On March 6, 1902, the U.S. Congress passed an act establishing the U.S. Census Bureau as an agancy within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The Census Bureau officially opened its doors at the Emery Building at 1st and B Streets, Washington, DC, on July 1, 1902.

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Under the leadership of William Rush Merriam, the act directed that in addition to the decennial population census, the agency would also conduct a census of manufactures in 1905 and every 5 years thereafter; an annual survey of cotton production; and other economic surveys. The permanent agency—initially within the U.S. Department of the Interior—officially "opened its doors" at the Emery Building, located at the corner of 1st and B Streets, NW Washington, DC—on July 1, 1902. Following its establishment by President Theodore Roosevelt, the Census Bureau moved to the U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor on February 14, 1903. It remained in the Department of Commerce after the agency split into two on March 4, 1913.

Today, the Census Bureau is an international authority on the collection, tabulation, and publication of statistical data. It leads the world in the fields of demographic, economic, and statistical research. Browse this Web site to learn more about the Census Bureau's history, its employees, and the agency's remarkable record of invention and innovation. For example:

• Article 1, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution requires the taking of a census of population every 10 years, beginning in 1790. In 1810, U.S. Marshals conducting the census made the first economic inquiries. Data collection on the nation's agriculture began in 1820, and inquiries of the nation's government entities began in 1840. Today, the Census Bureau conducts quinquenniel economic and government censuses, a decennial census of population, and more than 130 demographic, economic, and government surveys annually.
• New York City, NY, and Philadelphia, PA, were home to temporary census offices before it moved to Washington, DC, in 1800. Census operations remained in Washington, DC, until 1942, when the agency moved to "Federal Office Building #3" in Suitland, MD. The agency moved into its new headquarters (adjacent to the site on which Federal Office Building #3 stood) in 2006.
• After working for the Census Bureau during the 1880 Census, Herman Hollerith invented an electrically-powered mechanical tabulator to speed the sorting and tabulation of 1890 Census data. Hollerith's tabulating equipment company became International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation in 1924.
• William Rush Merriam was director of the Census Bureau when it became a permanent agency within the Department of the Interior in 1902. Prior to being selected to oversee the 1900 Census by President William McKinley, Merriam served in the Minnesota House of Representatives and as the state's 11th governor. He retired from the Census Bureau in 1903, and lived in the Port Sewall neighborhood of Stuart, FL, until his death in February 1931.
• The Census Bureau began replacing mechanical tabulation and punch cards with computers and magnetic computer tape in 1951, with the purchase of UNIVAC I—the first computer produced for civilian use. A second UNIVAC followed in the mid-1950s, followed by UNIVAC 1105s for the 1960 Census. The Census Bureau retired the first UNIVAC I in 1963 and donated it to the Smithsonian Institute's Museum of American History.
• Most of the data collected by the censuses and surveys conducted by the Census Bureau are processed at the agency's National Processing Center in Jeffersonville, IN. Depending upon work requirements, the facility can employ from 1,200 to 6,000 employees at its 75-acre campus located across the Ohio River from Louisville, KY.
• The Census Bureau relies on regional offices throughout the United States to provide local support to conduct its censuses and surveys. After consolidating its field structure on January 1, 2013, the Census Bureau now operates regional offices in Atlanta, GA; Chicago, IL; Denver, CO; Los Angeles, CA; New York, NY; and Philadelphia, PA.
• Many Census Bureau employees have found fame and fortune in business, entertainment, and academics. Some of these notable alumni include: inventor of electronic tabulation Herman Hollerith, authors Thelma Strabel and Bernard Malamud, National Library of Medicine founder John Shaw Billings, National Geographic Society founder Henry Gannett, survey methodology pioneer Morris H. Hansen, and Lafayette Parker "Pick" Temple, host of the 1948–1961 Pick Temple Giant Ranch television show.

Congress legislated the permanent Census Bureau in 1902, but the agency's official seal was authorized on March 3, 1899, when it was part of the U.S. Department of the Interior.

The seal contains a shield upon which are an open book and the lamp of knowledge emitting rays above two crossed quills. A wreath of single leaves surrounds the shield. Stars in an outer band separate the words "U.S. Department of Commerce" and "Bureau of the Census."

The seal is used on all certificates and attestations required from the Census Bureau.

During the 1990 Census, a printing error instructed Spanish-speaking callers in need of assistance completing their questionnaires to call an auto parts store in Kansas.  The Census Bureau provided the store with a Spanish-speaking operator who redirected the calls until the error could be corrected.