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O  ? ? //? o  O  ?  o  _   //_ ?O/?߄  O?/!ߊOO/oτ?o ?OO?_  _? o?/_ ߄  OO?o?oO _?O  //o ?? 4߿%_V _@aD\߿m߿`Ͽ*Ͽ)Ͽ@\bi\Ooj_\_Poj?\?Q /jo[oQ_? j[Qoko[oQ??l/[/Sn?Z?S_ /noZ߁X߯oq !USUS.,  _TRX3'Avery 12-294/295 Laser TaX3' Letter3'Letter2-294/295 Laser TaX3'3'LetterT8Xdd8      H XXCensus2000Testing,Experimentation,  andEvaluationProgram#XX H #0 h 0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#XXSeptember25,2003#XX#:(#(#  @  @`  @  @  @h  @  @  @p  H XXAWY) xdVE#xA $t #XX H #a TopicReportSeries,No.7   m XX` $S `  DataProcessing  m inCensus2000 # ` ` $S#XX    UXXXXU H XUX  #UXXU H #UXUX#UXXU#U H XUXFINALREPORT#UXXU H `#U H XUX# H U H #U H  H  o # H U H ##XX H #Thistopicreportintegratesfindingsandprovidescontextandbackgroundforinterpretationof  resultsfromCensus2000evaluations,tests,andotherresearchundertakenbytheU.S.Census  Bureau.Itispartofabroadprogram,theCensus2000Testing,Experimentation,andEvaluation k program,designedtoassessCensus2000andtoinform2010Censusplanning.m XX W #XX m #UXXXXU H XUX# H U H i ##XX H #  H XXU H  H    @ 0 @` 0@ ` (#` (## H U H  ##XX H # H XXU H  H 0@ (# (#0@h(#(#0@h(#h(#Nicholas_Alberti_# H U H ##XX H #UXXXXU H XUX e%  6 AWY) xdME&xA &! #UXXU H #U H XUX  DecennialStatisticalStudies @ #UXXU H ##XXXUX # H XXU H  H Division &! #UXXU H  ##XXXUX: #kX" XXXkV  XkX"#kX" X kV ##XX XkX" #UXXXXU H XUXq^=-)`~0+Z d `(*EP+Z dZ d+ q (#(#  (#(# (#(#  (#(## H U H A##XX H f#bXXXXbXbX (#(#  (#(##bXXb# #XXXbX#UXXXX#f-("(#(# #   #XXXUX# TheCensus2000Testing,Experimentation,andEvaluationProgramprovidesmeasuresof  effectivenessfortheCensus2000design,operations,systems,andprocessesandprovides  informationonthevalueofnewordifferentmethodologies.Theresultsandrecommendations t fromtheseanalysesprovidevaluableinformationcrucialtoplanningthe2010Census.By ` providingmeasuresofhowwellCensus2000wasconducted,thisprogramfullysupportsthe L  CensusBureausstrategytointegratethe2010earlyplanningprocesswithongoingMaster 8  AddressFile/TIGERenhancementsandtheannualAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thepurpose $ t ofthereportthatfollowsistosynthesizeresultsfromCensus2000evaluations,experiments,and  ` otherassessmentsandtomakerecommendationsforplanningthe2010Census. ?+ ` hp x X?vXXXXCensus2000  L  Testing,Experimentation,andEvaluationreportsareavailableontheCensusBureausInternet  <  siteat:#XXXvX3#vXXXXhttp://www.census.gov/pred/www/#XXXvX#vXXXX.#XXXvXu#  (  _ TABLEOFCONTENTS   *X, XX*1.0  BACKGROUND#""J(#.\ \ (#(##1 t <X,` hXX, X<  1.10  Introduction#""J(#. (#(##1 ` 0  1.2DataProcessingBackground#""J(#.*(#(##1 L  2.0  METHODS#`"`"I(#. (#(##11 $ t 0  2.10(#(#DecennialManagementDivision(DMD)OperationalAssessments#."."H(#.J(#(##110@x(#(#  ` 0  2.20(#(#Census2000Evaluations#`"`"I(#.&(#(##11  L  3.0  LIMITATIONS#`"`"I(#. (#(##12 $  0  3.10(#(#GeneralLimitations#`"`"I(#.H H "(#(##12   0  3.20(#(#EvaluationL.2OperationalAnalysisoftheDecennialResponseFileLinkingand   SettingofHousingUnitStatusandExpectedHouseholdSize#`"`"I(#.**I(#(##12   0  3.30(#(#EvaluationL.4CensusUneditedFileCreation#`"`"I(#.=(#(##13   4.0  RESULTS#`"`"I(#.< < (#(##13 \ 0  4.10(#(#DecennialResponseFilePhase1(DRF1)#`"`"I(#.tt7(#(##13 H 0  4.20(#(#DecennialResponseFilePhase2(DRF2)#`"`"I(#.tt7(#(##15 4 0  4.30(#(#HundredPercentCensusUneditedFileforHousingUnits#`"`"I(#.E(#(##25  p 0  4.40(#(#NonIDAddressesProcessing#`"`"I(#.hh*(#(##270@h(#(#  \ 0  4.50(#(#GroupQuartersProcessing#`"`"I(#.xx((#(##29 H 5.0  CONCLUSIONS#`"`"I(#.L L (#(##31   0  5.10(#(#ProcessingSystemsDesignArchitecture#`"`"I(#.5(#(##31    0  5.20(#(#Development#`"`"I(#.n n (#(##32  0  5.30(#(#QAProcesses#`"`"I(#.b b (#(##33  0  5.4NonIDProcessing#`"`"I(#.  !(#(##33  0  5.50(#(#CountImputationofHousingUnitStatus#`"`"I(#.6(#(##34 l 0  5.60(#(#PrimarySelection#`"`"I(#. (#(##35 X  6.0  RECOMMENDATIONS#`"`"I(#. (#(##36 0"  REFERENCES`"`"I(#. 37  $X"    LISTOFTABLES   "BXhXX,` hXBTable1.0  NumberofResponseRecordsComprisingaReturn#`"`"I(#.>(#(##16 t Table2.0  HousingUnitStatusByTypeofReturn#`"`"I(#.5(#(##17 L  Table3.0  FormationofPSAHouseholdsatAddresseswithTwoReturns#`"`"I(#.88I(#(##22 $ t Table4.0  CombinationofReturnTypesforPSAHouseholdswithTwoReturns#`"`"I(#.ffO(#(##23  L  Table5.0  SourceofHousingUnitStatusforDMAFAddresses#`"`"I(#.@(#(##26 $         XXxw1.0 @ BACKGROUND   #XXo&#c& 1.10  Introduction(#(#  TheDataProcessingTopicReportprovidesasynthesisoftheresults,recommendationsand  lessonslearnedfromtheCensus2000postdatacapturedataprocessing.TheCensus2000 n incorporatedvariedmethodsofdatacollectionanddatacapture.Oncecensusdatawere Z  collectedandcapturedacollectionofinterdependentprocesseswereimplementedtoorganize F  andintegratethedata.Theseprocessesaccomplishedthetasksoforganizingandintegrating 2 r individualresponsestothecensus,editingandcodingdata,integratinggeographicdatawith  ^  censusresponsedata,identifyingandgeocodingaddressesaddedthroughenumerationactivities,  J  identifyingthebestdatatorepresenteachhouseholdandgroupquarters,determiningthefinal  6  CensushousinguniverseandultimatelytheCensuspopulationbasedonallavailabledata. "   1.20  DataProcessingBackground  (#(# 1.2.1  NonIDProcessing  MostoftheinformationinthissectioncomesfromMedina(2001). j Everyaddressinthecensushasauniqueidentifier,theMasterAddressFile(MAF)identification B (ID)number.ThisIDnumberisusedtolinkeachcensusresponsetoitsaddress.Mostcensus .n addressesareassignedanIDnumberpriortothecensusenumerationoperationsandmostcensus Z responseshadaMAFIDpreprintedonthequestionnaire.However,someoperationsgenerated F responseswithoutapreassignedMAFID.TheNonIDoperationattemptedtoassignaMAFID 2 tothoseresponses.  ResponserecordswithoutaMAFIDweredividedintothreegroups.Adescriptionofthese  groupsandtheNonIDprocessesfollows:  0  0(#(#TypeARecordsThisgroupincludedhousingunitaddressesforresponsesfromtheBe z Countedprogram,theTelephoneQuestionnaireAssistance(TQA)operationand f  ServiceBasedEnumeration(SBE)operation,UsualHomeElsewhere(UHE)s #  1      ׀addresses R!  providedonGroupQuarters(GQ)questionnaires(GQ/UHEaddresses)andUHE >"~! addressesprovidedonenumeratorquestionnaireresponsesinresponsetotheIn-Mover *#j" andWholeHouseholdUHEcoverageimprovementprobes.$V #(#(# 0  0(#(#TypeBRecordsThisgroupincludedresponses,fromtheBeCountedprogram,that %."% indicatedtherespondenthadnousualhomeonApril1,2000.Theseresponsescould &#& beincludedintheGQuniverseiftheGeographyDivision(GEO)identifiedtheLocal '$' CensusOffice(LCO)geographythatcontainedtheaddress.($((#(#  )%) xw x x  р0  0(#(#TypeCRecordsThisgroupincludedhousingunitaddressesthatwereaddedtothe  censusthroughtheUpdate/Leave(U/L),UrbanUpdate/Leave(UU/L),Nonresponse  Followup(NRFU),CoverageImprovementFollowup(CIFU),  Transient-night(T-night),orGQenumerationprograms.(#(# TheDecennialSystemsandContractsManagementOffice(DSCMO)identifiedtheNonID \ recordsandforwardedthemtotheGEOforprocessing.TheGEOprovidedaCensusIDnumber H  (MAFID)foreachaddressitcouldeithermatchorgeocode.ItupdatedtheMAFwithanynew 4 t housingunitaddressesfoundamongtheNonIDresponses.TheGEOforwardedtheresultsof  ` theNonIDprocesstotheDSCMOwhoaddedthenewaddressestotheDecennialMaster  L  AddressFile(DMAF).  8  TypeARecordProcessing   TheGEOconductedanautomatedmatchofcitystyle(i.e.,housenumberandstreetname)and   noncitystyleaddressestotheMAF.Italsocarriedoutanautomatedprocesstogeocodecity   styleaddressesthatcouldnotbematchedtotheMAFintheautomatedprocess.  TheGEOalsocarriedoutaninteractivetelephoneandcomputerassistedoperationinNational X ProcessingCenter(NPC)tomatchandgeocoderecordsthatcouldnotbematchedorgeocodedin D theautomatedprocesses.Iftheinitialattempttoclericallymatchorgeocodeanaddressfailed, 0p theaddresswascomparedtoacommercialdatabaseofaddressesinordertoobtainatelephone \ numberand/orcorrectanydeficienciesintheaddress.Ifappropriate,asecondattemptwasmade H toclericallymatchorgeocodetheaddressbasedonupdatedaddressinformation.Ifstill 4 unsuccessful,theclericalstaffusedthetelephonenumbertocontacttherespondentandcorrect   anyerrorsintheaddressinformation.Ifcorrectionsweremade,anotherattemptwasthenmade   tomatchorgeocodetheaddress.  Newaddresses(i.e.,thosenotmatchedtotheMAF)thatcouldbegeocodedwereaddedtothe  DecennialMasterAddressFile(DMAF).CensusplansspecifiedthatexistenceofnewTypeA | addressesaddedtotheDMAFthroughtheNonIDprocesswouldbeconfirmedbytheField h Verification(FV)operation.EnumeratorsvisitedthelocationofthenewaddressesintheFV T  operationtodeterminewhetherornottheaddressexistedasaCensushousingunitonApril1, @!  2000. ,"l! TypeBRecordProcessing $D # TheTypeBaddressesweregeocodedonlytothegeographicareaoftheLCOsinceonly %"% geographicinformationcollectedwastheplaceandcountywherethepersonwithoutausual &#& residencestayedonCensusDay.NewTypeBaddresslocationsgeocodedtotheLCOgeography '#' wereaddedtotheDMAF. ($(   )%) TypeCRecordProcessing  TheGEOassignedaMAFIDtoallTypeCaddresses.TheGEOattemptedtofirstmatchthe  addresstoanexistingaddressontheMAF.Ifnomatchwasfoundanditcouldbegeocodedthe t addresswasaddedtotheDMAF. ` 1.2.20  DecennialResponseFileProcessing8 (#(# TheDecennialResponseFile(DRF)processingmerged,organizedandeditedvariousdata  ` responsefilesproducedfromthepaperdatacaptureprocesses,andInternetandtelephonedata  L  collectionprocesses.EachresponseforaCensusaddresswasrepresentedontheDRFbya  8  returnlevelrecord(housingunitleveldata).TheDRFcontainedonepersonlevelrecordfor $  eachpersonreportedoncensusquestionnaireseachofwhichwaslinkedtotheappropriatereturn   levelrecord.Therecouldbemorethanoneresponseforanaddressandthusmorethanone   returnlevelrecordandassociatedsetofpersonlevelrecords.   TheDRFprocessingencompassedthefollowingmajortasks:mergingresponsedatafromthe p datacaptureoutputdatabaseswiththeDMAFtocreateaninitialdatabaseofinscoperesponses, \ reformattingandeditingtheinscoperesponsedata,assigningahousingunitstatustoeachreturn H levelrecordandselectingtheresponsedatathatwouldbeacceptedastheresponseforeach 4 addressinsubsequentprocessing.  p Allofthiswascarriedoutintwophases.Eachphaseisdiscussedinaseparatesectionbelow. H 1.2.2.10  DecennialResponseFilePhase1(DRF1) (#(# MuchoftheinformationinthissectioncomesfromFowler(2003).  TheDecennialResponseFilePhase1(DRF1)processincludedthefollowingfunctions:  <XX4 XXhX<0  04(#(#standardizingdataformatsX 4(#4(# 0  04(#(#mergingdatacaptureresponsedatawiththeDMAFtocreateaninitialfileofinscope D! responses0" 4(#4(# 0  04(#(#interfacingwiththeNonIDprocessandDMAFupdates.#l!4(#4(# 0  04(#(#interfacingwiththeAutomatedGeneralCodingoperationsandtheCoverageEdit $X" Followupoperation.$D #4(#4(# 0  04(#(#initialeditingoftheresponsedatatoblankillegalcharacters%0!$4(#4(# 0  04(#(#identifyingdatadefinedpersonrecords\ #  2      ׀andformattinggenerationalnamesuffixes&"%4(#4(#  '#& TheprimaryinputstotheDRF1processingweretheDecennialCaptureSystem2000(DCS2000)  outputfilesofdatacaptureresponserecordstransmittedtotheDSCMO.TheDRFinputfiles  alsoincludeddatafromtheautomatedTQAresponsefileandresponsedatareceivedviaInternet  responses.Thesefilescontainedrecordsfor82differenttypesofquestionnairesin15different t formats.Thedataonthesefileswerereformattedintoonestandardformatforallquestionnaire ` types.Thisprocesscreatedthenormalizeddatacapturefiles.Thenormalizeddatacapturefiles L  werethenmergedwiththeDMAF.TheproductofthismergewastheinitialDRF1,adatabase 8  consistingofacollectionof559filescontainingdataresponserecordsforcensushousingunits. $ t TherewasoneDRF1fileforeachLCO.Onlydataresponserecordsforaddressesrepresentedon  ` theDMAFatthetimeofthemergeoperationwereincludedontheDRF1.  