In 1869, the Ingalls family of Little House on the Prairie books and television series fame illegally settled in southeastern Kansas on land that belonged to the Osage Indians. In 2020, the population of the Osage Reservation (headquartered in Pawhuska, OK) numbered 45,818, making it the second largest American Indian reservation in the United States behind the Navajo Nation Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.

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Laura and her family moved frequently, as Charles farmed and homesteaded land near Independence, KS (on Osage Indian land); Walnut Grove, Redwood County, MN; Lake City, MN; South Troy, Wabasha County, MN; and Burr Oak, Winneshiek County, IA. During the winter of 1879–1880, Charles Ingalls filed a formal homestead application for land in De Smet, SD. Laura attended school in De Smet where she met many of the friends featured in her books. At age 15, Laura began teaching school in De Smet, leaving 3 years later to marry Almanzo Wilder in 1885.

The early years of Laura and Almanzo's lives together were often beset with hardship. They welcomed daughter Rose on December 5, 1886, but an unnamed son born in 1889 died at 12 days of age. Sickness, drought, and fire nearly ruined the family and forced them to live with family and later relocate to Florida in the hope that the state's warmer climate would help Almanzo recuperate from illness. In 1894, the Wilders returned to the midwestern United States, purchasing property outside of Mansfield, MO. Naming the property "Rocky Ridge Farm," the couple built a prosperous poultry, dairy, and fruit business.

Ingalls Wilder's writing career began in 1911, after publishing an article in the Missouri Ruralist. The newspaper encouraged the budding author to accept a permanent position as a columnist and editor. Hit hard by the 1929 Stock Market Crash, Wilder began recording her childhood memories and published the first of the Little House books—Little House in the Big Woods—in 1932. She published seven more books during her lifetime: Farmer Boy (about Almanzo's childhood, in 1933), Little House on the Prairie (1935), On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937), By the Shore of Silver Lake (1939), The Long Winter (1940), Little Town on the Prairie (1941), and These Happy Golden Years (1943). Although Wilder concluded the eighth book with the note, "The end of the Little house books," her estate published a ninth book—The First Four Years—in 1971, chronicling the hardships of the couple's newlywed years.

You can learn more about the life of Laura Ingalls Wilder and the places featured in the Little House on the Prairie books using data and records collected by the U.S. Census Bureau and other federal agencies. For example:

• You can follow Laura Ingalls Wilder's life, family, and career from her 1870 to 1950 Census records: 1870 Census (Page 1, Page 2); 1880 Census; 1910 Census; 1920 Census; 1940 Census; 1950 Census.
• The Ingalls family settled on land belonging to the Osage Indians in 1869, wrongly believing the U.S. government would soon open it to White homesteaders. In 2010, the population of the Osage Reservation (headquartered in Pawhuska, OK) numbered 47,472, making it the second largest American Indian reservation in the United States behind the Navajo Nation Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.
• Soon after Charles Ingalls settled his family on the homestead in De Smet, the 1880 Census counted the Dakota Territory's population at 135,177. Following statehood on November 2, 1889, the 1890 Census found South Dakota's population was 328,808. In 2020, the state's population was 924,669.
• In 1888, Laura and Almanzo Wilder were stricken by diphtheria. They survived, but the illness left Almanzo's legs temporarily paralyzed. Two years later, the 1890 Census found that diphtheria claimed the lives of 27,815. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, vaccination against diphtheria reduced deaths from the disease in the United States from 15,520 in 1921, to just 2 cases between 2004 and 2015. In 2015, the World Health Organization reported that 86 percent of infants worldwide (116 million) received diphtheria vaccinations, averting an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths annually.
• The popular NBC television drama, Little House on the Prairie aired from September 1974 to March 1983, and was based on Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House books. The series starred Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls Wilder and Michael Landon and Karen Grassle as her parents Charles and Caroline Ingalls. Other cast members included: Melissa Sue Anderson (Mary Ingalls), Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush (Carrie Ingalls), Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh (Grace Ingalls), Victor French (Isaiah Edwards), Dabbs Greer (Rev. Robert Alden), Merlin Olsen (Jonathan Garvey), and Karl Swenson (Lars Hanson).
• Did the landscape from the Little House on the Prairie television series look familiar? The series shared studios and filming locations with many movies and television series. For example, Big Sky Ranch, in Simi Valley, CA, doubled as Walnut Grove, MN, and also served as a filming location for the series Rawhide and Gunsmoke. Little House filming also shared space and studios at Red Hills Ranch (Bonanza and Back to the Future III) in Sonora, CA; Apacheland Studio (Death Valley Days and Have Gun Will Travel) in Apache Junction, AZ; San Rafael Ranch State Park (Oklahoma!) in Lochiel, Santa Cruz County, AZ; and the area around Lake Sherwood, CA (Tarzan and Bridesmaids).
• Almanzo and Laura lived at Rocky Ridge Farm until their deaths in 1949 and 1957, respectively. Daughter Rose Wilder Lane—also a prominent writer—died in 1968. Rocky Ridge Farm and Rock Cottage (where Ingalls Wilder began writing the Little House books) in Mansfield, MO, are preserved today by The Laura Ingalls Wilder Historic Home and Museum.
• Are you interested in using Laura Ingalls Wilder's books and primary documents—like census records—in the classroom? A number of lesson plans and genealogical presentation are available online, including those prepared by the National Archives, South Dakota Department of Education, and U.S. Census Bureau History Office.

On February 3, 1950, President Harry S. Truman nominated Roy Victor Peel as director of the Census Bureau.

Peel filled the position vacated by James Clyde Capt in 1949, arriving just weeks before the start of the 1950 Census. In addition to supervising the 1950 Census, Peel also oversaw the agency's installation of UNIVAC I—the first electronic computer designed for civilian use.