United States Census Bureau | An official website of the United States Government

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

census.gov Notification

Due to the lapse of federal funding, portions of this website are not being updated. Any inquiries submitted via www.census.gov will not be answered until appropriations are enacted.

Skip Header

Partners Researchers Educators Survey Respondents

Explore Census.gov for...

Partners
Researchers
Educators
Survey Respondents

News NAICS Codes Jobs About Us Contact Us Help

Topics

Data & Maps

Surveys & Programs

Resource Library

Search data, events, resources, and more

Helpful Links

Advanced Data Search Get Survey Help International Database (IDB) American Community Survey (ACS) Census Records & Genealogy

Helpful Links

Advanced Data Search Get Survey Help International Database (IDB) American Community Survey (ACS) Census Records & Genealogy

Topics

Browse our topics and subtopics to find information and data.

View All Topics and Subtopics Index A to Z

Age and Sex Business and Economy Education Emergency Management / Disasters Employment Families and Living Arrangements Geography Health Hispanic Origin Housing

Income and Poverty International Trade Migration/Geographic Mobility Population Population Estimates Public Sector Race Redistricting Research Voting and Registration

Data & Maps

Access demographic, economic and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Explore census data with visualizations and view tutorials.

Explore data on data.census.gov View all data resources

Census Academy Combining Data Data Tools and Apps Datasets Developers Experimental Data Products Interactive Maps

Mapping Files Profiles Related Sites Software Tables Training and Workshops Visualizations

Surveys & Programs

Our surveys provide periodic and comprehensive statistics about the nation. This data is critical for government programs, policies, and decision-making.

Survey Help View all Surveys & Programs

Economic Census Household Pulse Survey International Programs Metro and Micro Areas Population Estimates Population Projections Small Area Income and Poverty Statistics of U.S. Businesses Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)

Resource Library

Browse our collection of stories and more.

View all library resources Glossary

America Counts: Stories Audio Blogs By the Numbers Facts for Features Fact Sheets Infographics and Visualizations

Photos Publications Spotlights Stats for Stories Training (Census Academy) Videos Working Papers

Topics

Data & Maps

Surveys & Programs

Resource Library

Partners Researchers Educators Survey Respondents

News NAICS Codes Jobs About Us Contact Us Help

View All Topics and Subtopics Index A to Z

Age and Sex Business and Economy Education Emergency Management / Disasters Employment Families and Living Arrangements Geography Health Hispanic Origin Housing Income and Poverty International Trade Migration/Geographic Mobility Population Population Estimates Public Sector Race Redistricting Research Voting and Registration

Explore data on data.census.gov View all data resources

Census Academy Combining Data Data Tools and Apps Datasets Developers Experimental Data Products Interactive Maps Mapping Files Profiles Related Sites Software Tables Training and Workshops Visualizations

Survey Help View all Surveys & Programs

2020 Census 2026 Census Test 2030 Census American Community Survey (ACS) American Housing Survey (AHS) Annual Business Survey (ABS) Annual Integrated Economic Survey (AIES) County Business Patterns (CBP) Current Population Survey (CPS) Economic Census Household Pulse Survey International Programs Metro and Micro Areas Population Estimates Population Projections Small Area Income and Poverty Statistics of U.S. Businesses Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)

View all library resources Glossary

America Counts: Stories Audio Blogs By the Numbers Facts for Features Fact Sheets Infographics and Visualizations Photos Publications Spotlights Stats for Stories Training (Census Academy) Videos Working Papers

Census.gov /
Topics /
Research /
Dissemination and Access—Innovation and Research /
Working Papers

Dissemination and Access—Innovation and Research Working Papers

Skip Navigation

Within Dissemination and Access—Innovation and Research

Working Papers

Within Dissemination and Access—Innovation and Research

Working Papers

Dissemination and Access—Innovation and Research Working Papers

U.S. Census Bureau "Working Papers" have not undergone the review and editorial process generally accorded official Census Bureau publications. These working papers are intended to make results of Census Bureau research available to others and to encourage discussion on disclosure avoidance.

All

2025

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2010
2009
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
1999
1998
1996
1992
1991
1990
1987
1985
1978

2025

Select Year

2025

All
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2010
2009
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
1999
1998
1996
1992
1991
1990
1987
1985
1978

Working Paper

Debiasing Functions of Private Statistics in Postprocessing

February 25, 2025
Working Paper

Privacy and Survey Response: Evidence from Broadband Internet

September 24, 2025

We provide new evidence on privacy and confidentiality concerns as a possible cause for declining response rates.
Working Paper

Towards a Principled Framework for Disclosure Avoidance

January 15, 2025