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Labor Force Statistics Working Papers

U.S. Census Bureau "Working Papers" have not undergone the review and editorial process generally accorded official Census Bureau publications. These working papers are intended to make results of Census Bureau research available to others and to encourage discussion on a variety of topics.


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Working Paper
2022 ACS Content Test: Round 3 Cognitive Testing Results
This report summarizes results from Round 3 of cognitive testing, which gathered feedback from individuals in groups quarters facilities and Puerto Rico.


Working Paper
Effects of Monetary Incentives on Earnings Non-Response in the SIPP
This paper exploits a multi-wave random monetary incentive experiment for the SIPP 2014 panel to examine the effect of incentives on earnings non-response.


Working Paper
2022 ACS Content Test: Round 1 and Round 2 Cognitive Testing Results
This report summarizes results from two rounds of cognitive testing for the 2022 ACS Content Test.


Working Paper
Self-Employment Status: Imputations, Implications, and Improvements
A paper that examines the quality of self-employment imputation in Census surveys.


Working Paper
Addressing Nonresponse Bias in the ACS Using Administrative Data
Learn how the pandemic disrupted ACS data collection in 2020 and why the 2020 ACS 1-year estimates will be released as an experimental product.


Working Paper
Evaluating Wealth Data in Wave 4 of the Redesigned 2014 SIPP
This paper supports the careful use of SIPP data by researchers by examining how changes to the 2014 SIPP affected wealth data quality over the Panel.


Working Paper
Student Debt Discourages Young Workers from Becoming Self-Employed
This paper examines the relationship between student debt and self-employment for young adults using the SIPP and Administrative Records.


Working Paper
SIPP Administrative Data Survey Weights
This project performs initial research on incorporating administrative data into the weighting algorithm for the Survey of Income and Program Participation.


Working Paper
Where’s Daddy? Challenges in the Measurement of Men’s Fertility
We dissect differences in men’s and women’s fertility as represented in the SIPP and argue that these data offer evidence of a “missing man” problem.


Working Paper
The Foreign-Born Labor Force in the United States, 2016
Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.


Working Paper
The Foreign-Born Population from Europe, 2016
Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.


Working Paper
Do Imputed Earnings Earn Their Keep?
Do Imputed Earnings Earn Their Keep? Evaluating SIPP Earnings and Nonresponse with Administrative Records


Working Paper
Retirement Income of Women Working Longer
Despite women’s increased labor force attachment over the lifecycle, household surveys do not show increases in retirement income for women at older ages.


Working Paper
A Portrait of Older Persons Working with a Disability
A substantial minority of older people with a disability continues to work past 62, yet there is little research on the occupations they work in.


Working Paper
Characteristics of Recent Immigrants from China, India, and Mexico
This poster presents education, labor force, occupation, and household characteristics of the recent immigrants to the U.S.


Working Paper
Commuting Patterns of Older Workers in the United States, 2008-2012
This paper describes commuting patterns of older workers in the United States, based on data from the 5-year 2008-2012 American Community Survey (ACS).


Working Paper
What are the Ages of the Oldest and Youngest Employees?
This research will look at the age distribution of the occupations of employed United States residents aged 16 and over by age group.


Working Paper
Analyzing the Labor Market Outcomes of Occupational Licensing
Recent assessments of occupational licensing have shown varying effects of the institution on labor market outcomes.


Working Paper
Employment Transitions among the Self-Employed
Entrepreneurs base their decision to start a business on a range of factors, from age, education and assets to macroeconomic conditions.


Working Paper
How long do early career decisions follow women?
The impact of industry and firm size history on the gender and motherhood wage gaps.


Working Paper
Fathers, Children, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Employers
Documents the tendency of fathers in the U.S. to share employers with their sons and daughters.


Working Paper
Estimating the Duration Dependence of Occupational Spells
Employs a mixed proportional hazard model to estimate the e ffect of occupational tenure on the probability of an occupational change.


Working Paper
How Do Professional Licensing Regulations Affect Practictioners?
Examines the relationship between professional licensing policy and training.


Working Paper
Who Opts Out?
The paper addresses the lack of diversity in the opt-out discussion by comparing the prevalence of options among Asian, Black, Hispanic and White mothers.


Working Paper
SIPP Work Experience and Earnings Associations
This paper focuses on the earnings of individuals based on years of experience.


Working Paper
The Impact of a Mother' s Decision to Work
Do children with stay-at-home mothers have higher adult earnings or more labor force experience by a given age?


Working Paper
Marital Homogamy and Economic Vulnerability During the Great Recession
Examines whether those employed/formerly employed in occupations that were hard‐hit by the recession were more likely to have employed partners after recession.


Working Paper
Evaluation of the 2008 ACS Employment Status Question Change
For the 2008 ACS, changes were made to the questionnaire that modified and improved existing questions for several subject areas.


Working Paper
Changing Levels of Spousal Education and Labor Force Supply
The purpose of this paper is to describe the labor force behavior of married couples where the woman is more educated than her husband.


Working Paper
Effects of Recall Period on Reported Job and Program Participation
We will look at the effect of the recall period on the reported job duration and duration of program participation (in particular SNAP or WIC participation).


Working Paper
Comparison of ACS and CPS Data on Employment Status
This report compares national and state employment status estimates based on data from the ACS with those based on data from the CPS.


Working Paper
The Impact of the 2007-2009 Recession on Mothers’ Employment
This recession has been particularly severe for men and women, as they are both experiencing unprecedented levels of long-term unemployment.


Working Paper
Evolving Labor Force Outcomes for Married Couples
This paper seeks to study the changes in labor market outcomes among married couples based on their level of education relative to their spouse.


Working Paper
Longitudinal Analysis of Labor Market Performance of the Working Poor
This study uses ten waves of the 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data to analyze the labor market performance of the working poor.


Working Paper
Job Retention During Two Recessions
The amount of economic activity in the United States has fluctuated widely over the past decade.


Working Paper
Longitudinal Analysis of Labor Market Performance of the Working Poor
This study uses ten waves of SIPP to analyze labor market performance of those employed at the bottom of the labor market during a period of economic expansion.

Page Last Revised - November 20, 2021
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