This paper focuses on allegations and evidence of the United States Bureau of the Census (Census Bureau) undercount of the American Indian population. To develop a comprehensive understanding of the census enumeration process as it concerns American Indians it is important to examine previous methods, procedures, and practices of the Census Bureau regarding the American Indian population. This will be undertaken by first presenting an initial overview of the unique legal and political status and relationship that Indian tribes have with the federal government. Second, actual documentation of underenumeration among various tribes will be presented. Last, reasons for the undercount will be explored.