L  1.2.2.20  DecennialResponseFilePhase2(DRF2)$ (#(# ЀMuchoftheinformationinthissectioncomesfromRosenthal(2003).   ThesecondstageoftheDRFprocessingconsistedofthefollowingsteps:   0  04(#(#reformattingdata\4(#4(# 0  04(#(#linkingresponserecords(e.g.,linkingresponserecordsrepresentingenumerator H formswiththoserepresentingthecorrespondingcontinuationforms)44(#4(# 0  04(#(#determiningthehousingunitstatusandhouseholdsizeimpliedbythedataoneach  p housingunitreturn \4(#4(# 0  04(#(#runningthePrimarySelectionAlgorithmprocesswhichselectedthemostappropriate H housingunitreturn(s)foreachaddress44(#4(# LinkingResponseRecords   Thelinkingofresponserecordsreferstotheprocessofcombiningresponserecordstoform  housingunitreturns.Eachhousingunitreturncouldbemadeupofoneormoreresponserecords  (i.e.,thedatacapturerecordsforcensusforms).Whenresponserecordswerelinked,the l resultinghousingunitreturnincludedthedemographicdataforallpersonsfromthelinked X  responserecords.Oneresponserecordwasidentifiedastheparentrecordwhichcontributedthe D! housingunitleveldatatothehousingunitreturnthatwasformed. 0"  ThislinkingcomponentoftheDRF2wasprimarilyaimedatlinkingtheresponserecordsforthe $X" SimplifiedEnumeratorQuestionnaire(FormsD1(E),D2(E))withtheresponserecordsfor $D # enumeratorcontinuationforms(FormsD1(E)SuppandD2(E)Supp).TheSimplified %0!$ EnumeratorQuestionnaireprovidedspacetolistdataforfivepersons.Atahouseholdwithsix &"% ormorepersons,anenumeratorusedacontinuationformtocompletetheenumerationof '#& personsinthehousehold. (#' ThecontrolinformationonthiscontinuationformidentifiedtheCensusaddressforwhichthe |*%) questionnairewasassociatedbutdidnotindicatetowhichquestionnaireitwasassociated.When h+&* therewasonlyoneresponseforanaddressthelinkingoftheresponserecordforenumerator  questionnairestotheresponserecordoftheappropriatecontinuationformwasasimplematter.  Whentherewereresponserecordsfortwoormoreenumeratorquestionnairesandoneormore  continuationformsthelinkingwasnottrivial.Weusedinformationaboutthehouseholdsize t reportedontheenumeratorquestionnairesandthenumberofpersonsenumeratedonthe ` continuationform(s)toidentifythemostlikelylinkagebetweenresponserecords. L  Wealsodesignedthelinkingprocesstohandlecaseswhereenumeratorsandmailrespondents $ t usedquestionnairesotherthanacontinuationformtocompletetheenumerationofalarge  ` householdandcaseswheretheenumeratorsusedthecontinuationformtocompletethe  L  enumerationbegunonamailreturn.Criteriasimilartothoseusedtolinkresponserecordsfor  8  enumeratorquestionnairestocontinuationformswereusedtolinkquestionnairesintheseother $  typesofcases.   WhentworesponserecordswerelinkedontheDRF2,thequestionnairetowhichthe   continuationformwaslinkedwasdesignatedastheparentrecord.Theresponserecordforthe   continuationformwasdeletedfromthefileandthecontrolinformationontheassociatedperson p recordswasupdatedsothatthepersonrecordswouldbeassociatedwiththeparentrecord. \ AssigningHousingUnitStatusandHouseholdSize 4 OncetheDRF2linkingprocesswascompleted,thehousingunitstatusandhouseholdsizeof  \ eachreturnwasassigned.Theinformationusedtoassignthehousingunitstatusandhousehold H sizeincludedthenumberofpersonsrecordsassociatedwithareturn,thenumberofnameslisted 4 inthequestionnaireroster,thehouseholdsizereportedbytherespondent,andtheoccupancy   statusandhouseholdsizesummaryinformationcompletedbyCensusenumerators.Thesedata   werecomparedwithinareturnforconsistencyandexaminedforsufficiency.  Ifthedataweresufficientandreasonablyconsistent,thehousingunitstatusandhouseholdsize  wereresolvedaccordingtoaprespecifiedsetofrules.Smallinconsistenciesinthedatawere l permittedaslongastherewasconvincingevidenceofthestatusandhouseholdsize.Ineach X  casethestatuswassupportedbymorethanoneoftheresponsedataitems.Forexample,the D! numberofpersonsenumeratedonamailreturncoulddifferfromthehouseholdsizereportedby 0"  therespondent.Thehousingunitisobviouslyoccupied.Ifinthiscase,thehouseholdsize #l! reportedbytherespondentwasfiveorless,thehouseholdsizeassignedwasthemaximumofthe $X" valuesindicatedbythequestionnaireresponsedata. $D # Eachreturnwasgivenoneofthefollowingsixoccupancystatuses:Occupied,Vacant,Delete, &"% Occupied/UnresolvedHouseholdSize,OccupancyStatusUnknownandStatusUndetermined. '#& TheOccupiedandVacantstatuseswereassignedwhenthereturnclearlyshowedthattheaddress )$( wasanoccupiedorvacanthousingunit.Ifthedataclearlyshowedthattheaddresswasnota |*%) Censushousingunitorwasnonexistent,theDeletestatuswasassigned. h+&* ЇEachhousingunitreturnassignedastatusofOccupiedwasassignedahouseholdsizebasedon  allavailableinformationincludingthetotalnumberofpersonrecordsassociatedwiththereturn,  thenumberofnamesonthequestionnaireroster,therespondentreportedhouseholdsize,andthe  householdsizereportedbyanenumeratorintheInterviewerSummarysectionoftheSimplified t EnumeratorQuestionnaire. ` Thelatterthreestatuseswereassignedwheneverthehousingunitreturncontainedinsufficientor 8  conflictingdataabouthousingunitstatus.Theyindicatethevariouslevelsofanunresolved $ t housingstatusand/orhouseholdsize.  ` 0  04(#(#OccupiedwithUnresolvedHouseholdSizeThisstatuswasassignedwheneverthe  8  responsedataindicatedtheaddresswasoccupiedbuttheinformationonhousehold $  sizewasinsufficient. 4(#4(# 0  04(#(#OccupancyStatusUnknownThisstatuswasassignedwhenevertheinformationon   householdstatusindicatedthattheaddresswasaCensushousingunitbutdueto   conflictsordeficienciesintheresponsedatawecouldnotdeterminewhetherornot p thehousingunitwasoccupiedorvacant.\4(#4(# 0  04(#(#StatusUndeterminedThisstatuswasassignedwheneverwecouldnotdetermine 4 whetherornottheaddresswasahousingunitbecausetheresponsedataprovided  p extremelyconflictinginformationorwereextremelydeficient. \4(#4(# PrimarySelectionAlgorithm 4 MostoftheinformationinthissectioncomesfromBaumgardner(2002)   ThePrimarySelectionAlgorithm(PSA)processwasdesignedtoresolvethereceiptofmultiple  responsestotheCensus2000foranindividualhousingunitaddress.Morethanoneresponse  couldbereceivedforanaddressbecausetherewereseveralwaystorespondtotheCensus2000. l Theseincludedrespondingviamail,respondingviatheInternetortelephone,completingaBCF, X  orbeingenumeratedbyacensusenumeratoraspartoftheListEnumerate(LE),theNRFU, D! CIFUorGQenumerationoperations. 0"  Itoperatedonhousingunitreturnsafterthehousingunitstatusandhouseholdsizewere $X" assigned.WhentheDRF2containedmultiplehousingunitreturnsforacensusaddress,thePSA $D # selectedthehousingunitreturn(s)alongwiththeassociatedtheset(s)ofpersonlevelrecordsthat %0!$ bestrepresentedthehouseholdatthataddress. &"% ThePSAformedPSAhouseholdsbycombininghousingunitreturnswhichrepresentedthesame (#' censushousehold.Whenmultiplereturnswerepresentforasingleaddress,thePSAmatchedthe )$( namesofhouseholdmembersacrossthereturns(withinanaddress)todeterminewhich |*%) responsesrepresentedthesamehousehold.Namesanddemographiccharacteristicswereusedto h+&* identifyduplicaterecordsforthesameperson.Thepresenceofduplicatehouseholdmembers  acrosstworeturnswasevidencethattwocensusresponseswerecompletedforthesame  household.Whenduplicatehouseholdmemberswereidentified,thetwohousingunitreturns  werecombinedtoformonePSAhousehold. t * XXX4 X*APSAhouseholdconsistedofjustonereturniftherewasonlyonereturnfortheaddressorifa L  returnhadnohouseholdmembersincommonwithanyotherreturnsattheaddress.Itconsisted 8  oftwoormorereturnsifmatchingpersonrecordswerefoundacrossthereturns.Allreturnswith $ t astatusofvacantwerecombinedtoformonePSAhousehold.  ` WhenaPSAhouseholdwasformedfromtwoormorereturns,oneofthereturnswasdesignated  8  astheBasicReturn.AllofthedataontheBasicReturnwereassociatedwiththePSAhousehold $  whileonlythedemographicdataforselectedhouseholdmembersfromtheotherreturn(s)were   associatedwiththePSAhouseholdinsubsequentdataprocessing.   OncethePSAhouseholdswereformed,selectioncriteriawereappliedtoallPSAhouseholdsat   anaddresstoidentifythemostappropriatePSAhouseholdtorepresenttheenumerationatthat p address.TheselectedPSAhouseholdwasdesignatedasthePrimaryPSAHousehold.Ateach \ address,personsfromquestionnaireswithaRespondentProvidedAddress(RPA)t #  3      ׀couldbe H addedtothePrimaryPSAHouseholdiftheywerenotmatchedintheearlierstepsofthePSA. 4 ThedatathatmadeupthePrimaryPSAHouseholdwerethenusedastheinputtotheHundred  p PercentCensusUneditedFile(HCUF)andothersubsequentdataprocessingactivities.  \ 1.2.30  HundredPercentCensusUneditedFileforHousingUnits4(#(# MuchoftheinformationinthissectioncomesfromJonas(2003).   Theprocessingofhousingunitdataandgroupquartersdatawasconductedindependentlyon  paralleltracks.TheHCUFprocessingofhousingunitdataisdiscussedbelow.Theprocessing  ofgroupquarterdataisdiscussedseparatelyinSection1.2.4,below.Oncebothprocesseswere l completed,thedatawerecombinedtoformthefinalHCUF. X  ThepreliminaryCensushousingunituniversewasdeterminedthroughtheHCUFprocess 0"  appliedtopotentialhousingunitaddressesontheDMAF.TheHCUFhousingunituniversewas #l! preliminarybecauseitcontainedrecordsrepresentingduplicatehousingunits.Potential $X" duplicateHCUFrecordswereidentifiedandretainedontheHCUF.Thefinaldetermineof $D # duplicaterecordswascompletedaftertheHCUFprocessing.Theduplicaterecordswere %0!$ subsequentlyremovedduringoftheprocessingoftheHundredPercentCensusEditedFile &"% (HCEF). '#&  )$( TheHCUFprocessforhousingunitdatabroughttogetherthedatafromtheDMAFandthe  DRF2.TheprocessdeterminedwhichaddressesontheDMAFrepresentedacensushousing  unit.Theoccupancystatusofeachhousingunitwasthenassignedandthesizeofthehousehold  ineachoccupiedunitwasdetermined. t Ѐ1.2.3.10  IdentifyingKillsL (#(# ThefirststepintheHCUFprocessingforhousingunitdatawastoidentifyaddressesonthe $ t DMAFthatdonotrepresentahousingunit.Theaddresseseliminatedfromthehousingunit  ` universeatthisstageofprocessingwerereferredtoasKills.ThedeterminationofKillswas  L  basedonsourceofaddresses,statusofaddressesintheU.S.PostalServiceDeliverySequence  8  Files,resultsoftheLocalUpdateofCensusAddresses(LUCA),thepostaldeliverystatusesand $  resultsoffieldaddresslistingandhousingunitenumerationoperations.   1.2.3.20  IntegratingtheDMAFandDRF2 (#(# ThenextstepintheHCUFprocesswastobringtogetherdatafortheremainingDMAF p addressesandDRF2data.Atthisstageoftheprocessoneofthefollowinghousingunitstatuses \ wasassignedtoeachaddressontheDMAF:Occupied,Vacant,Delete,Occupiedwith H UnresolvedHouseholdSize,OccupancyStatusUnknown,andStatusUnknown.Thesestatuses 4 correspondtothoseassignedtoindividualreturnsduringtheDRF2processing.Thelatterthree  p categoriesrepresentaddresseswithincompleteinformationonhousingstatusand/orhousehold  \ size. H Thesourceofthedatathatdeterminedthehousingstatusandhouseholdsizeofoccupiedunits   couldbethestatusandhouseholdsizeassignedtotheDRF2housingunitreturnselectedbythe   PSAasthePrimaryPSAHousehold,ortheresultsoftheNonresponseFollowup,theCoverage  ImprovementFollowuportheFieldVerificationFollowupoperationsasrecordedontheDMAF.  1.2.3.30  CountImputationl(#(# Thecountimputationprocessimputedthehousingstatusand/orhouseholdsizetoaddressesas D! necessaryinthenextstep.Imputationprocesseswereconductedindependentlyforthethree 0"  groupsofaddresseswithincompleteinformation. #l! 0  0` (#(#OccupiedwithUnresolvedHouseholdSize(HouseholdSizeImputation)A $D # householdsizeofoneorgreaterwasimputedtohousingunitsattheseaddresses. %0!$  ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#OccupancyStatusUnknown(OccupancyImputation)Ahousingunitstatusof '#& OccupiedorVacantwasimputedtotheseaddresses.AddressesintheOccupancy (#' StatusUnknowncategoryweredeterminedtoexistasahousingunitbutitcould )$( notbedeterminediftheunitwasoccupiedorvacant.Ahouseholdsizewas |*%) imputedtohouseholdsgivenanimputedstatusofOccupied.h+&*` (#` (# Ї0  0` (#(#StatusUnknown(StatusImputation)Theimputedstatusoftheseunitscouldbe  Occupied,VacantorDelete.StatusUnknownwasassignedwheneverwecould  notdeterminewhetherornottheaddressexistedasaCensushousingunitbecause  ofthelackofsufficientdata.Addressesassignedanimputedstatusofdeletewere t eliminatedfromtheHCUF.`` (#` (# Theimputationmethodusedtoimputehousingstatusandhouseholdsizetoaddressesfromeach 8  groupwasanearestneighborhotdeckimputationmethod.Donorhouseholdswereidentifiedfor $ t eachgroupfromamongtheaddresseswitharesolvedstatusandhouseholdsize.Thenearest  ` neighborhousingunitinthedonorpoolwasselectedtofillinthehousingstatusand/or  L  householdsizefortheaddresswithincompleteinformation.Theimputationforeachgroupwas  8  carriedoutindependentlywithineachLCO. $  1.2.3.40  DuplicateDeleteOperation (#(# ThefinalstepintheHCUFprocessforhousingunitswastheidentificationofduplicate   addresses.Theoperationstoidentifyduplicateaddressesweredesignedandconductedinthe p summerandfallof2000tocorrectapotentialovercountofhousingunits.Twoprimary \ methodswereusedtoidentifypotentialduplicateaddresses:1)addressmatchingbasedon H characteristicsoftheaddressderivedfromMAFdataand2)personmatchingbasedonnameand 4 dateofbirth.  p Theidentificationofduplicateaddresseswascarriedoutintwophasesinordertomeetthe H scheduleforAccuracyandCoverageEvaluation(A.C.E.).InPhase1aprovisionallistof 4 duplicateaddresseswasidentified.Inthisphase,addressandpersonmatchingwerecarriedout   independently.Matchingaddresseswerepaired.Addresseswithoneormoreexactperson   matchesandsimilarhouseholdswerepaired.AfteridentifyingKillsandaddressesgivenastatus  ofDelete,oneaddresswasselectedfromeachremainingpair.Theaddressesnotselectedwere  consideredprovisionaldeletions.  NoaddresseswereeliminatedfromtheHCUFasaresultofPhase1oftheduplicate X  identificationprocess.Phase2wasimplementedafterthecreationoftheHCUFandtheresults D! thatphasewereusedtoidentifywhichprovisionaldeletionsfromPhase1wouldberetainedon 0"  theHCEF.InPhase2additionalinformationonaddressmatchingandpersonmatchingwas #l! combinedtodecidewhichoftheprovisionaldeletionstoreinstate.Additionalpersonmatching $X" usedamodifiedversionoftheCensusBureausprobabilisticmatchingmethods.Atthe $D # completionofPhase2,atotalof1,392,686HCUFaddresseswereidentifiedasduplicate %0!$ addressesandnotretainedontheHCEF. &"%   '#& 881.2.40  GroupQuarters8(#(# MostoftheinformationinthissectioncomesfromJonas(2002).  ThereportcoverstwoaspectsoftheprocessingofdataforGQ.Thefirstaspectaddresseshow  thepopulationcountforGQswasdeterminedandthesecondaddressestheprocessingofGQ  questionnaireswithareportedUHEaddress.   TheGQresponsedatawereprocessedseparatelyfromthehousingunitdatauntilthefinalstepof  ` theHCUFprocessingwhendatafrombothuniverseswerecollectedonthesamefileforthefirst  L  time. p 8  TheCensusBureaureliedheavilyonthenumberofGQquestionnairescompletedandcaptured H  bytheDCS2000todeterminethepopulationofeachGQ.IndividualGQquestionnaireswere 4  nottrackedduringtheenumerationprocesses.Clericalcountsofthenumberofquestionnaires    atseveralpointsoffieldprocessingandacountofrecordsbytheDCS2000wererecorded.The    countofthenumberofquestionnaireswasrecordedatfivepointsinthepostenumeration  processing:   H@ABCDEFG(pAy3>0  0` (#(#BytheenumeratorimmediatelyfollowingtheenumerationofaGQ.` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#BytheLCOstaffwhenthequestionnaireswerereceived.p` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#BytheLCOstaffwhenthequestionnaireswereshippedtotheNPC.\` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#BytheNPCstaffwhenthequestionnaireswerereceived.H` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#BytheDCS2000duringthedatacaptureofquestionnaires.l4` (#` (# ThecountslistedaboveformedthebasisfordeterminingthefinalpopulationcountforeachGQ. D  OtherprocessesthatcontributeddatatodeterminingthepopulationcountforGQwere: 0 0   (#(# 0  0` (#(#TheresultsoftelephonefollowupinterviewswithGQestablishmentsthatinitially  refusedtobeenumerated.NoquestionnaireswerereturnedfortheseGQs.The  CensusDaypopulationofeachGQwasascertainedbythefollowupinterview.` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#IdentificationofBCFquestionnaireswithaGQaddress. ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#IdentificationofhousingunitquestionnaireswithareportedUHEaddressfora !  GQ."l!` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#UnduplicationofpersonsatSBEFacilities.#X"` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#IdentificationofGQquestionnaireswithareportedUHEaddressforahousing |$D # unit.h%0!$` (#` (# AlthoughresidentsofalltypesofGQswereallowedtoreportUHE(i.e.,aCensusDayresidence @'#& otherthantheGQatwhichtheywereenumerated)onlyquestionnairedataforeligibleUHE ,(#' responsesweretobesenttotheNonIDprocesses.OnlypersonswitheligibleUHEresponses )$( couldberemovedfromtheGQuniverseandincludedinthehousingunituniverse.Eligibility *%) wasdeterminedbythetypeofGQfromwhichthequestionnairewasreceivedandresponsetoa *&* screeningquestionwhichidentifiedapersonsprimaryresidence. +'+ Ї   XX2.0 @ METHODS#XXs#  8 gTheinformationforthistopicreportwasobtainedprimarilyfromtheDecennialManagement " Division(DMD)OperationalAssessmentsandtheCensus2000Evaluationstudiesthataddress  topicsassociatedwithCensus2000dataprocessing.Themajorresourcesforinformationcome  fromthedocumentsdiscussedbelow.Foracompletelistofresources,seethelistofreferences  attheendofthedocument.    2.10  DecennialManagementDivisionOperationalAssessments  r(#(# Thepurposeoftheoperationalassessmentswastodocumentthesuccessesandlessonslearned  J  fromtheplanningandimplementationofCensus2000dataprocessingoperations.They n6  providedrecommendationsforconsiderationbytheresearchanddevelopment,andworking Z"  groupsthatwillplansimilaroperationsinthefuture. F  Theprimarysourceinformationcamefromacombinationofinputsbyalldivisionsresponsible   fordecennialoperationsplanningandimplementation.Therecommendationsreflectthe   opinionsofthecontributorstotheassessmentsanddonotnecessarilyrepresenttheofficial  positionoftheCensusBureau.Thedevelopmentoftherecommendationsfocusedonthe  individualoperation,withoutanattempttoassesstheimplicationsacrosstheentirecensus  process.TheDMDoperationalassessmentsreferencedinthistopicreportare:  -XX4` XX-0  04(#(#AssessmentReportforDecennialResponseFilesDRF1,DRF2,PSAZ4(#4(# 0  04(#(#AssessmentReportforNonIDQuestionnaireProcessing(includingBCF/TQAField ~F Verification)j24(#4(#  rOY2.20  Census2000EvaluationsB (#(#  ResultsfromthefollowingCensus2000Evaluationstudiescontributedtothistopicreport:  0  04(#(#GroupQuartersEnumeration,E.54(#4(# 0  04(#(#EvaluationofNonresponseFollowupWholeHouseholdUsualHome\Elsewhere   Probe,I.2! 4(#4(# 0  04(#(#OperationalAnalysisoftheDecennialResponseFileLinkingandSettingofHousing0@"(#(# "~! UnitStatusandExpectedHouseholdSize,L.2#j"4(#4(# 0  04(#(#AnalysisofthePrimarySelectionAlgorithm,L.3.a$V #4(#4(# 0  04(#(#ResolutionofMultipleCensusReturnsUsingaReinterview,L.3.bz%B!$4(#4(# 0  04(#(#CensusUneditedFileCreation,L.4f&."%4(#4(# 2.2.10  EvaluationsE.5,L.2,L.3.a,L.4,I.2>($'(#(# TheseevaluationsprovidedescriptivestatisticssummarizingtheoutcomeoftheCensus *%) processes.TheresultswerederivedfromdatafilesavailableasproductsoftheCensus2000 +&* processes.Thesefilesinclude: +'+ Ї0  04(#(#DecennialResponseFile84(#4(# 0  04(#(#HundredPercentUneditedCensusFile$4(#4(# 0  04(#(#SpecialPlace/GroupQuarterControlFile4(#4(# 0  04(#(#Normalizedfileofmatchingandgeocodingresultsforenumeratorquestionnaires  fromtheNonIDprocessing4(#4(# 2.2.20  EvaluationL.3.b (#(# TheevaluationreliesondatafromanationalsampleofaddressesaffectedbythePSA.A  ` post-censusinterviewwasconductedateachsampleaddresswithsomeonefamiliarwiththe  L  household(s)enumeratedonCensusquestionnaire(s)capturedfortheaddress.Theresidency p 8  statusofeachhouseholdmemberwasascertainedthroughtheinterview.Thedatacollectedwere \$  usedtojudgetheaccuracyofthedecisionmadebyPSAwithrespecttoselectionofhousehold H  members. 4     XX3.LIMITATIONS#XX#    3.10  GeneralLimitations (#(# ThelackofdocumentationfortheCensusdataprocessingprocedureswasanimpedimentnot  onlyforthistopicreportbutformanyoftheevaluations.Thelackofdocumentationinsome n caseslimitedthescopeoftheevaluationsandthedetailsofwhatwecanlearnaboutthe Z processes.Itputtheevaluationsandassessmentsatriskofconveyingfalseconclusions. ~F  3.20  EvaluationL.2OperationalAnalysisoftheDecennialResponseFileLinkingand V SettingofHousingUnitStatusandExpectedHouseholdSizeB (#(#  ThisevaluationdiscussesapossiblecodingerrorwithrespecttoSimplifiedEnumerator  QuestionnaireInterviewSummaryItemBfieldontheDRF.Thescheduledidnotallowtimeto  investigatethetrueextentthiserrorbyvisuallyexaminingtheresponsesonthequestionnaire  images.Theevaluationcouldonlyassesstheextentoftheeffectoftheerrorbasedonrelated   data. !   3.30  EvaluationL.4HundredPercentCensusUneditedFileCreation #j"(#(# Anexacttallyofthe Killaddresseswasnotpossible.TheDMAFdidnotprovidethe z%B!$ informationnecessarytoidentifywhichaddresseswereidentifiedasa Kill.Aspartofa f&."% qualityassuranceonprocedurestoidentifythe Kills,theDecennialStatisticalStudies R'#& Division(DSSD)implementedsoftwaretoindependentlyverifytheidentification.Atthetimeof >($' productiontheresultsoftheDSSDidentificationmatchedexactlytheDCSMOproduction *)$( results.TheDSSDsoftwarewassubsequentlyappliedtothecurrentDMAFinordertoidentify *%) the KilladdressesfortheevaluationL.4.However,therewereapproximately14,000addresses +&* notidentifiedasa Killthatarestronglysuspectedtobe Kills.Thisconclusionisbasedon +'+ thedatafortheresultsofthefieldfollowupoperationsandthefactthattheywerenotincluded 8 theCensus.Theseaddresseswereassumedtobe Killsforthepurposeoftheevaluation. $  p  XX4.0 @ MAJORFINDINGS#XXX#   L 4.10  DecennialResponseFileProcessingOverallOperationalIssues (#(#  MuchoftheinformationinthissectioncomesfromFowler(2003)  r TheconstructionoftheDecennialResponseFile(DRF)isconsideredasuccessfulelementofthe  J  Census2000dataprocessingoperations.TheDSCMOsuccessfullycollectedandprocessed n6  responsedatatoproduceacompleteandintegratedDRF.ThecompletionoftheDRFprocess Z"  wastheresultofasuccessfulintegrationofmanydiverseprocessingcomponentsemployedto F  editandidentifyacompletesetofresponsedataforeachhousingunitintheCensus2000. 2  4.1.1.0  RequirementsDevelopment (#(# CompletedocumentationofrequirementswasnotdevelopedfortheDRFprocessingorrelated  QualityAssurance(QA)andtestingprocedures.Requirementsweredevelopedforsome  individualcomponentsoftheDRFprocessbutnotforothers.  ?XX4 hXXX4` X?"3"  0  32pA3  04(#(#  Requirementsweredevelopedfortheprocessofreformattingdatacaptureinputintoa Z standardformat(filenormalization),theCoverageEditFollowupprocessingand ~F codingextraction,thelinkingofcontinuationforms,thedeterminationofhousing j2 statusandhouseholdsize,andthePSAprocess.3݌V4(#4(# Ќ  "3"  0  32pA3  04(#(#  Requirementswerelackingfortheothercriticalstepsincludinginterfaceswith . Non-IDquestionnaireprocessing,andtheinitialeditsoftheresponsedatatoblank  illegalcharacters,andidentifyingdatadefinedpersonsandformattinggenerational  namesuffixes.3݌4(#4(# Ќ  LatechangestorequirementswereachallengefortheDSCMOtoreviewandimplement.Two !  examplesofchangestorequirementsthatoccurredlateinthesoftwaredevelopmentcyclewere "~! thedecisiontoincludeLargeHouseholdsintheCoverageEditFollowupandchangestoDRF #j" inputdatafromtheDataCaptureAuditResolutionprocesses. $V # Thetechnicalrequirementsofthequestionnairedesignswereextensiveandthedemographicarea f&."% struggledtofinalizequestionnaireformatsandcontentwithintheallottedtimeframe.Atotalof R'#& 82differentformtypesweredesignedfortheCensus2000whichresultedin15differentformats >($' fordatacapture.Thelargenumberofdifferentformtypesandfileformatsrequiredgreatly *)$( increasedthescheduleandcomplexityofdesigningproceduresforreformattingthedatacapture *%) fileinputintoastandardformatandfordesigningtheinitialeditoftheresponsedata. +&*  +'+ p p  TRX3'Avery 12-294/295 Laser TaX3'Avery 12-294/295 Laser Ta3'LetterAdditionalpersonmatching $X" usedamo3'Letter2-294/295 Laser TaX3'T p  Thelackoftimelydevelopmentofrequirementsforquestionnairedatacaptureoutputandthe 8 NonIDprocessoutputhinderedthereviewofdocumentationandtheplanningoffiletestingand $ QAprocedures.  ThePSAwasthemostsuccessfullydevelopedcomponentoftheDRFprocesses.Sufficientstaff  wasdedicatedtothedevelopmentofPSArequirements.Therequirementswereadequately  developedanddocumented.   4.1.20  QualityAssurance `(#(# Appropriatequalityassurancesafeguardswereundertakenanddocumentedinthedevelopment p 8  ofthePSAsoftwaredevelopment,butwerenotdevelopedordocumentedaswellfortheother \$  componentsoftheDRFprocessing. H  FormalwalkthroughsofallPSAspecificationswereconductedtoexaminethecompletenessand    identifynecessarymodifications.ThePSAsoftwareunderwentaverythoroughformaltesting    program.Theinitialcontractorhiredtoassistinthedevelopmentofthetestingprocess  contributedgreatlytotheprocessbecausehehadanabundantknowledgeofsoftwaretestingand  asufficientunderstandingofthePSAandtheDRFprocess.Midwaythroughthedevelopmentof  softwaretestingtheinitialcontractorwasreplacedbyacontractorwhodidnothaveanadequate  knowledgeofthePSAandtheDRF.Thisbecameproblematicandtheremainderofthe p softwaretestingdevelopmentwascompletedbyCensusBureaustaff.Thiseffortwassuccessful \ butintroducedriskstothesuccessofthetestingplanandredirectedscarceresourcesawayfrom H othercriticaloperations. l4 ThesoftwaretestingofothercomponentsoftheDRFwasmuchmoreinformal.Duetothelack D  ofstaffresourcesandtime,therewasnoformalQAortestingplanforanyothercomponentof 0 theDRF.Informaltestingwasconductedfortheprocessesoflinkingcontinuationforms,and  determininghouseholdstatusandexpectedhouseholdsize.Duringthesesteps,problemswith  relatedDRFprocesseswerediscoveredandcorrected.  4.1.30  Documentation (#(# ЀCompletedocumentationofrequirementsforallDRFcomponentswasnotaccomplished.In "l! someinstancesitwasnotevidentwhichstaffwasprimarilyresponsiblefordeveloping #X" requirements.Someoftheserequirementswerenotlistedonplanningschedulesandthe |$D # deliverableswerenottracked.Thedocumentationandreviewoftheserequirementswerenot h%0!$ adequateforensuringtheircompletenessandappropriatenesstothetask. T&"%   @'#& rOY r8 r  4.1.40  Scheduling(#(# TheDRFdevelopmentcompensatedsuccessfullyforlatedevelopingdatarequirements.  Duetoschedulingconstraints,itwasnecessarytocompletetheDRFprocessingbeforeallinputs ` wereavailable.Morethan207,000housingunitaddressesonDMAFwerenotincludedonthe L  DRF.TheseaddresseswereaddedtotheDMAFaftertheDRF1processmergedthedatacapture 8  filewiththeDMAF.Thehousingunitstatuswassubsequentlyimputedfortheseaddressesin $ t theHCUFprocess.  ` 4.1.50  Recommendations 8 (#(# TheserecommendationscomefromFowler(2003)   ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAyyH@ABCDEFG"3"  32pA3  0    DesignandimplementaformalprocesstodevelopcompleteDRFrequirements.   Planningisneededtoensuresufficientstaffingresourcesareavailabletoadequatelyplan   anddeveloptherequirements.3-݌p(#(# Ќ  "3"  32pA3  0    Reducethenumberofdifferentquestionnaireformatstoreducethenumberofdifferent H outputformats.Thiswillsimplifythedataprocessing.3݌4(#(# Ќ  "3"  32pA3  0    Completethefinalformsdesignmuchearlierintheplanningcycle,desirablypriortothe  \ DressRehearsal.Thiswillallowsufficienttimetodevelop,documentandtest H specificationsforDRF1processing.3.݌4(#(# Ќ  "3"  32pA3  0    Improvetheplanningofsoftwaretestingandqualityassurance(QA)procedures.The   testingandQAproceduresimplementedforthePSAareanexampleofwhatweshould  aimtoachieve.3݌(#(# Ќ  "3"  3H2pA3  0    Reducetheriskassociatedwithplacinglargeresponsibilitiesonafewstaffmembersor l onecontractorbydevelopinginterdivisionalteams.Teams,madeupofrepresentatives X  fromvariousdivisions,shoulddevelopanearlyandcooperativepartnership.Theycan D! ensurethatadequaterequirements,staffingassessments,anddocumentationare 0"  developed.ThestructureusedfordevelopmentofthePSArequirementsandsoftwareis #l! agoodexampleofeffectiveprogramdevelopment.3Hu݌$X"(#(# Ќ  4.20  DecennialResponseFileProcessingPhase2(DRF2)Processes%0!$(#(#  4.2.10  LinkingReturns'#&(#(# TheinformationinthissectioncomesfromRosenthal(2003) )$( TheDRFincludedabout1.5millionenumeratorcontinuationreturns.Allbutabout2.3percent h+&* couldbelinkedtoaSimplifiedEnumeratorQuestionnaire(SEQ).Atthecompletionofthe T,'+ linkingprocess,33,472continuationreturnsremainedunlinkedtoanotherresponserecord(a  parentrecord).  Few(126)enumeratorcontinuationformsfromListEnumerate(LE)areaswereincludedonthe t DRF.TheDCS2000capturedmanymorecontinuationformsfromLEareasbuttheywerenot ` includedontheDRFduetoanundocumentedprocessingerror.Theimpactofthiserroronthe L  populationcoverageismitigatedbyfactthatthetotalhouseholdsizewasrecordedby 8  enumeratorsonmostSEQs. $ t Thelinkingprocessresultedin1,387,085DRFreturnsthatweremadeupofmorethanone  L  responserecord.  8  ThelinkingprocesslookedforSEQs,mailreturnquestionnairesandBCFquestionnairesthat   wereusedintheplaceofenumeratorcontinuationformsandattemptedtolinkanyofthosefound   toaparentrecord.Fewwerefoundtobeusedthisway.   Afterthelinkingprocesswascompleted,therewere129,389,529housingunitreturnsonthe p DRF2,excludingreturnsthatwereineligibletoreceiveastatus.Returnsthatwereineligiblefor \ statusassignmentinclude197,091blankreturnsand696,691replacedSEQreturns.Replaced H SEQreturnsarereturnsreplacedbyanotherSEQasaresultofafieldoperationsquality 4 assurancecheckofenumeratorswork.Table1belowshowsthenumberofeligiblereturnsafter  p thelinkingprocesswascompleted.Fortheresultsshowninthistable,addressesaregroupedby  \ thenumberofresponserecordsthatcontributedtoareturn. H *12A ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,) dd ,dd ,dd +  &W   & Table1.NumberofResponseRecordsComprisingaReturn 7j&4W 7ResponseRecordsPerReturn =j,!j =  Number  ofReturns =j,!#j =\Percent -#!3j -1(Nocontinuationforms) E;  p 0A 1280024440AE128,002,444 oe8 p3 0A 128002444 0A X@98.9X@o98.9 ?53 p 3 X@98.9 X@ ?2(1+continuationforms) C9  ! 4A13479774AC1,347,977 mc6 "3 4A1347977 4A p= ף?1.04p= ף?m1.04 Fj53 #3 p= ף?1.04 p= ף? F3ormore(2+continuationforms) WjF "p$j @39108@W39,108 jpC "p%3 @39108 @j Q?0.03Q?0.03 UWDB "p&3 Q?0.03 Q?j UTotalReturns [WJ#'W dOٞA 129389529dOٞA[129,389,529 WvG#(3 dOٞA 129389529 dOٞAW Y@100.00Y@100.00TJH#)3 Y@100.00  Y@W TЀlXXSource:Rosenthal(2003)Table4#XXl# $ )   % * nO4.2.20  AssigningHousingUnitStatusandHouseholdSize(#(# Table2belowshowsthehousingunitstatusesassignedtothe129,389,529returnsonDRF.  3OY* JdA d) dd ) dd dd 12(#(#, dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  &W`` & Table2.HousingUnitStatusbyTypeofReturn * W * HousingUnitStatus +! l +   @ TypeofReturn  D   XXNumber 0   Ѐ(ColumnPercent)#XX # 7j&$ D   7  4j#  j 4Total =j,!  "j =Self   Response =j,! "j =Enumerator   Response =j,! "j =GQ/BCF C  C     -#! "j -Occupied  X  112,150,512 X  (86.7) 'D 3 '81,080,662 X  (100.0) 'D 3 '30,465,137 X  (64.7) 'D 3 '604,713 X  (50.0) D 3 Vacant  t  14,141,843 t  (10.9) '`3 '18,504 t  (0.0) '`!3 '14,123,339 t " (30.0) '`#3 '0 t $ (0.0) `%3 Delete  0& 1,778,824 0' (1.4) '(3 '0 0) (0.0) '*3 '1,778,824 0+ (3.8) ',3 '0 0- (0.0) .3 Occupied/Unresolved L/ HouseholdSize  80 934,849 L1 (0.7) '823 '0 L3 (0.0) '843 '329,895 L5 (0.7) '863 '604,954 L7 (50.0) 883 OccupancyStatusUnknown  9 329,804 : (0.3) ';3 '538 < (0.0) '=3 '329,266 > (0.7) '?3 '0 @ (0.0) A3 StatusUndetermined  $tB 53,697 $tC (0.0) '`D3 '0 $tE (0.0) '`F3 '53,697 $tG (0.0) '`H3 '0 $tI (0.0) %jW`J3 %Total [jWJKjW dOٞA 129389529dOٞA[129,389,529 jWxGL3 dOٞA 129389529 dOٞAjW UA81099704UA81,099,704 jWwFM3 UA81099704 UAjW sA47080158sA47,080,158 jWvFN3 sA47080158 sAjW Cu2A1209667Cu2A1,209,667UKIO3 Cu2A1209667 Cu2AjW UlXXSource:Rosenthal(2003)#XXl2# O ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAyyH@ABCDEFG"3"  0  3D2pA3  04(#(#  About62.7percentofthereturnswereselfresponsereturnswhichincludesallmail 6!Q backquestionnairereturns,internetresponsesandresponsesreceivedthroughthe ""rR TQAoperation.3D}݌#^S4(#4(# Ќ  0  "3"  32pA3  04(#(#  About36.4percentofthereturnswereSEQreturns.3&݌$6 U4(#4(# Ќ  0  "3"  32pA3  04(#(#  TheDRF2alsoincluded604,954returnsforindividualsenumeratedataGQ &"W claimingausualhomeelsewhereinthehousingunituniverse(0.5percentoftheDRF '"X returns),and604,713BCFreturns(0.5percentoftheDRFreturns).TheGQreturns (#Y wereallassignedastatusofOccupied/UnresolvedHouseholdSizeandtheBCF )$Z returnswereallassignedastatusofOccupied.3&݌n*%[4(#4(# Ќ   Z+&\ 4.2.2.10  UnresolvedHousingUnitStatusAmongEnumeratorResponseReturns(#(# Thekeydataitemsfromenumeratorreturnsusedtoassignthehousingunitstatusarethe  following: t  N@ABCDEFG(xyH@ABCDEFG0  04(#(#ThenumberofpersonsenumeratedonthequestionnaireL 4(#4(# 0  04(#(#Thevalueoftherespondentreportedhouseholdsize8 4(#4(# 0  04(#(#TheresponsetotheSEQInterviewSummaryItemA(StatusonApril1,2000)$ t4(#4(# 0  04(#(#TheresponsetotheSEQInterviewSummaryItemB(POPonApril1,2000) `4(#4(# 0  04(#(#TheresponsetotheSEQInterviewSummaryItemC(Typeofvacantunit) L 4(#4(# Occupied/UnresolvedHouseholdSize $  ЀOnmostofthe329,895enumeratorreturnsassignedtheOccupied/UnresolvedHouseholdSize   status,theenumeratorclearlyindicatedthattheunitwasoccupiedbutthatthehouseholdsize   couldnotbedetermined.Almost72percentofthesereturnshadanInterviewSummaryItemA   valueofOccupiedandanInterviewSummaryItemBvalueofPOPUnknown. p Responsesonnearlyalloftheremainingreturnsclearlyindicatedthatthehousingunitwas H occupiedbutthereturnlackedsufficientdataonthesizeofthehousehold.Almostall 4 (98percent)ofthesereturnshadanInterviewSummaryItemAvalueofOccupiedandan  p InterviewSummaryItemBvalueof1to97,buttherewerenopersonsenumeratedonthe  \ questionnaireandtherespondentreportedhouseholdsizewas0ormissing.Theresponsesto H InterviewSummaryItemBwerenumericvaluescapturedbyanopticalcharacterrecognition 4 methodology.Thismethodcanintroduceerrorintheresponsecaptured,therewerenodatathat   confirmedthehouseholdsizecapturedfortheInterviewSummaryItemB.   OccupancyStatusUnknown  Theresponsestoasmanyas258,963(78.5percent)ofthereturnsgivenahousingstatusof l OccupancyStatusUnknownmayhavebeenincorrectlycodedintheDRF2duringadataediting X  process.Responsesof0'toInterviewerSummaryItemBwereincorrectlyrecodedasmissing D! bytheeditsoftheDRF2data.Thiserrorcausedmanyreturnstobeerroneouslygivenastatusof 0"  OccupancyStatusUnknowninsteadofastatusofVacant. #l! Itisimpossibletoknowforsurehowmanyofthe258,963wereaffectedbythecodingerror. $D # However,thereisconvincingevidencethatnearlyallofthemwereaffectedbythecodingerror. %0!$ Morethan94percentofthesereturnshadaresponsetotheInterviewSummaryItemCwhich &"% allowedtheenumeratortoreportthetypeofvacancyoftheaddress.InterviewSummaryItemC '#& wasonlyfilledforvacantunits.ThissuggeststhatenumeratorstookcaretofillInterview (#' SummaryItemBwith0'aswellasfillingInterviewSummaryItemCforalmostallofthese )$( cases. |*%)   h+&* nO ne n  e8TheDRF2returnspotentiallyaffectedbythecodingerrorwerealargeportionoftheaddresses  placedintheOccupancyImputationcategoryduringtheHCUFprocessingandgivenanimputed  housingunitstatus.Theyaccountedforabout74percentofthe195,245housingunitsonthe  HCUFplacedintheOccupancyImputationcategory.Assuch,thecodingerrorcontributedtoan t undercountofvacanthousingunitsandanovercountofoccupiedhousingunits. ` StatusUndetermined 8  Almost91percentofthe53,697returnsgivenahousingstatusofStatusUndeterminedhadno  ` personsenumeratedonthequestionnaireandanInterviewerSummaryItemAvalueofDelete,  L  buttheyhadaconflictingvalueintheInterviewerSummaryItemB.TheInterviewSummary  8  ItemBresponseforthesecaseswas1to97,orPopUnknown. $  4.2.2.20  ResolutionofHousingUnitStatusbyNRFUvs.CIFU (#(# About2.3percentoftheenumeratorreturnsreceivedfromtheCIFUwereassignedoneofthe   threeunresolvedhousingunitstatusesdiscussedabove,whileonly1.34percentoftheNRFU p enumeratorreturnshadoneofthesestatuses. \ TheratethatenumeratorreturnswereassignedanOccupied/UnresolvedHouseholdSizestatus 4 wastwiceaslargeforCIFUcomparetoNRFU,1.3percentvs.0.6percent,respectively.  p Thereweremorethan4.8millionaddressesvisitedinboththeNRFUandCIFUoperations. H However,dataononly4,233oftheseaddressesvisitedinbothoperationsweresoinsufficient 4 thattheyresultedintheassignmentofanunresolvedhousingunitstatus.Thisshowsthata   censusenumeratorcompletedanenumerationatallbutsmallnumberofhousingunitsincluded   intheNRFU.  4.2.2.3  ProxyResponsesforEnumeratorReturns  Therespondentsforabout17.4percentoftheoccupiedenumeratorreturnswereproxy X  respondents(i.e.,therespondentdidnotbelongtothehouseholdenumeratedonthereturn).This D! ratedoesnotincludecasesforwhichthetypeofrespondentisunknown.VacantandDelete 0"  returnsare,bydefault,allsaidtohaveaproxyrespondentbecausethereisnohousehold #l! respondentinthesecases. $X" ThereturnsgivenanOccupied/UnresolvedHouseholdSizehousingunitstatushadamuch %0!$ higherrateofproxyrespondents(30.8percent)aswouldbeexpected. &"% Thereturnsinthetwootherunresolvedhousingunitstatuscategories(OccupancyStatus (#' Unknown,StatusUndetermined)hadaveryhighrateofproxyrespondents.About76.5percent )$( oftherespondentsforthesereturnswereproxyrespondents.Thishighrateismisleading |*%) becausemorethan67percentofthesereturnsmayhavebeenerroneouslygivenanOccupancy h+&* 3OY 3 3  StatusUnknowninsteadofVacant,asnotedinanearlierdiscussion.Respondentsforvacant  housingunitsareexpectedtobeproxyrespondents,thusthehighrateofproxyrespondentsfor  thesecases.  4.2.2.40  SettingofExpectedHouseholdSize`(#(# Therewasahighlevelofconsistencyoneachreturnamongthekeydataitemsusedtoassignthe 8  expectedhouseholdsize.Amongbothmailandenumeratorreturnstherewasagreement $ t betweenkeysitemsforover93percentofthereturns.Onmailreturnsthekeyitemswerethe  ` respondentprovidedhouseholdsizeandthenumberofpersonenumeratedonthereturn.The  L  keyitemsonenumeratorreturnsweretheInterviewerSummaryItemB(POPonApril1,2000)  8  andthenumberofpersonsenumeratedonthereturn. $  4.2.30  PrimarySelectionAlgorithm (#(# MostoftheseresultscomefromBaumgardner(2002).   ThePSAwasappliedto127,610,705eligiblereturnsat118,360,443censusaddresses. \  H@ABCDEFG(pAyxN@ABCDEFG"3"  0  3_?2pA3  04(#(#  About7.6percentoftheaddressesontheDRF2hadtwoormorereturnswith 4 7.4percentofalladdresseshavingjusttworeturns.3_??݌ p4(#4(# Ќ  "3"  0  3@2pA3  04(#(#  Therewereanother158,530addressesthathadonlyreturnsnoteligibleforthePSA. H ThereturnsineligibleforthePSAincludedblankreturns,thoseassignedthestatusof 4 Deleteandenumeratorreturnsthatareunusablebecausetheywerereplacedby   anotherSEQasaresultofaqualityassurancecheckofenumeratorswork.3@@݌ 4(#4(# Ќ  FormationandSelectionPSAHouseholdsatAddresseswithTwoorMoreReturns  Atotalof11,426,952PSAhouseholdswereformedat8,960,245addresseswithtwoormore l eligiblereturns. X     4    h      p      x  ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAyyH@ABCDEFGOnlyonePSAHouseholdwasformedat6,564,116(73.3percent)oftheseaddresses. 0"  Ѐ"3"  0  3E2pA3  04(#(#  About40.4percentofthesePSAHouseholdswerevacanthousingunits.3EE݌$X"4(#4(# Ќ  TwoormorePSAHouseholdswereformedat2,396,129addresses. %0!$ "3"  0  3G2pA3  04(#(#  Theseaddressesmakeupjust2.0percentofallDRF2addresses.3GLG݌'#&4(#4(# Ќ  "3"  0  3H2pA3  04(#(#  ThreeormorePSAHouseholdswereformedatjust46,141addresses.3HVH݌)$(4(#4(# Ќ   h+&* "3"  0  3?I2pA3  04(#(#  Atotalof1,235,327addresses(51.6percent)hadonevacantPSAHouseholdandone  ormorenonvacantPSAHousehold.ThePSAselectedthevacantPSAhousehold  overthenonvacanthousehold(s)atonly194,596oftheseaddresses.3?IxI݌4(#4(# Ќ  InordertoidentifythePrimaryPSAHousehold,thePSAapplied,sequentially,anorderedlistof ` sevencriteria.Twocriteriacausedareturnwitharesolvedhousingunitstatustobeselected L  overreturnswithanunresolvedhousingunitstatus(POPCountStatuscriterion)andselectedthe 8  returnthatwasthehighestinahierarchyofquestionnaireformtypes(ReturnTypecriterion), $ t respectively.  ` ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAyyH@ABCDEFG"3"  0  3M2pA3  04(#(#  TheReturnTypecriterionwasthecriterionthatselectedthePrimaryHousehold  8  about74percentofthetime.3MM݌$ 4(#4(# Ќ  "3"  0  3O2pA3  04(#(#  ThePOPCountStatuscriterionwastheselectioncriterionabout16percentofthe   time.3O:O݌ 4(#4(# Ќ  "3"  0  38P2pA3  04(#(#  Noothercriteriontriggeredtheselectionofmorethan3.2percentofthePrimary p Households.38PqP݌\4(#4(# Ќ  FormationofPrimarySelectionAlgorithmHouseholdsatAddresseswithTwoReturns 4 About97.3percentoftheaddresseswithtwoormorereturnshadjusttwoeligiblereturns.  \ Amongthese8,716,359addresses,thetworeturnswerecombinedtoformonePSAhousehold H 74percentofthetime. 4     Table3showstheresultsofformingPSAhouseholdsatthoseaddresseswithjusttwoeligible  returns.  Ѐ*9:d d] dd dd dd dd  dd  J(#(#,dd ,<dd ,dd ,dd +  &Wtt & Table3.FormationofPSAHouseholdsatAddresseswithTwoReturns 2j!(W 2 OutcomeofPSAHouseholdFormation .jX j .  Number 4j#!X  j 4U  Percentof X  Total D  V (0  j (OnePSAHouseholdFormed =3    CXA6463756CXA=6,463756 [Q-   CXA6463756 CXA fffffR@74.1fffffR@[74.1 6,*   fffffR@74.1 fffffR@ 6  0  BothreturnsareVacant C9 0  )DA2634322)DAC0 @j 2,634,322 mc60 3 )DA2634322 )DA 333333>@30.2333333>@m0 @r 30.2 ?530 3 333333>@30.2 333333>@ ?    TheBasicReturncontainsallofthepersons   ontheotherreturn C9   xJA3469789xJAC0 @j 3,469,789 mc6 3 xJA3469789 xJA ffffffC@38.8ffffffC@m0 @r 38.8 F/53 3 ffffffC@38.8 ffffffC@ F +/l / +Thereturnshaveperson(s)incommonbutthe l  BasicReturndoesnotcontainallofthe X personsontheotherreturn X/GD/ tA359645tAX0 @j 359,645 /pDl 3 tA359645 tA/ ffffff@4.1ffffff@0 @r 4.1 TJAl 3 ffffff@4.1 ffffff@/ TTwoPSAHouseholdsFormed OEt /AA2252603/AAO2,252,603 mc<t /AA2252603 /AA 9@25.89@m25.8 E;9t 9@25.8 9@ E  D OneNonVacanto #  4      ׀andOneVacant C9 D  1A11626751AC0 @j 1,162,675 mc6D!3 1A1162675 1A *@13.3*@m0 @r 13.3 B83D"3 *@13.3 *@ B 't# 'BothNonVacant UKt$ 0A10899280AU0 @j 1,089,928 uEt%3 0A1089928 0A )@12.5)@0 @r 12.5 YjWHBt&3 )@12.5 )@ Y TOTAL SjWBD'jW `A8716359`AS8,716,359 OjW><D( `A8716359 `AjW O(D) jW (lXXSource:Baumgardner(2003)Table14 `) #XXla#Therewere3,829,434addressesatwhichonlyoneoccupiedPSAhouseholdwasformed. + ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAyyH@ABCDEFGE XX4` hXXX4 hXE0  "3"  3Yc2pA3  04(#(#  Onlyabout9percentofthesearecaseswheretheBasicReturndidnotcontainallof r- thepersonsenumeratedontheotherreturn.3Ycc݌^.4(#4(# Ќ  0  04(#(#0` 4(#4(# ` (#` (#  c@ABCDEFG(yyH@ABCDEFG"3"  0  04(#(#3ze23  0` 4(#4(#  Anestimated82percentofthesePSAHouseholdswerecorrectlyformed,i.e., 6!0 eachofthereturnsthatmadeupthehouseholdhadatleastonecensusresident.3zee݌""r1` (#` (# Ќ   #^2 Thereare1,089,928addresseswheretworeturnsforanoccupiedhouseholdcouldnotbe  combinedintoonePSAhousehold.   H@ABCDEFG(pAyyc@ABCDEFG"3"  ݀0  3Ch2pA3  04(#(#  Atanestimated38percentoftheaddresseswithtwooccupiedreturnsandtwoPSA t Households,bothreturnsrepresentedthesamehousehold.Thatis,therewere ` residentsinbothreturns.3Ch}h݌L 4(#4(# Ќ  ݀0  8 (#(# ! ! c@ABCDEFG(yyH@ABCDEFG"3"  H X:4` hX XX4` hXH0 : 04:(#:(#3j23  0` 4(#4(#  ThePSAhadnochanceofcombininganestimated75.1percentoftheseby $ t matchingpersonsbecausetherewerenoduplicatepersonsbetweenthetwoforms.3jUk݌ `` (#` (# Ќ  "3"  0 : 04:(#:(#3l23  0` 4(#4(#  ThePSAperformedmatchingandfailedtoidentifyduplicatepersonsatan  8  estimated16percentoftheseaddresses.EXX4` hX X:4` hXE3ll݌$ ` (#` (# Ќ  0  04(#(# 4(#4(#  H@ABCDEFG(pAyyc@ABCDEFG"3"  ݀0  3n2pA3  04(#(#  Atanestimated58percentoftheaddresseswithtwooccupiedreturnsandtwoPSA   Householdstherewerecensusresidentsononlyonereturn.3n.o݌ 4(#4(# Ќ   c@ABCDEFG(yyH@ABCDEFG"3"  ݀0  04(#(#3p23  0` 4(#4(#  PSAchosethecorrectPSAHouseholdinabout65percentofthesecases.3p1q݌p` (#` (# Ќ  ݀0  04(#(#0` 4(#4(#0 ` (#` (#\ (# (# PrimarySelectionAlgorithmHouseholdFormedfromTwoReturns H Atotalof6,561,984PSAHouseholds(57.4percentofallPSAHouseholds)werecomprisedof  p tworeturns.Table4.belowshowsthecombinationofreturntypesforthesePSAhouseholds.  \ *67d ddd <dd <dd dd 9:(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  &W44 & Table4.CombinationsofReturnTypesforPSAHouseholdswithTwoReturns .WHW . CombinationofReturns 4W#W 4  NumberofAddresses =W,!2W =uPercentofAddresses -#!"W -E , XXX4` hXEMail/Mail B8 H xA196751xAB196,751 ka5H3 xA196751 xA @3.0@k3.0 >42H" @3.0 @ >Mail/Enumerator C9  DA2732392DAC2,732,392 mc6 3 DA2732392 DA D@41.6D@m41.6 ?53!" D@41.6 D@ ?Enumerator/Enumerator C9 H " IEA2845843IEAC2,845,843 mc6H #3 IEA2845843 IEA 33333E@43.433333E@m43.4 ?53H $" 33333E@43.4 33333E@ ?Mail/RPA[ #  5      ׀&Enumerator/RPA B8 !% t'A782906t'AB782,906 lb5!&3 t'A782906 t'A '@11.9'@l11.9 D:3!'" '@11.9 '@ DRPA/RPA @6 H#( @4092@@4,092 i_3H#)3 @4092 @ ?0.1?iЀ0.1 JjW97H#*" ?0.1  ? JTotal YjWH$2 +jW 0YA65619840YAY6,561,984 ajWPE$2 ,3 0YA6561984 0YAjW a1'%$2 -"  jW 1EXX4` hX , XElXXSource:Baumgardner(2003)Table9#XXlX}# %N!-  '"/ ThelargeproportionofPSAhouseholdsthatcontaintwoenumeratorreturnsisprimarilythe  resultoftheCIFUoperationdesign.Mostaddressesthatweredeterminedtobevacantbythe  NRFUwereincludedintheCIFU.WheneverCIFUdeterminedthatoneoftheseasoccupiedor  vacantatleasttwoenumeratorreturnswerecapturedforthecensusaddress. t ThelargeproportionofPSAhouseholdsmadeupofamailandanenumeratorreturnisprimarily L  duetomailreturnsthatwerereceivedaftertheidentificationoftheNRFUuniverse. 8  Onlyasmallproportion(14percent)ofthePSAhouseholdswithtwomailreturnsistheresultof  ` arequestforaforeignlanguagequestionnaire.Mailreturnsincludepapermailbackreturns,  L  internetresponsesandTQAreverseComputerAssistedTelephoneInterview(CATI)responses.  