From the Guide to 2010 State and Local Census Geography – Missouri – History:

The United States acquired the area of Missouri from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Missouri Territory was organized on June 4, 1812, from Louisiana Territory, and included all of the present-day states of Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma and parts of Colorado, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The territory was reduced by conclusion of a treaty with Spain in 1819 that removed the portion of Texas that was in the territory and part of present-day Colorado, Kansas, and Wyoming. That same year, Missouri Territory was further reduced by the organization of Arkansas Territory. Missouri was admitted to the Union on March 2, 1821, as the 24th state from a small part of Missouri Territory. With the Platte Purchase of 1836, Missouri added territory in the northwest, west to the Missouri River, to assume generally the same boundary as the present state. (Missouri Territory—the portion not included in the state of Missouri—continued to exist as a separate area until the organization of Nebraska Territory in 1854, although reduced after a large part of the northern area was annexed to Michigan Territory in 1834. Some statutes refer to this Missouri Territory as Indian Country or Indian Territory.)

Although the territory had not yet been legally established, census data for Missouri are available beginning with the 1810 census. The 1810 and 1820 populations are for the present-day area of the state of Missouri. The population of the entire legally established Louisiana Territory (of which the area of Missouri was a part) in 1810 was 20,845. The 1820 census enumeration apparently did not include area in Missouri Territory beyond what is now the state of Missouri.

Data for the legally established state of Missouri are available beginning with the 1830 census.

From QuickFacts: statistics for all states and counties, and for cities and towns with a population of 5,000 or more.

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From data.census.gov:

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Source: Selected Monthly State Tax Collections.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division (Annual Estimates of the Resident Population).

Source: 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Estimates.

From Census Business Builder: Regional Analyst Edition - 3.4:

From the State Data Center (SDC) Program:

From Foreign Trade > U.S. International Trade Data:

Note: After you create an account, you can choose between State Export Data (Origin of Movement) or State Import Data (State of Destination) by Harmonized System (HS) or NAICS. For more information, see the Quick Start Guide.

From the Census Bureau History: 

From the Statistics in Schools (SIS) program: