalancebetweencoverageimprovement $ t programsandotherdecennialoperationsinCensus2000wasclosertooptimalthaninpast  ` censuses.  L  ЀBecauseofatechnologicaldevelopmentthatsurfacedlateinthecensusprocessing,itprobably $  doesnotmatterwhichestimateisusedtoassesscoverageormakerecommendationsforthe   future.Thatdevelopmentisournewabilitytoidentifyandremoveduplicatesfromthecensus.   Earlyversionsofthiswereappliedtothecensustoidentifyandremove3.6millionduplicate   personsfromthe2000Census(UnduplicationOperation).Thisabilitywasfurtherdeveloped   duringtheA.C.E.RevisionIIwork.Thusitappearsthatunduplicationhasthepotentialto p produceadramaticimpactonbothdecennialcoverageimprovementanddecennialcoverage \ measurementinthefuture. H Sowhatmightthismeanforthenextcensus?Ournewandimprovedabilitytoidentifyand  p removeduplicatesduringthecensuswillmorethancompensateforacontinuedaggressive  \ programofcoverageimprovement.Everwideningofthenetwillcapturemanyduplicatesbut H itwillalsocapturemanypotentialomissions.Ifourresearchduringthemiddecadeenablesus 4 tocorrectlyidentifyandremovetheseduplicates,the2010Censuswillhavesubstantiallyfewer   erroneousenumerations.Butunlesswecanidentifyandaddomissionscommensurately,we   willlikelybemovingbackintoaneraofcensusundercount.Withthisinmind,weproposethe  followingrecommendationstoimprovecoverageinthe2010Census.     6.RECOMMENDATIONS @h  @  @  @p  @  @   @x  @  @  #l!  6.1ImprovetheUnduplicationProcess $D #  Continuetheresearch(whichbeganinpreparationforthe2004CensusTest)toimprove &"% the unduplicationprocessthatwasemployedlateintheCensus2000production .This '#& researchshouldbefocusedonseveralareas: (#' " 3 "   323  0 S   Improvetheprocessofidentifyingandremovingduplicates .Theadhoc *%) unduplicationoperationconductedinCensus2000wascharacterizedbyhigherrorrates p+&* whichmaybedramaticallyreducedbyapplyingimproveddecisionmethodologyand \,'+ morerefinedmatchingtechniques.Ifwemadeaconcertedefforttodevelopand  thoroughlytestimprovedunduplicationmethods,wecouldeliminatealargeportionof  decennialduplicatesbeforeorduringcensusprocessing. 3݌S"S" Ќ  " 3 "   323  0 S   Learnmoreaboutthecausesoftheduplication .Althoughweknowthatsome ` nontrivialcomponentoftheduplicationcomesfromsuchsourcesascollegestudentsor P  jointcustodychildren,moreresearchisneededtorevealthecauseandnatureofmuch <  oftheotherduplication.(Otherduplicationmightcomefromsourcessuchasmultiple ( x responses,multiplesourcesinconstructingaddresslists,redundancyinenumerationor  d processingprocedures,postalmisdelivery,geocodingerrors,etcetera.)Whilewedo  P  notnecessarilyneedtoknowthecausesofduplicationtobeabletoidentifyandremove  <  duplicates,wedoneedtolearnthecausesofduplicationinordertodevelopastrategy (  toeffectivelyreducetheduplicationforthenextcensus.  3݌ S"S" Ќ  " 3"   323  0 S   Considerdevelopingtechniquestoestimategrosserroneousenumerations.    DevelopmethodologytomoreaccuratelyestimateDualSystemEstimation components   ofgrosserror,especiallygrosserroneousenumerations,ofwhichduplicationisthe x principalpart.Thiswouldgivedecennialplannersabetterestimateofduplicates.If d themeasureofthesecomponentsofgrosserrorwasavailablein realtime,thiscould P alsobeavaluablemonitoringandmanagementtoolforcensusmanagers.  3݌<S"S" Ќ  6.2 ContinueaStrategyofInclusion  P Continuetoemployastrategyofinclusionforcoverageimprovement .Pastcensuses ( containedmanyprogramsto widenthenettocapturehardtoenumeratepopulations.  AlthoughthatstrategycontributedtoanoverenumerationinCensus2000,thesamestrategyof  inclusionmaynotleadtoacensusovercountinthenextcensus.Newandimprovedmethods  toidentifyandremoveduplicatesduringthecensusmaymorethancompensatefora2000like  coverageimprovementprogram.Everwideningofthenetwillcapturemanyduplicates(most x ofwhichcanbeidentifiedandremoved)butitwillalsocapturemanypotentialomissions. d  Thiscombinationwillnotonlyleadtofewergrosserrorsinthecensus(amoreaccurate P! census)butisalsolikelytoleadusbackintoaneraofcensusundercount.Thisisbecauseof <"  ourdramaticallyimprovedabilitytoreduceerroneousenumerations(duplicates)butonly (#x! modestsuccessinreducingomissions.InspiteofovercountsinCensus2000,iffuture $d" undercountsappearlikely,theCensusBureaushouldbemoreaggressive,notless,in %P # implementingcoverageimprovementprogramsinthenextcensus.Thisstrategysuggeststhat %