8  ItappearsthattheremainderofthesePSAhouseholdsrepresentduplicateattemptsby $  respondentstoreporttheirhouseholdsusingtwoofthesethreemethods.   ThePSAautomaticallyindividualsfromsomereturnsforanRPAaddresstothePrimaryPSA   household.EvaluationL.3.b.estimatedthatatleast60percentoftheindividualsaddedfrom   RPAsinthisfashionwerecorrectlyincludedintheCensus. p 4.2.40  RecommendationsH(#(# TheserecommendationscomefromRosenthal(2003)andBaumgardner(2002)  p 4.2.4.10  LinkingReturnsH(#(#  H@ABCDEFG(pAyyc@ABCDEFG0  Attempttolinkonlyenumeratorquestionnairesandenumeratorcontinuationforms,if   theseformsareusedinthefuture.Doingsowouldgreatlysimplifytherequirementsof   thelinkingprocesswhilecausingnegligiblelossofdataandpossiblynoeffecton  populationcount.(#(# 0  EnsurethatallcontinuationformsareincludedontheDRF.l(#(# 4.2.4.20  DeterminingHousingUnitStatusandHouseholdSizeD!(#(# 0  Constructmorecomprehensivesinstructionsforenumeratorstoassistthemincompleting #l! questionnairesforcomplicatedandunusualinterviews.$X"(#(# 0  Pursuetheuseofcomputerassistedpersonalinterviewsthroughtheuseofhandheld %0!$ computerdevices.&"%(#(# 4.2.4.30  PrimarySelectionAlgorithm(#'(#(# 0  DefineasimplerPSAprocessthatreliesmoreontypeofreturn,sourceofreturn,and |*%) statusofreturnandlessonpersonmatching.Personmatchingaddedmuchcomplexityto h+&* theprocessbutaffectedtheselectionofaPrimaryPSAhouseholdatonlyaverysmall  numberofaddresses.(#(# 0  PlanforthePSAtoaddressonlythosecombinationsofreturnsthatcanbepredictedby t thedesignofthecensusoperations.ThePSAwasrobustandwasdesignedtohandlea ` largevarietyofcasesincludingcombinationsofreturnsnotanticipatedbythedesignof L  censusoperations.Fewcombinationsofreturnsoccurredthatwerenotanticipatedby 8  thecensusdesign.$ t(#(# 0  ConductresearchonthefeasibilityofintegratingthePSAwithprocessestoidentify  L  duplicateaddressesandpersonsduplicatedatmorethanoneaddress.0x(#(# 8 x(#x(# 0  PursuemethodstoreducetheinclusionofmailresponsehouseholdsintheNRFU.Mail   returnswerereceivedformorethan3.4millionaddressesaftertheidentificationofthe   NRFUuniverse.Asaresult,theDRFhadbothamailreturnandanenumerator   questionnairefortheseaddresses. (#(# e 4.30  HundredPercentCensusUneditedFileforHousingUnits \(#(# MostoftheseresultscomefromJonas(2003). 4 4.3.10  TheHundredPercentCensusUneditedFileProcessing \(#(# ThefirststepintheHundredPercentCensusUneditedFile(HCUF)processingforhousingunit 4 datawastoidentifyaddressesontheDMAFthatdidnotrepresentacensushousingunit.The   addresseseliminatedfromthehousingunituniverseatthisstageofprocessingwerereferredto   asKills.Killswerealmostentirelyaddresslocationconfirmednottobehousingunitsbythe  manyaddressdevelopoperationsinthecensus.  "3"  0  3}2pA3  04(#(#  Thereare127,828,778addressesontheDMAFofwhich9,057,195(7.1percent)were l identifiedasa Kill.3}݌X 4(#4(# Ќ  TheDMAFaddressesthatremainedinscopeaftertheKillswereidentifiedweremergedwith 0"  theDRF2.Atthisstageofprocessingoneofthefollowinghousingunitstatuseswasassignedto #l! eachaddressontheDMAF:Occupied,Vacant,Delete,OccupiedwithUnresolvedHousehold $X" Size,OccupancyStatusUnknown,andStatusUnknown.Thesestatusescorrespondtothose $D # assignedtoindividualcensusreturnsduringtheDRF2processing. %0!$ TXXXX  '#& Table5showsthefinalstatusassignedtoeachaddressesthatwasinscopeatthisstage.  *MPdd dd ` dd ` dd 67(#(#, dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,Xdd +  &W &#XXXTX# Table5.SourceofHousingUnitStatusforDMAFAddresses XX .W<W . /WlW /   SourceofStatusData 0&$l W 0B,l, XXX4` hXB HousingUnitStatus #XXo#XX W  ` Self    Response +W`  W +Enumerator    Response +W`  W +Respondent    Provided `  Response +W `W +NoData +W W +Total +W W +Ѐ% 0& W 40ResolvedOccupancyStatus: -#$ t - '$ t3 ' '$ t3 ' '$ t3 ' '$ t3 ' '$ t3 ' 5+$ t3 40  45H" ,' X,l, XH0 ' Occupied ]S", |'a 'a  }BA80781126}BA]80,781,126 rh7, |3 }BA80781126 }BA %gyA26636881%gyAr26,636,881 pf7, |3 %gyA26636881 %gyA $A197778$Ap197,778 ^T5, |3 $A197778 $A # ^0 aW%, |3 #  XA 107615785XAa107,615,785 oe8, |3 XA 107615785 XA fffffV@90.6fffffV@o90.6 VL>, | 3 fffffV@90.6 40  fffffV@ 4V0 ' Vacant ZP"j !'a 'a  @16277@Z16,277 oe4j "3 @16277 @ cA10438871cAo10,438,871 `V7j #3 cA10438871 cA # `0 ND%j $3 #  # N0 `V%j %3 #   cA10455148 cA`10,455,148 mc7j &3  cA10455148  cA !@8.8!@m8.8 UK=j '3 !@8.8 40  !@ 4U0 ' Delete ND".~ ('a 'a  # N0 nd4.~ )3 #  @8653@n8,653 ndB.~ *3 @8653 @ # n0 ka4.~ +3 #   ?1?k1 yo?.~ ,3  ?1 ? @8654@y8,654 ndB.~ -3 @8654 @ # nЀ0.0 KA?.~ .3 # 40   K0 ' Occupied/Unresolved r / HouseholdSize"r 0'a 'a  0 ' (HouseholdSizeImputation) ?5" 1'a 'a  # ?0 pf4r 23 #  pA169902pAp169,902 uDr 33 pA169902 pA @30232@30,232 oeCr 43 @30232 @ # o0 pf4r 53 #  0nA2001340nApU200,134 }sDr 63 0nA200134 0nA ?0.2?}#U#U0.2 MCAr 73 ?0.2 ? MUnresolvedOccupancyStatus#U]#U#UXXUҙ#UXUX:  f8  'f93 ' 'f:3 ' 'f;3 ' 'f<3 ' 'f=3 ' f>3 0 ' OccupancyStatusUnknownZ?'a 'a  0 ' (OccupancyImputation) I? Z@'a 'a  @506@I506 ka2ZA3 @506 @ A194739Ak194,739 ^T5ZB3 A194739 A # ^0 ND%ZC3 #  # N0 ^T%ZD3 #  hA195245hA^195,245 ka5ZE3 hA195245 hA ?0.2?k0.2 >42ZF3 ?0.2 ? >0 ' StatusUndeterminedNG'a 'a  0 ' (StatusImputation) <2NH'a 'a  # <0 ]S%NI3 #   @45113 @]45,113 i_4NJ3  @45113  @  ;@27;@i27 j`1NK3  ;@27 ;@ A251477Aj251,477 nd5NL3 A251477 A A296617An296,617 ka5NM3 A296617 A ?0.2?k0.2 Mj@2NN3 ?0.2 ? 4M#UXXUS#UXUX Total YjLbOj TCA80797909TCAY80,797,909 jzFbP3 TCA80797909 TCAj xA37494159xA37,494,159 jxFbQ3 xA37494159 xAj ( A228037( A228,037 jvDbR3 ( A228037 ( Aj A251478A251,478 jyDbS3 A251478 Aj =QA 118771583=QA118,771,583 jxGbT3 =QA 118771583 =QAj Y@100.0Y@100.0 mW\NbU3 Y@100.0 40  Y@j 4m#UXXU#UXUXԀ% YWH VW Q@68.0Q@Y68.0 WrB W3 Q@68.0 Q@W ?@31.6?@31.6 WqB X3 ?@31.6 ?@W ?0.2?0.2 WpA Y3 ?0.2 ?W ?0.2?0.2 WrA Z3 ?0.2 ?W Y@100.0Y@100.0 YWHC [3 Y@100.0 Y@W Y3)' \ 40  W 3#UXXU`#UlXUXSource:Jonas(2003)Table2#UXXUl# }\ #XXXUX#eThesourceofthestatusforeachaddresscouldbeeitherthestatusassignedtotheDRFreturn W^ selectedbythePSAortheDMAFdataontheoutcomeoftheNRFU,CIFUorFieldVerification C_ (FV)operations.Thecategoriesforthesourceofthedataonwhichthehousingunitstatuswas /` assignedaredefinedbelow: a HXX4` hX ,' XHE XX4` hXXX4` hXEӀ0  04(#(#SelfResponsethesourcewasaDRF2returnforapapermailreturnquestionnaire, c internetresponseorareverseCATIresponse. d4(#4(# 0  04(#(#EnumeratorResponsethesourcewasaDRF2returnforaSimpleEnumerator g"f Questionnairereturn,anenumeratorcontinuationform,ortheDMAFdataonthe S#g outcomeoftheNRFU,CIFUorFV.?$h4(#4(# 0  04(#(#RespondentProvidedAddressthesourcewasaDRF2returnforapaperBCFreturn &g!j oraGQreturn.'S"k4(#4(# 0  04(#(#NoDataThissourceindicatesthattherewasnoreturnontheDRF2fortheaddress, (+$m andthattherewerenodataontheDMAFfromtheNRFU,CIFUorFVoperations.)%n4(#4(#   +&p DuringtheimputationofhousingunitstatustoaddressesintheStatusImputationcategory,a  totalof47,126addressesweregivenahousingunitstatusofDeleteandremovedfromthe  HCUF.  NoDataforaHousingUnitTherewerenodataforalmost85percentoftheaddressesassigned ` ahousingunitstatusofStatusUnknown. L  ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxyH@ABCDEFG"3"  3}2pA3  0    Over82percentoftheseareaddressesaddedtotheDMAFfromupdatesthatoccurredin $ t August2000orlater.3}݌ `(#(# Ќ  ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG0  ThoseaddressesaddedlateintheprocessingschedulewereaddedtotheDMAFafterthe  8  mergeoftheDMAFandDRF2data.Thus,thedatacaptureresponsesfortheseaddresses $  werenotincludedontheDRF2.Noneofthesewereaddressespreassignedtothe   NRFU,CIFUorFVoperationsalthoughalargeproportionofthesewereaddedtothe   Censusduringtheseoperations.Sincetheresultsofthesefollowupoperationswereonly   recordedontheDMAFforaddressespreassignedtotheoperation,nodataonhousing   unitstatusareavailableontheDMAFfortheseaddresses.p(#(# 4.3.20  DuplicateDeleteProcessingH(#(# TheDuplicateDeleteprocessidentified1,392,686duplicatehousingunitsthatweredeletedat  p thetimetheHCEFcreation.  \ 0  0(#(# (#(#  H@ABCDEFG(pAyxH@ABCDEFG"3"  0  0(#(#32pA3  04(#(#  ݀About2.9percentofthedeletedhousingunitshadaVacanthousingunitstatus.30݌44(#4(# Ќ  "3"  0  0(#(#32pA3  04(#(#  About0.6percentofthedeletedhousingunitshadapreimputationhousingunit   statusofOccupancyStatusUnknownorStatusUnknown.3`݌4(#4(# Ќ  EXX4` hX XX4` hXE4.3.30  Recommendation(#(#  H@ABCDEFG(pAxyH@ABCDEFG"3"  32pA3  0    Reexaminethetimingandcoordinationofdataprocessingoperationsinordertoensure X  thattheresponsescapturedforalladdressescanbeincludedinthefinalcensusfiles. D! (Jonas,2003)3݌0" (#(# Ќ  4.40  NonIDAddressesProcessing $X"(#(# MostoftheseresultscomefromMedina(2001). %0!$ 4.4.10  NonIDProcessingResults'#&(#(# Thegeocodingandmatchingoperationswereeffectiveandefficientprocesses. )$( 0  "3"  3{2pA3  04(#(#  TheclericalgeocodingoperationutilizingtheInteractiveMappingandGeocoding h+&* System,aninteractiveclericalmatchingandgeocodingoperationwhichinvolves T,'+ callingrespondentswhileallowingclericalstafftosimultaneouslyseeboththeMAF  andTIGERdatabases,isaviableandeffectiveoperation.3{݌4(#4(# Ќ  "3"  0  32pA3  04(#(#  Theclericalstaffwasabletomatchandgeocodeaddressesatamuchfasterratethan t estimated.Thesefasterproductionratessignificantlycontributedtolowerstaffing ` levelsthanplannedforthisclericaloperation.3݌L 4(#4(# Ќ  "3"  0  3v2pA3  04(#(#  Theautomatednoncitystylematchingwasaneffectivetoolforreducingthe $ t workloadforclericalmatchingandgeocoding.Basedontheclericalgeocodingrate,  ` thematchingsavedapproximately300persondaysclericalstafftime.3v݌ L 4(#4(# Ќ  TheworkloadofTypeAandTypeBrecordsfortheNonIDprocesswasmorethantwotimesas $  largeasitshouldhavebeen.Almost2.3millionofthe4.2millionTypeAandTypeBNonID   caseswereincludedinerror.TheDCSMOdidnotapplythefiltertoexcludeineligibleGQUHE   returnsfromtheNonIDprocesspriortoidentifyingreturnsthatrequiredtheassignmentofa   MAFIDthroughtheNonIDprocess.Asaresult,2,281,712GQreturnswereerroneously   includedintheNonIDprocesswhileonly659,566GQreturnswerelegitimatelyincluded. p TheGEOreceivedmorethanonemillionrecordstoolatetobeappropriatelyprocessedin H subsequentCensus2000operations.Althoughwedonothavedirectmeasurementsoftheerrors 4 causedbythetardytransferofrecords,anexaminationofhowtheserecordsweretreatedin  p Censusprocessesillustratesthepotentialforseriouscoverageerrorsandlossofdata.  \ ?XX4,hXXX4` hX?"3"  0  32pA3  04(#(#  TheDCSMOdeliveredover830,000TypeAandTypeBrecordstotheGEOafterthe 4 June14,2000processingcutoffdateforidentifyingTypeAaddressesthatshouldbe   includedintheFVoperation.TherecordswerereceivedtoolatefortheNonID   processtocompletethempriortothedeadlineforidentifyingtheFVuniverse.3(݌4(#4(# Ќ  0  04(#(#AnyoftheserecordsforeligibleGQUHEaddressesthatcouldbegeocodedbutnot  matchedtotheMAFwereeligiblefortheFVoperation.Sincetheywereprocessed l toolatetobeincludedintheFV,theywereaddedtotheDMAFwithoutverification.X 4(#4(# ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  ݀0  3A2pA3  04(#(#  Morethan78,000suchaddresseswereaddedtotheCensuswithouthavingbeen 0"  includedintheFVoperations.Mostoftheseaddresseswereobtainedduringthe #l! NRFUinterviewthroughtheUHEandInMoverprobes.3A{݌$X"4(#4(# Ќ  ! ! c@ABCDEFG(xxH@ABCDEFG"3"  <XX4,XXX4,hX<0  04(#(#0` 4(#4(#323  0 ` (#` (#  MostoftheseaddressobtainedthroughtheNRFUUHEprobe.Atotalof %0!$ approximately55,000addressesobtainthroughthisprobeshouldhavebeen &"% senttoFV.OnlyonepercentoftheseweresenttotheFV.Theremainder '#& wereaddedtotheCensuswithoutverification.