There are several sources of historical data available on the Census Bureau Web site. Here are just a few:
Below are links to selected Census Bureau reports and data sets containing historical data. This is not an exhaustive list; researchers also may want to search the Census Bureau's alphabetical subject list.

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One room schoolhouse, Kansas, 1941
Photo courtesy of the National Archives
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
Tax Revenue of State and Local Governments