Poverty status is determined by comparing annual income to a set of dollar values (poverty thresholds) that vary by family size, num­ber of children and the householder’s age.

A family and its members are in poverty if the family’s pretax income is less than the dollar value of its poverty threshold. Poverty status of people not living in families is determined by comparing individuals’ income to their poverty threshold. 

The poverty measure excludes children younger than age 15 who are not related to the householder; people living in institutional group quarters; and people living in college dormitories or military barracks.

The ACS allows us to measure sustained poverty in places in addition to individual rates.

It’s an important insight as research suggests people living in higher poverty areas experience more acute systemic problems than those in lower poverty areas.

Poor living conditions like less desirable housing, limited job opportunities and lack of access to medical services are exacerbated when high poverty rates exist over time, affecting all residents whether or not they’re poor themselves.

Government agencies seek to identify high-poverty areas as targets for increased levels of support. A 2023 U.S. Census Bureau report found that 341 counties and around 6% of the U.S. population had been in persistent high poverty for 30 years. 

From 2005 to 2009, 640 counties (of 3,133 that could be compared) had a poverty rate of 20% or higher. This increased to 839 counties in the next 5-year period (2010-2014) but, along with the national poverty rate, decreased from 590 in 2015-2019 and to 476 during the most recent 2020-2024 period.  

About 85% of the 309 counties that had high poverty rates during all four 5-year cycles were in the South (Figure 1). Many of these sustained poverty counties were concentrated in a few informal subregions like the Mississippi Delta and Appalachia.

There was less of a southern concentration when measured by the share of people in the 2020-2024 poverty universe living in sustained poverty counties: 7.3% of the population in the South; 5.6% in the Northeast; 3.8% in the Midwest; and 1.0% in the West. 

Figure 2 shows the percentage of population in each state that lived in counties in sustained poverty for 20 years.

• States where at least 9% of their population lived in sustained poverty counties: Mississippi (36.0%), Louisiana (28.3%), New Mexico (19.3%), Michigan (18.4%), Kentucky (13.4%), Pennsylvania (12.2%) and Georgia (11.4%).
• States with no sustained high-poverty counties: California, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, and Vermont.

Note that Connecticut is included even though the county equivalents could not be compared because of a statewide reorganization that changed county boundaries. However, all counties in all previous 5-year periods were below 20% as were the 2020-2024 new boundary county equivalents.

Nearly 200 additional counties (more than 500 total) had a 20% or higher poverty rate in at least three of the five-year periods.

From 2020 to 2024, at least 15% of the population in nine states lived in counties with high poverty rates while 12 states had no counties with high poverty rates. (Figure 3).

Nationwide, 16.1% of counties had a high poverty rate in at least three of the ACS 5-year periods.

• States with 15% or more of population living in those counties: Mississippi (49.1%), Louisiana (35.3%), New Mexico (31.1%), West Viginia (22.9%), New York (20.6%), Michigan (19.5%), Kentucky (18.0%), Arkansas (17.2%) and Georgia (15.0%).
• States with no population living in those counties: Connecticut (referenced above), Delaware, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island and Vermont.

Nearly a third (over 1,000) of all counties had high poverty rates in at least one 5-year period over the 20-year span. 

• Five states had greater than 40% of their population living in such counties: Mississippi (67.6%), Arkansas (47.3%), Louisiana (45.3%), New Mexico (44.9%) and West Virginia (43.7%).
• The District of Columbia and six states had no such counties: Connecticut (referenced above), Delaware, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island and Vermont. 

The recent release marks the 20th anniversary of the ACS, which collects detailed social, economic, housing and demographic information from a sample of households across the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

The survey provides key insights into the changing needs and conditions of communities by producing estimates on a wide range of geographies, including 5-year data for every U.S. county.

Additional poverty data from the 2024 release is available at Census Bureau Data. Links to poverty estimates from other Census Bureau surveys like the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) are available on this poverty topics page.