(Viator,2003)3G݌(#' (# (# Ќ  0  04(#(#0` 4(#4(#0 ` (#` (#MostoftheaddedaddressesobtainedthroughtheNRFUUHEprobeare |*%) suspiciousadditionstotheCensus2000.Morethan70percentofthe h+&* approximately54,000addressesobtainedthroughthisUHEprobewere T,'+ reportedtobevacantonApril1,2000.Areportofavacanthousingunitis  contrarytotheconceptoftheusualhomeelsewhere. (# (# 0  04(#(#0` 4(#4(#0 ` (#` (#Furthermore,theFVoperationfoundthatabouthalfoftheUHEaddresses t thatwereincludedinthefieldoperationwerenothousingunits.Thisrateis ` consistentwiththeoverallFVoperationwhichfoundaboutonlyonehalfof L  thecasesprocessedwerecensushousingunits.8  (# (# ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxc@ABCDEFG"3"  0  32pA3  04(#(#  TheGEOreceivedover6,800TypeAandTypeBrecordsfromtheDSCMOafterthe  ` August4,2000processingcutoffdatefortheAugust15,2000deliveryofMAF  L  updatestotheDMAF.ResponseforaddressesaddedtotheMAFafterthisupdate  8  werenotincludedontheDRF.3݌$ 4(#4(# Ќ  0   (#(# "3"  0  32pA3  04(#(#  TheGEOreceivedmorethan124,000UHEaddressesforIndividualCensus   Questionnaires(ICQs)andShipboardCensusReports(SCRs)aftertheJuly23,2000   suspensionoftheclericalgeocodingprocessing.Asaresult,noattemptwasmadeto   clericallygeocodeanyoftheseaddressesthatfailedtheautomatedmatchingand p geocodingprocess.Thus,newaddressescouldnotbeidentifiedandincludedinthe \ Census.3݌H4(#4(# Ќ  "3"  0  32pA3  04(#(#  Morethan207,000TypeCrecordswereprocessedtoolatefortheirresponsedatato  p beincludedontheDRForincludedintheFVprocess.AlloftheTypeCaddresses  \ identifiedashavingbeenprocessedtoolatewereaddressesthatwerenewtothe H MAF.TheDMAFwasupdatedwiththesenewaddressesaftertheDRF2was 4 created.3݌ 4(#4(# Ќ  4.4.20  Recommendation(#(# ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAyxH@ABCDEFG"3"  32pA3  0    ContinuetorefineandtesttheInteractiveMatchingandGeocodingSystem(IMAGS)  softwareasaproducttoclericallymatchandgeocodeaddresses.(Medina,2001)3݌l(#(# Ќ  4.5GroupQuartersProcessing  D! MostoftheseresultscomefromJonas(2002) #l! 4.5.10  ResolutionofMissingData$D #(#(# TheGQprocessingsuccessfullydealtwithdifficultiessurroundingapotentiallylargeamountof &"% missingdata.InMay2000,theNPCreportedthatalargenumberofGQquestionnairesdidnot '#& haveGQIdentification(ID)numbersonthemand/orhadnoassociatedcontrolsheet.Procedures (#' werequicklydesignedandimplementedbyCensusBureauHeadquartersstafftoclerically )$( reviewthesequestionnairesand,ifpossible,identifythemwiththecorrectGQ.Anestimated |*%) 700,000questionnaireswerereviewedduringthisoperation.Thisoperationappearstohave h+&* beenhighlysuccessfulalthoughnoofficialaccountingwasmadeoftheoutcomeofthisreview. T,'+ ЇAuniquebarcodeandnumberwereprintedoneachGQquestionnaireintheCensus2000.  However,thebarcodewasnotusedtotrackGQquestionnairesfromenumerationthroughdata  capture.Censusenumeratorswererequiredtotranscribethe14digitGQidentificationnumber  toeachGQquestionnaire.Whenthiswasnotdoneorwasdoneincorrectlyitwasdifficultand t sometimesimpossibletoidentifytheGQatwhichtherespondentwasenumerated. ` AfterGQquestionnaireswerecapturedbytheDCS2000,thecountsofcapturedquestionnaires 8  wereexaminedbyaninterdivisionalteamofstaffknowledgeableoftheGQenumerationand $ t processingoperations.ThisreviewwasnotoriginallypartofthedesignforGQprocessing.The  ` teamfoundthatthedatacapturewasincompleteinseveralways:  L  0  04(#(#NoquestionnaireswerereceivedforanumberofGQswhichwerebelievedtohave $  refusedourattemptstoenumeratethem. 4(#4(# 0  04(#(#ThecountofquestionnairesforanumberofGQswasfarlessthanprojectedby   pre-enumerationoperations. 4(#4(# 0  04(#(#AnumberofGQshadahighercountofquestionnairessenttoNPCbytheLCOsthan \ werecapturedbytheDCS2000.H4(#4(# Ѐ 4 0  (AportionofthemissingquestionnairescanbeattributedtothemissingGQIDnumbers  p onsomeformsandourinabilitytoidentifythemwiththeappropriateGQ.) \(#(# Apreviouslyunplannedtelephonefollowupoperationwasimplementedtoaddressthefirsttwo 4 ofthecountdeficienciesdescribedabove.ThisfollowupascertainedtheCensusDaypopulation   countforGQsbutdidnotcollectthedemographicdataofresidents.   ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAyyH@ABCDEFG"3"  0  3.2pA3  04(#(#  Atotalcountof101,598personswasaddedtotheGQpopulationasresultofthis  followup.Thiswas1.3percentofthetotalCensus2000GQpopulation.3.g݌4(#4(# Ќ  "3"  0  32pA3  04(#(#  About4.4percentofGQresidentsathospitalswereenumeratedbythisfollowup.3݌X 4(#4(# Ќ  0   (#(# TheDSSDdesignedaproceduretoderiveacountoftheexpectednumberofpersonsenumerated 0"  atGQstomitigatetheproblemsposedbythelastofthethreecountdiscrepancies.Whenthe #l! aggregatecountofformsshippedtotheNPCforaSpecialPlacewashigherthantheaggregate $X" countofformscaptured,thedifferenceinthesetwocountswasallocatedtotheGQswithinthe $D # SpecialPlaceproportionaltothedifferencesinthetwocountsforeachGQ. %0!$ Collectively,alltheseoperationsaddedabout200,000personstotheCensus2000GQ '#& populationof7,825,407.Asaresult,itwasnecessarytoimputedemographicdatafor (#' 2.6percentoftheCensus2000GQpopulation. )$(   h+&* 4.5.20  ProcessingofResponseswithaUsualHomeElsewhereAddress(#(# TheGQprocessingsuccessfullyrecoveredfromtheerroneousroutingofreturnsforGQresidents  reportingUHEaddressestotheNonIDprocess.TheGQresponsessenttotheNonIDprocess t couldberemovedfromtheGQuniverseandplacedinthehousingunituniverseiftheUHE ` addresswasconfirmedtobeahousingunitsoitwasimportantthatwesuccessfullyidentified L  ineligibleGQUHEresponsestherebypreventingthemfrombeingerroneouslyremovedfromthe 8  GQuniverse. $ t Ѐ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAyyH@ABCDEFG"3"  0  32pA3  04(#(#  Atotalof659,566responseswithaUHEhousingunitaddresswerecorrectly  L  removedfromtheGQuniverse.3݌ 8 4(#4(# Ќ  "3"  0  32pA3  04(#(#  Atotalof150,315responseswereincorrectlyremovedfromtheGQuniversebecause   theywereincorrectlyidentifiedashavingaUHEaddress.3&݌ 4(#4(# Ќ  ?XX4` " hXXX4,X?"3"  0  3 2pA3  04(#(#  GQprocessingerroneouslysentnearly2.3millionGQresponsestotheNonID   process.3  ݌p4(#4(# Ќ  0   (#(# ! ! 4@ABCDEFG(xyH@ABCDEFG0  04(#(#0` 4(#4(#0" ` (#` (#Therewere1,892,742responseswithaUHEaddresscollectedfromthose H typesofGQsthatmadethemineligibletobesenttotheNonIDprocess.4" (#" (# 0  04(#(#0` 4(#4(#0" ` (#` (#Therewere388,970responsesthatwereincorrectlyidentifiedashavinga  \ UHEaddress.H" (#" (# 4.5.3Recommendations   TheserecommendationscomefromJonas(2002).   H@ABCDEFG(pAyx4@ABCDEFG"3"  3c2pA3  0    TrackGQquestionnairesthroughouttheoperation,fromenumerationthroughdata  capture.AuniquebarcodeandnumberprintedoneachGQquestionnairecanbeusedfor l thispurposeusingexistingproductstorecordandmanageadatabaseofthese X  identificationnumbers.3c݌D!(#(# Ќ  "3"  3b2pA3  0    Institutemoreeffectivesoftwarequalityassuranceprogramsinvolvingrepresentatives #l! frommorethanonedivision.3b݌$X"(#(# Ќ  `OY   XX5.0 @ CONCLUSIONS#XX#  &"%  5.10  ProcessingSystemsDesignArchitecture ($'(#(#  H@ABCDEFG(pAxyH@ABCDEFG"3"  3#2pA3  0    Nocriticalfailuresoftheprocessingsystemdesignwerereportedduringthe *%) implementationofthecensus. Thedesignofthecensusprocessingsystemsforhousing z+&* unitresponseswasadequatefortherequiredtasks.Theprocessingsystemshandled f,'+ `OY% ` `  millionsofcensusresponsesfromalargevarietyofdatacollectionmethodsanddata  collectionsystems.Enumerationresults,demographicdata,housingunitdata,and  geographicinformationweresuccessfullyintegrated,ontime,intothecriticalCensus  databasessuchastheDRF,theHCUFandtheDMAF. 3#P݌t(#(# Ќ  5.20  DevelopmentandDocumentationofRequirements L (#(# "3"  3+2pA3  0    Acommonthreadinallofthestudieswastheneedforwelldocumentedprocessing $ t requirements.Ithasbeensuggestedthatmoretimebeallocatedtothedevelopmentand  ` designofrequirements.3+X݌ L (#(# Ќ  0  AccordingtoFowler(2003)therequirementsdevelopmentfortheDRF1andDRF2were $  lacking.Completeintegratedrequirementsdevelopmentwasnotavailabletoaddressall   componentsasnecessarytoproduceadequateDRF1andDRF2documentation,and   designqualityassuranceprocessesandsoftwaretesting.Instead,requirementdocuments   wereproducedpiecemeal,whichresultedinprocessingcomplications. (#(# 0  TheDRF1requirementsdocumentationexistedforsomecomponentsofthefilecreation \ process,suchascreationofthenormalizeddataresponsefiles,theinterfacewiththe H CoverageEditFollowup(CEFU)operationandcodingextraction,butdidnotexistfor 4 othercriticalstepssuchasinterfaceswiththeNonIDprocess,andtheeditingandcoding  p oftheresponsedata.Latechangestorequirementstoaddresstheinclusionoflarge  \ householdsintheCEFUandchangestotheDataCaptureAuditresolutionprocesswere H challengingforDCSMOtoimplement.TherearenodocumentedsoftwaretestingorQA 4 processesfortheseoperations. (#(# 0  ThestepsundertakentodevelopandimplementrequirementsforthePrimarySelection  Algorithm(PSA)wasanexemplaryandsuccessfulprocess.Considerablestaffresources  weredevotedtothedevelopmentofrequirementsandsoftwareforthePSAwhichwas  appliedtolessthantenpercentoftheCensus2000housingunitaddresses.Asstatedby l Fowler(2003),thedevelopmentofrequirementsforthePSAwasadequatetothetask. X  Thededicationofsufficientstafftothistaskcontributedtothesuccessfuldevelopmentof D! requirements.TherequirementsforthePSAsoftwareconsistedofaverycomplexsetof 0"  criteriaandpersonmatching.Thetimelydevelopmentanddocumentationofthese #l! requirementsallowedforthedesignandimplementationofmorecompleteandeffective $X" softwaretestingandQAprocedures.$D #(#(# 0  Processingrequirementswerealsofullydevelopedfortheprocessesoflinking &"% questionnaireandcontinuationformresponsedata,andassigninghousingunitstatusand '#& householdsize.However,thesoftwaretestingfortheseprocesseswasmuchmore (#' informalthanforthePSA.Insufficientresourcesandthelatenessofrequirements )$( developmentdidnotallowadequatetimetodevelopformalsoftwaretestingandQA |*%) procedures.h+&*(#(#  T,'+ ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  3%2pA3  0    Acompleteidentificationoftherequirementsneededwasnotaccomplishedpriortothe  implementationofcensusoperations.Somerequirementsdocumentswerenotlistedin  theMasterActivitySchedule.Theresponsibilityfortheserequirementspecificationswas  notassignedwithsufficienttimetocompleteallstepsofafullprocessdevelopmentand t thedeliverablescouldnotbetracked.3%D%݌`(#(# Ќ  0  Thereareseveralexamplesofprocessesforwhichtheneedforrequirementsandfor 8  whichtheassignmentoftheresponsibilityforspecifyingrequirementswasnotidentified $ t inatimelymanner.TheseincludetheDRF2processing(requirementsforlinking  ` responserecordsandrequirementsforassigninghousingunitstatus),andtheCUF  L  processing(requirementsforidentifyingKills,integratingoftheDMAFandDRF2). 8 (#(# Ѐ $   5.30  QualityAssuranceProcesses (#(#  ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  3*2pA3  0    Thelackofqualityprocesscontrolandqualityassurancesoftwaretestingputmanyofthe   processingstepsatrisk.TheoverallsuccessoftheCensus2000processingisapparent   fromthestudiesthatcontributedtothisreport.However,somemisstepsdidoccurthat p hadimportanteffectsonCensusdata.Thesemayhavebeenpreventablethroughmore \ formalandthoroughqualityassuranceandcontrolprocedures.3*+݌H(#(# Ќ  ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  3!.2pA3  0    AwelldesignedandformalQAprogramwascarriedoutforthePSA.ThePSAused  p inter-divisionalteamstodeveloprequirementsandsoftwaretestingprocedures.Formal  \ walkthroughandtestingwereconductedforallsoftwarecomponents.3!.N.