The Quarterly Services Survey was established in 2004. Previously, the Census Bureau had conducted 12 indicator surveys, including monthly series covering retail and wholesale trade; manufacturers’ shipments, inventories and orders; residential construction; and merchandise trade; and a quarterly series on corporate profits. These indicator series track current economic activity, and are closely followed and widely used by policy makers in the public and private sectors.
Until the QSS, no economic indicator had existed for the services sector despite its importance and increasing share of total economic activity. Excluding retail and wholesale trade, nearly 55 percent of all economic activity is accounted for by services. Measures of service industry output previously were available only from the five-year economic census and on an annual basis from the Service Annual Survey (SAS).
Reliable measures of current economic activity are essential to an objective assessment of the need for, and impact of, a wide range of public policy decisions. These more up-to-date estimates of service industry output will improve those measures.
The QSS is used by the Bureau of Economic Analysis to significantly improve their quarterly gross domestic product (GDP) and GDP by industry estimates. It also provides the Federal Reserve Board and Council of Economic Advisors with timely information to assess current economic performance. Other government and private stakeholders benefit from a better understanding of important cyclical components of our economy.
Economic indicators are statistical figures, which are used to track the growth and decline of activity in specific segments of the economy over time. Additional economic indicators produced in other areas at the Census Bureau include Manufacturers' Shipments, Inventories, and Orders; U.S. International Trade; Labor Force; Income; Poverty; Government Budget and Debt; Plant and Equipment Expenditures; and Retail Sales.
Currently the Quarterly Services Survey covers the following NAICS sectors (2-digit) and subsectors (3-digit):
These sectors are designated by NAICS.
NAICS is used to classify a business’ primary activity. It replaced SIC (Standard Industrial Classification). For further information regarding NAICS, you can access the following website: NAICS
The QSS produces quarterly estimates of total operating revenue and the percentage of revenue by class of customer. In addition, the QSS provides estimates of total operating expenses from tax-exempt firms in industries that have a large not-for-profit component, inpatient days and discharges in Hospitals, and admissions revenue for Performing Arts and Spectator Sports.
Because estimates are based on a sample rather than the entire population, the published estimates may differ from the actual, but unknown, population values. In principle, many random samples could be drawn and each would give a different result. This is because each sample would be made up of different businesses who would give different answers to the questions asked. The spread of these results is the sampling variability.
Common measures of the variability among these estimates are the sampling variance, the standard error, and the coefficient of variation (CV). The sampling variance is defined as the squared difference, averaged over all possible samples of the same size and design, between the estimator and its average value. The standard error is the square root of the sampling variance. The CV expresses the standard error as a percentage of the estimate to which it refers. For example, an estimate of 200 units that has an estimated standard error of 10 units has an estimated CV of 5 percent. The CV has the advantage of being a relative, rather than an absolute, measure and can be used to compare the reliability of one estimate to another.
Since not all companies maintain their quarterly records on a calendar quarter, the Census Bureau accepts, evaluates, and uses the fiscal quarter data as part of the QSS collection unless it determines that the reported data are not representative of the calendar quarter.
The QSS collects gross revenue. If a company's gross revenue is zero or negative, the Census Bureau accepts, evaluates, and uses the reported data, unless it determines that the reported data is not generally reflective of companies represented by that sampling unit.
The U.S. Census Bureau is required by Section 9 of Title 13 United States Code to keep respondents' information confidential and can use the information only to produce statistics. The Census Bureau is not permitted to publicly release a respondent's information in a way that could identify a business, organization, or institution. Per the Federal Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2015, submitted data are protected from cybersecurity risks through screening of the systems that transmit the data.
The Advance Quarterly Services Report is released approximately 50 calendar days after the end of the reference quarter at 10:00AM ET. The full Quarterly Services Report is released approximately 75 calendar days after the end of the reference quarter at 10:00 AM ET. The release schedule for the Advance Quarterly Services Report and full Quarterly Services Report can be found here.