݌H(#(# Ќ  0  PrimaryresponsibilityforthedesignoftestingproceduresforthePSAsoftwarewas   initiallygiventocontractors.Thisworkedwellinthebeginningbecausethecontractor   hadexpertiseinsoftwaretestingandhadgainedsufficientknowledgeofthePSAprocess  throughtheCensus2000DressRehearsalexperience.Midwaythroughthedevelopment  process,thiscontractorleftandwasreplacedbyotherswhodidnothaveanadequate  understandingofthePSAsoftwarerequirements.Fromthatpointon,itbecame l necessaryforCensusBureaustafffromtheDSSDtoassumeprimaryresponsibilityfor X  thedesignofthesoftwaretesting.BythisstageofdevelopmenttheCensusBureaustaff D! hadgainedsufficientknowledgeoftheprinciplesofsoftwaretesting.Thesoftware 0"  testingwassuccessfulbutthetransitionofresponsibilitiesputthetestingprocessatgreat #l! risk.$X"(#(#  5.40  NonIDProcess%0!$(#(#  ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  3552pA3  0    ThegeocodingandmatchingoperationsoftheNonIDprocesswereeffectiveand '#& efficientprocesses,yetNonIDprocessingwasnotcompletedintimesothatthedata (#' formallcasescouldbeintegratedintotheDRF2andtheHCUF.355b5݌)$((#(# Ќ  0  ItappearsthattheNonIDprocesswasoverwhelmedwiththeenormousnumberofGQ h+&* UHEaddresseserroneouslyincludedtheprocessbytheDCSMO.Jonas(2002)reported T,'+ thattheGQprocessingoperationerroneouslysentnearly2.3millionUHEaddressesto  theNonIDprocess.ThiswasoverhalfoftheNonIDworkload.Itappearsthatdueto  thislargeworkload,manyNonIDrecordsweredeliveredtotheGEOafterimportant  processingcutoffdates(Medina,2001).Medina(2001)pointsoutthattheGEOreceived t morethan830,000TypeAandBaddressesfromtheDCSMOlaterthantheJune14, ` 2000processingcutoffdatefortheidentificationoftheFVworkload.Manyofthese L  weredeliveredtotheGEO,aftertheacutoffforinclusionoftheresponsedataintothe 8  DRF2.AlthoughMedina(2001)doesnotdiscussTypeCaddressesintheNonID $ t processes,thelatedeliveryofsuchalargenumberofTypeAandBrecordsalmost  ` certainlydelayedtheprocessingofTypeCrecords. L (#(# 0  Theneedtoadheretoatightprocessingschedulemeantthatotherprocessingtook $  priorityovertheprocessingofNonIDrecordsbytheDSCMO.AllNon-IDrecordswere   ultimatelydeliveredbytheDCSMOtotheGEO,processedbytheGEOandreturnedto   theDSCMOprocessingqueue.AllNonIDaddressesgeocodedbytheGEOwere   includedintheDMAF. (#(# 0  ThecompletionofNonIDprocessinglateintheCensusschedulehadtwoimportant \ impactsontheCensusenumerations.Thefirstisthattheresponsedatafrommorethan H 207,000housingunitswerenotincludedintheCensus.Someofthesehousingunits 4 weredeletedfromtheCensusbythecountimputationprocess.Thesecondisthatitmay  p haveaddedmanynonexistenthousingunitstotheCensus.ThelatetimingofNonID  \ processingmeantthatmorethan78,000housingunitswereaddedtothecensuswithout H havingbeenverifiedbytheFVoperation.AnevaluationoftheFVfoundthatonlyabout 4 halfoftheaddressesprocessedbytheFVwereverifiedasvalidhousingunits. (#(#  5.50  CountImputationofHousingUnitStatus (#(# ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  3B2pA3  0    ItwasnotedbyFay(2001)thattheCensus2000experiencedahigherrateofwhole  personimputationsthanthe1990Census.Thecountimputationprocessaccountedfor l 0.42percentofthetotalCensus2000population,arateseveraltimeshigherthan X  experiencedinthe1990Census.3B=B݌D!(#(# Ќ  0  Countimputationincludedthethreecategoriesofwholehouseholdimputationinwhicha #l! housingunitstatusand/orhouseholdsizewereimputedtocensusaddresses.Thesethree $X" categoriesincludeatotalof691,996addresses:1)200,134forHouseholdSize $D # Imputation,2)195,245forOccupancyImputationand3)296,617forStatusImputation.%0!$(#(# 0  Itappearsthatprocessingerrorscausedthemissingdataforasignificantportionofthe '#& addressesinthelattertwoimputationcategories.Theseerrorsmayhavetripledthe (#' numberofCensushousingunitsforwhichtheoccupancystatuswasimputed.Howthe )$( numberofaddressesineachofthesetwocategorieswasaffectedbydeviationsfrom |*%) specificationsisdiscussedbelow:h+&*(#(# 0  T,'+(#(# 0  StatusImputationTheStatusImputationcategoryincludesatotalof251,477addresses  forwhichtherewasnoreturnontheDRF.Morethan80percent(207,283)ofthese  addresseshavebeenidentifiedasTypeCaddressesprocessedverylatebytheNonID  processandaddedtotheDMAFinAugust2000orlater.Thesewerepartoftheupdates t totheDMAFthatoccurredaslateasNovember2000.TheseupdatestotheDMAF ` occurredsolatethattheresponsedatafortheseaddedaddressescouldnotbeincludedon L  theDRF2.Asaresultitwasnecessarytoimputethehousingunitstatusandhousehold 8  sizefortheseaddresses.$ t(#(# 0  OccupancyImputationTheOccupancyImputationcategoryincludes145,367Census  L  addresseswhicharesuspectedtobevacanthousingunitsbutwereincludedinthis  8  imputationcategory.Rosenthal(2003)statesthatresponsesof0'totheInterviewer $  SummaryItemB(POPonApril1,2000)weremistakenlycodedasablankentry.This   processingerroroccurredonasmanyas258,963returnsassignedthehousingstatusof   OccupancyStatusUnknown.Almost95percentofthesereturnshadtheInterview   SummaryItemC(TypeofVacancy)filled.EnumeratorswereinstructedtofillInterview   SummaryItemConlyforvacanthousingunits.Thissuggeststhatenumeratorstookcare p toenter0'inInterviewSummaryItemBaswellasfillingInterviewSummaryItemCfor \ almostallofthe258,963responseswithasuspectederror.ThePSAchosethesereturns H asthePrimaryPSAHouseholdat145,367addressesincludedontheHCUFbeforethe 4 imputationofhousingunitstatus. p(#(#  5.60  PrimarySelectionAlgorithm H(#(#  ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  3 Q2pA3  0    Foraddresseswithtworeturns,theoutcomeofthePSAcouldhavedifferedforfewer   thananestimated500,000addresseshaditnotincludedawithinaddresspersonmatching   function.Thisnumberincludesanestimated104,000addresseswithtworeturnsforthe  samehouseholdthatthePSAfailedtomatch.Thisdoesnotimplythattheresultswould  havenecessarilybeendifferentorthattheywouldhavebeenlesscorrect.3 Q9Q݌(#(# Ќ  e0  Morethanninetysevenofalladdresseswithmultiplereturnshadjusttworeturns.Oneof X  thefollowingsituationsexistsforalloftheaddresseswithtworeturns:1)allVacant D! returns,2)oneVacantreturnandoneOccupiedreturn,3)aBasicReturnthatincludedall 0"  ofthepersonsontheotherreturn,4)tworeturnsfortwodifferenthouseholds,or5)two #l! returnswithmatchingpersonsandeachhavinguniquepersonsnotfoundontheother $X" return.Onlyforthelastscenariocouldthepersonmatchinghaveaffectedtheaccuracyof $D # enumerationsresultingfromthePSAoutcome.%0!$s#s#   '#&    XX6.0 @ RECOMMENDATIONS#XXV#   V! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  3 X2pA3  0    Ensuretimelyandcompletedocumentationofprocessingrequirementsanddesign.  Timelyprocessingrequirementswillreducethetimerequiredforsoftwaredevelopment,  allowforadequatesoftwaretesting,andallowforthedesignandimplementationof r qualityassuranceprocesses.Thetimelydevelopmentofdocumentationwillallowfor ^  completeandaccurateassessmentsoftheinterdependenciesbetweenprocedures. J  Preferably,completedocumentationwouldbeachievedforaCensusdressrehearsal.In 6  mostcasesthefinalCensusdocumentationwouldevolvedirectlyfromthedressrehearsal " r documentationreflectingsmallchangesbasedonlessonslearnedinadressrehearsal.  ^  Havingfulldocumentationcompletedforthedressrehearsalwouldensurethattheimpact  J  ofmodificationstooneprocedureonrelatedactivitiescouldbeadequatelyevaluated.3 X7X݌6 s#s# Ќ  0   s#s# ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  3]2pA3  0    Identifythestaffswiththecriticalskillsandknowledgeneededtodevelopall   requirementsearlyinthedevelopmentprocess.3]]݌ s#s# Ќ  ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  3~_2pA3  0    EnsurethateffectiveQAproceduresareinplaceforallcensusdataprocessingoperations.  AllowflexibilityinthestandardsonwhichtheQAproceduresarebased.Thescopeof n QAproceduresandresourcesrequiredtoimplementthemshouldbecommensuratewith Z thelevelofrisksassociatedwithprocessingerrors.3~__݌Fs#s# Ќ  ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  3Pb2pA3  0    IncorporatetheuseofinteractivegeocodingsoftwaresuchastheInteractiveMatchingand n GeocodingSystems(IMAGS)softwareagainforthe2010Census.Continuetodevelop  Z andtestsoftwaresuchasthisasaproducttoclericallymatchandgeocodeaddresses.The F useofthissoftwareresultedinanefficientclericalgeocodingoperationwithrespectto 2 timingandoutcome.Theprocesstookmuchlesstimethanexpected.3Pb}b݌s#s# Ќ  0  Theaddressesgeocodedusingthissoftwarewereaddressesthatcouldnotbegeocodedby  anautomatedprocess.Yet,theproportionofclericallygeocodedaddressesfoundbyFV  intheblocktowhichtheywerecodedwassimilartotheproportionforaddressesthat ~ couldbegeocodedbythecompletelyautomatedprocess.Thisindicatesthatanadequate j  levelofaccuracywasachievedfortheclericalgeocodingprocessusingtheinteractive V! geocodingsoftware.B" s#s# ! ! H@ABCDEFG(pAxxH@ABCDEFG"3"  3g2pA3  0    EliminatethewithinaddresspersonmatchingfunctionfromthePSA.Defineasimpler $j" withinaddressreturnselectionprocessthatreliesmoreontypeofreturnandstatusof %V # returnandlessonpersonmatching.IntheCensus2000,theeliminationofwithinaddress %B!$ personmatchingwouldnothavesignificantlydegradedcoverageorthequalityofCensus &."% data.ExtensiveresourcesintheCensus2000weredevotedtodesigningand '#& implementingaPSAthatreliedonwithinaddresspersonmatching.Inthe2010Census, ($' theseresourcesmaybebetterdirectedtowardtheunduplicationofpersonsacross )$( addresses.3g*h݌*%)s#s# Ќ  ݀  f,'+    XXREFERENCES   #XXk#kBaumgardner,Stephanie(2002),AnalysisofthePrimarySelectionAlgorithm,Census2000  EvaluationL.3.a.,November2002.  Baumgardner,Stephanie(2003),ResolutionofMultipleCensusReturnsUsingaReinterview, n Census2000EvaluationL.3.b.,September2003. Z  Carter,Nathan(2002),BeCountedCampaignforCensus2000,Census2000EvaluationA.3, 2 r September2002.  ^  Coan,Edmund(2000),ProgramMasterPlan:Census2000DecennialResponseFileProgram,  6  Census2000InformationalMemorandumNo.85,December2000. "  Fay,Robert(2001),The2000HousingUnitDuplicationOperationandTheirEffectonthe   AccuracyofthePopulationCount,JointStatisticalMeetingsProceedings2001,August2001.   Fowler,Charles(2003),AssessmentReportforDecennialResponseFilesDRF1,DRF2,PSA, ~ Census2000InformationalMemorandumNo.137,May2003. j Griffin,Richard(2001),Census2000MissingHousingUnitStatusandPopulationData, B DSSDCensus2000ProceduresandOperationsMemorandumSeriesB17,February2001. .n Jonas,Kim(2002),GroupQuartersEnumeration,Census2000EvaluationE.5,September2002. F Jonas,Kim(2003),CensusUneditedFileCreation,Census2000EvaluationL.4,August,2003.  Medina,Karen(2001),AssessmentReportforNonIDQuestionnaireProcessing(including  BCF/TQAFieldVerification),September2003.  Ѐ  Nash,Fay(2001),AnalysisofCensusImputations,ExecutiveSteeringCommitteeForA.C.E. z PolicyIIReportNo.21,September2001. f  Pike,A.Edward(2001),ProgramMasterPlan:Census2000Matching/GeocodingNonMaster >"~! AddressFile(MAF)Identification(ID)Questionnaires,Census2000Informational *#j" MemorandumNo.98,April2001. $V # Rosenthal,Miriam(2003),OperationalAnalysisoftheDecennialResponseFileLinkingand %."% SettingofHousingUnitStatusandExpectedHouseholdSize,Census2000EvaluationL.2, &#& June,2003. '$' Tenebaum,Michael(2001),AssessmentofFieldVerification,Census2000EvaluationH.2, )%) July2001. *&* Viator,Mark;Alberti,Nicholas(2003),EvaluationofNonresponseFollowupWholeHousehold b,(, UsualHomeElsewhereProbe,Census2000EvaluationI.2,February2003.